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Scrub Jay, 2006.
A discussion of the scrub jay bird in Florida.
1,197 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
This paper begins with a short description of the scrub jay. It continues to explain that the scrub jay is an endangered species. The paper explains that as the scrub jay is a protected bird, land where these birds reside may not be developed. The author concludes with an explanation of the controversy in Florida surrounding development and the scrub jay.
From the Paper
"Scrub jays, aside from being on the Endangered Species list, are attractive.
Mating for life, one of their characteristics seems always to attract humans. These birds build a nest about 8 feet above ground, build a shallow nest basket of twigs and palmetto fibers, and raise one or two broods of hatchlings from clutches of three to four eggs. For a long while, it was thought that displaced bird families would simply move on to another scrub brush stand. However, that is not so. Scrub jays are "highly territorial. Disruption of habitat quickly leads to upset reproduction, rejection and isolation" (ecofloridamagazine Web site, 1999-2000) and disruption of habitat has already diminished the scrub jay population to about 2,000."
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British Heritage Conservation Principles, 2003.
A review of the unique quality and character of the historical districts of Birmingham, and what can be done to preserve these areas.
4,600 words (approx. 18.4 pages), 19 sources, MLA, $ 119.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at the Jewellery Quarter, the oldest manufacturing community of Birmingham, UK and reviews the possible steps available to preserve the historical value and unique quality of this historical district without causing harm to the area.
Contents
Introduction
Review and Discussion
British Heritage Conservation Principles
Birmingham History and Background
The Birmingham Jewellery Quarter
Birmingham Jewellery Quarter Today
Current Conservation Initiatives
Conclusion and Recommendations
From the Paper
"British Heritage Conservation Principles. Heritage conservation in the United Kingdom is certainly not new, and many of the major organisations and systems currently in place have been working to preserve historic sites for many years; for example, the National Trust was established in 1895 with the goal of acquisition and preservation, on the nation's behalf and in perpetuity, of places of scenic beauty (Allmendinger & Thomas, 1998). In the mid-20th century, the Trust starting acquiring country houses and estates as tax regimes changed to the disadvantage of traditionally wealthy landed gentry; while some families remained in residence, the goal was to encourage public access to these historic sites, and today, the Trust is the largest private landowner in the UK (Allmendinger & Thomas, 1998). According to Larkham (1996), the heritage conservation concept was heavily influenced by legal decisions in the early 1960s; in this regard, the impetus for these principles, like much conservationist legislation in the UK, was a Private Member's Bill. Allmendinger and Thomas note that, "These areas were defined as 'areas of special architectural or historic interest, the character or appearance of which it is desirable to preserve or enhance': a definition which remains unchanged today. Designation was a simple process largely carried out by the local planning authority (LPA). It is a popular process, with nearly 10,000 areas designated across the UK by 1996" (p. 56). Today, heritage conservation has become increasingly applied to the marketing of products and, particularly relevant for the purposes of this investigation, whether individual sites or monuments, or entire "tourist-historic cities" (Ashworth and Tunbridge, 1990). "
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Commercial Construction, 2006.
A paper on non-residential construction.
770 words (approx. 3.1 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 27.95
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Abstract
This paper describes commercial construction as "building projects exclusive of residential construction," and discusses commercial construction from both an economic point of view and from the point of view of the community. The paper discusses why commercial construction is a boon to the construction business, providing stable work even when residential construction is at a lull. The paper also discusses the complexities of managing commercial construction.
From the Paper
"Commercial construction is defined as "building projects exclusive of residential [single- or two-family home] construction". It is one of the biggest segments of the entire construction industry and is believed to have strengthened the industry in recent years due to rapid and steady growth. The commercial sector has been growing steady for some time now as is evident from market research and reports. Back in 2000, Sinderman wrote: "...the state of the commercial real estate market is strong. The demand for office, industrial and retail buildings remains high, and, as Internet-based companies continue to grow, specialized facilities have become more popular than ever." In 2005, a construction report by McGraw-Hill supported that claim: "The commercial and infrastructure construction segments are providing a lift to the overall construction industry, marking a role reversal from most of the past two or three years. According to October 2004 figures for future construction contracts calculated by McGraw-Hill Construction, Lexington, Mass., overall new construction starts increased 4 percent in October versus September (on a seasonally adjusted basis), with nonresidential and infrastructure construction gaining while the residential sector fell slightly." (Late Rebound)"
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Frank Gehry, 2006.
