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Towards a New Urbanism, 2005.
This paper describes the evolution of modern architecture and presents an analysis of its benefits and loopholes.
3,958 words (approx. 15.8 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 107.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how modernist architecture became popular during the mid-twentieth century and how it was thought that its gleaming glass, steel and concrete buildings could help spread the faith that technology and planning could replace the slums with hygienic housing projects and create affluence for all. In contrast, it looks at how the New Urbanist movement is a tangible response to the failed modernist planning that has resulted in unchecked suburban sprawl, dependence on the automobile, and the abandonment and decay of cities.
From the Paper
"Although the New Urbanists claim that traditional towns and urban neighbourhoods are more conducive to developing community and provide more life choices than contemporary suburban living, their critics counter that the New Urbanist designs are artificial, elitist, and open the door to increased intervention by government. Regardless of which view one takes, the interdisciplinary nature of the New Urbanist project coupled with the fact that the movement raises important issues concerning the theological and ethical dimensions of market activity and human anthropology, makes Markets & Morality an ideal forum in which to explore further the possible promises and potential perils of the New Urbanism."
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Building the Great Wall, 2005.
An overview of the construction process of the Great Wall of China.
763 words (approx. 3.1 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 27.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the history behind the Great Wall of China and how the original construction of the wall was essentially nothing more than bricks, wood, grass and packed earth and how its simple structure changed very little over the next many centuries. It also discusses how
more than 2000 years after its construction, the Great Wall is still seen by the Chinese as not only an everlasting testament of the industriousness of its people, but also an overwhelming and almost mystical symbol.
From the Paper
"The Great Wall played a large part in all of the early dynasties of China, but its origin can be traced back to 221 B.C. After the western state of Qin subjugated and united seven states that had been at war since the 5th century, subsequently forming China, the ruler of Qin declared himself the first Emperor of China (Dalin 15). He gave himself the name Qin She Huangdi, which, conveniently enough, means 'First Emperor' in Chinese. One of Qin's first orders once in power was for all peasants, prisoners, and anyone else available to begin construction of a massive wall ("The Great Wall of China", screen 1). What would become the Great Wall was, in actuality, several very small already-standing fortification walls connected (Dalin 15). These smaller walls had been built by past dynasties, with the same reasons in mind as those that would years later prompt the erecting of the Great Wall."
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Georgian Towns in Britain Compared to Europe, 2005.
A comparison of British Georgian town design with contemporaneous European town development and a discussion of the reasons for the differences.
1,806 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 58.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the main reason why, in the early 1700s, British town planning seemed to diverge from that on the continent, even though a common heritage was present. The conclusion is a surprising amount of politics, national rivalry and religious differences that altered British building environment.
From the Paper
"Baroque design flourished on the continent between 1600 and 1750, particularly in Catholic countries. It tended to be expressive, flamboyant and encouraged by the Roman Catholic church (Hutchinson:2005). A Baroque designer would usually have had the support of a ruler and would therefore expect his development to be completed in its entirety, in contrast to events at the Royal Crescent in Bath, for example. The emergence of Baroque town planning in continental Europe is tied to the Renaissance, Reformation and subsequently the Counter-Reformation. Advances in science and the discovery of the New World provided the context for the creation of towns and cities that came to reflect the new wealth of the major European powers as well as the new cosmopolitanism of the ruling classes. "
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The Evolution of the Roman Theater, 2005.
The history and development of the architecture of the Roman theater building. An in-depth look at how the ancient Romans borrowed heavily from the Greek example, but improved upon it to create a building that was uniquely Roman.
2,698 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 80.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses in great detail the evolution of the Roman theater, beginning from the Greek wooden origins to the stone monuments that became iconic with Roman architecture during the Republic and the Empire. A brief history of theater is discussed in the beginning of the paper, with special attention given to the religious implications of how theaters were originally set up. The importance of the orchestra and