An overview of the life and work of the architect Frank Gehry.
2,442 words (approx. 9.8 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 74.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the life of Frank Gehry and his work, focusing on how he is associated with certain industrialized styles seen as representative of Los Angeles architecture from the 1970s and 1980s. It discusses how, even though Gehry represents these home structures to the people of Los Angeles, he also represents the visible face of the city through his structures in other cities, adding to the luster of Los Angeles by contributing to its reputation as an innovative and creative place that influences the rest of the world.
Outline
Introduction
Gehry's Reputation
Gehry in Los Angeles
Disney Music Hall
From the Paper
"The Walt Disney Concert Hall was situated very consciously on Bunker Hill, placed in relation to a number of art venues: the Central Library, the three theaters of the Music Center, MOCA (Museum of Contemporary Art), and the Richard D. Colburn School for the Performing Arts. Surrounded by heavily trafficked streets, the Concert Hall literally spills out onto Grand Avenue with its various intriguing convex and concave shapes. The interior of the Hall is encompassed in Douglas fir and gives the impression of a nautical vessel instead of a great musical instrument."
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Bohemian Art in Prague, 2005.
Discusses sites in the city of Prague where the Bohemian style can be seen.
906 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 32.95
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Abstract
Within the vast array of architectural styles in Prague, one can easily see many influences which the artists used to create their wonderful structures. One particular style stands out in buildings from before the fourteenth century through current day structures, that of the art of Bohemia. The art styles of the Bohemian culture are prominent in many of the architectural greats within Prague. This paper discusses some of those sites, and shows how Bohemian art styles have influenced those particular buildings.
From the Paper
"In addition to this type of artwork representation within the architecture of Prague, Bohemian sculpture art can also be seen as a distinct influence. Bohemian sculptures at the time began to separate the light from the dark, in terms of color. Firmer, brighter colors began to be used, and as separated images, these sculptures began to almost move within their confined spaces (Kren, "Bohemia")."
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Art and Aesthetics in Town Planning, 2006.
A discussion about modern art and architecture and what they can offer in terms of urban planning.
1,850 words (approx. 7.4 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 59.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the problem of urban blight and what must be done to make a city livable. The paper discusses the concept of 'New Urbanism', a plan endorsed by enlightened planners that emphasizes the "human scale" of all its undertakings. The paper explains that 'New Urbanism" embodies the idea that people must not feel squeezed-out by overly large buildings and that a community must address the diversity of real-life human beings. The paper further discusses the significant role that both architecture and art play in making a city livable and likeable and explains that the more human the urban space, the more inviting, and invigorating it will be.
From the Paper
"Huge numbers of economically-disadvantaged families can overwhelm any community. The problem is made worse by the lack of any coherent plan; any attempt to use the gift of modern technology to alleviate these deplorable conditions. We tend to believe that urban blight is inevitable - the price we pay for living in such a high-tech, fast-paced society. Yet we need not be slaves of our technology. Technology can help us to beautify our environment, help us to create livable urban spaces that we can all enjoy."
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Developments in Architecture, 2006.
An examination of some of the different styles of architecture that are becoming more popular.
1,733 words (approx. 6.9 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 56.95
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Abstract
In this paper the author examines the different types of architecture that are becoming more popular today. He looks at a number of articles and books that have been written about differing architectural styles. The author specifically looks at Indonesian architecture as having been influenced by Islam, India and the Middle East. The paper continues with a look at the number of art museums that have been built in the United States in the past three decades that have prompted critics and historians to devote increasing attention to the museum as a major architectural genre and not just a place to exhibit artifacts. The paper concludes with a story about the new type of architecture where homes are built inside gravel pits. These pits are a result of overgrazed land that was later mined and abandoned. So what would have been wasted land is becoming a new architectural phenomenon in response to the new social ideals in American culture.
From the Paper
"These museums altered the civic environment. While their stylistic origins were for the most part French, they grew out of the great international fairs of the period, which were often conspicuously embellished with buildings designed for the display of art. Much of Steffensen-Bruce's discussion is directed toward the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893 in Chicago, "arguably the single most influential event in the history of American fin-de-siecle culture." Not only was its Fine Arts Palace the sole building of the Fair constructed in semi-permanent form (the walls were brick, the exterior covering made of reinforced plaster), the layout of the fairgrounds themselves constituted a major innovation in urban planning that in turn affected the City Beautiful movement--a dual accomplishment instrumental in the development of the American art museum during the last years of the century."
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The Mormons: Early Urban Architects, 2006.
Describes the development of early Mormon cities in Utah and how these cities influenced the development of the urban America of today.
4,528 words (approx. 18.1 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 118.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the design and establishment of Salt Lake City, Utah and places the Mormons' city plans into the broader context of mid-19th century city planning. The paper explains how, in many ways, Mormon cities can be seen as the first true "American cities," as the sprawl and suburbs that have come to characterize urban America actually have their origins in early Mormon cities.
Table of Contents
Early Mormon History
Joseph Smith and the Plat of the City of Zion
City of Zion and 19th Century American Cities
Brigham Young and the Establishment of Salt Lake City
Salt Lake City Comes into Its Own
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Salt Lake City today is one of the major urban centers of the Rocky Mountains. Home to universities, professional sports franchises, ski resorts, and soon, the Winter Olympic Games, Salt Lake has a distinctly cosmopolitan feel in the midst of the towering Wasatch Mountains. However, Salt Lake City is a relative newcomer to the American urban scene; indeed, Middlebury College was nearly half a century old before the settlers of the Great Salt Lake Valley had planted their first crops. Moreover, the scope of the city's functions and the nature of its inhabitants have changed radically. Founded by Mormons seeking an escape from the persecution they faced in the East, and as the Zion, or gathering place, for their growing religion, Salt Lake City grew into a distinctive grid pattern still used today. Based on certain tenets of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter- day Saints, Joseph Smith, the first Mormon leader, designed a Mormon city to fulfill the religious, social, and economic needs of his followers."
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The 1995 Earthquake in Kobe, Japan, 2006.
Explains why the typical construction used for Japanese homes was insufficient to withstand the force of the 1995 earthquake in Kobe, Japan.
998 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper begins with a description of the destruction caused by the 1995 earthquake in Kobe, Japan and then takes a look at why the region suffered such extensive damage. The paper describes how the traditional Japanese home is constructed as well as how commercial buildings and transportation-related structures are typically constructed and explains why these structures could not withstand the force of the earthquake. The paper also points out the need to adopt newer methods of construction in order to make the homes and buildings safer and more capable of withstanding earthquakes.
From the Paper
"In 1990, the Japanese Meteorological Agency made a list of 18 regions that experienced seismic activity of less than 3 on the Richter scale. The regions on this list were considered "earthquake-proof". On January 17, 1995, to the surprise of the researchers involved, Kobe, Japan, one of the locations on the safe list, was struck by one of the most severe earthquakes known to mankind at 5:46 a.m. (Japanese Standard Time) (See Figures 1 &2). The magnitude of this earthquake measured 6.9 on the Richter scale and 7.2 on the Japanese Meteorological Agency scale. As a result of this earthquake, 5470 people were killed, 33,000 more were injured and a total of 310,000 local residents were left homeless. Water mains and gas lines were badly damaged. Survivors of the earthquake were left without many of the essentials for everyday life. Eventually, citizens were informed that they could be without water and gas systems for two months or more. Several larger structures including transportation systems, office buildings, and bridges were also damaged during the earthquake (Figure 3). As of April 22, 1995, $110 billion had been spent trying to restore Kobe to livable conditions. "
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The Egyptian and Mayan Pyramids, 2006.
A paper comparing the similarities between the Egyptian and Mayan pyramids.
3,147 words (approx. 12.6 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 91.95
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Abstract
This paper examines and compares the pyramids of Egypt and those of the ancient Mayan culture, found in Mexico and parts of Central America. In an attempt to explain why these architectural legacies share so many striking similarities in spite of the thousands of years and geographical distances that separated the cultures that produced them, the paper considers what was important to the two civilizations and what it was that they were they trying to accomplish by building these complex and enormous structures.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Egyptians
The Mayans
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Half a world and three thousand years apart, two ancient civilizations built a series of remarkably similar structures shaped like and known as pyramids - or The Pyramids to us latecomers. The Egyptians built theirs in the twenty-sixth century b.c., or earlier, a short distance inland from the west bank of the Nile River; to date, eighty are known to exist. Built between 250 and 800 a.d., the dozen or so Mayan pyramids excavated thus far are located in Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula, Guatemala and elsewhere in Central America. The biggest, the Great Pyramid of Khufu, at Giza in Egypt, was originally built to a height of 481 feet (though the top thirty feet have simply disintegrated over time) and was for more than four thousand years the largest man-made structure ever assembled. The Mayan pyramids are somewhat smaller, but imposing nonetheless."
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"The Inward Garden", 2005.
This paper reviews "The Inward Garden: Creating a Place of Beauty and Meaning" by Julie Moir Messervy, which explores the possibilities of creating garden spaces that work on us in an intimate fashion.
1,130 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 0 sources, $ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper explains Julie Moir Messervy in her book "The Inward Garden: Creating a Place of Beauty and Meaning" defines archetypal landscapes or spaces, which are universally evocative and meaningful, the landscape of "within-ness" or "immersion". The author points out that these gardens may include features such as water, a very large sweep of grass, a very dense growth of bamboo in a thicket or a cave. The paper suggests a very important element in the construction of gardens is the use of walls or sections of fencing to separate different areas of the landscape, to create the background for demonstration of garden art or to hide unsightly views.
From the Paper
"They also have a sense of isolation which may prompt guests to spend some time there and think about the unexpected turns of life that they have faced. When one has changed the house in winter, then they normally wait for spring to arrive so that they start on designing the landscapes for the new yards that they have. Yet, this is not an easy task, and landscaping the complete yard, with a lot of nooks and crannies may be a big task. This can be simplified with the use of temporary annuals till one has decided on the correct combination of perennials or shrubs. These can be of warm colors like red and orange and they will provide a bright background to draw attention to the area. If the area is too large, then cool colors like blue or green should be used to make the area appear smaller and more distant."
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Thomas Jefferson, 2006.
This informative paper details Thomas Jefferson's life and numerous achievements that went far beyond his political and presidential accomplishments.
2,660 words (approx. 10.6 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 79.95
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Abstract
While Thomas Jefferson is most remembered as a president, his interests and talents covered an amazing range. This paper details Jefferson's numerous achievements in various areas including: Architecture, farming, literature, mathematics as well as drafting the Declaration of Independence. This informative paper contains a detailed biography of Jefferson's life including historical dates and relevant information pertaining to his political and presidential career.
From the Paper
"Controversies were rampant as Jefferson led a non-importation agreement and called for a meeting of all the colonies to consider their grievances. Although he was ill and could not attend the First Virginia Convention where the Virginia delegates were going to be elected, he sent a paper giving his views of the crisis. In the paper, he argued that Parliament had no control over the American colonies and that when the original settlers came to America, they had used their natural rights to emigrate. He claimed that the colonies still owed allegiance to only the king, and he aligned the colonists with the Saxons who settled in England from Germany hundreds of years earlier."
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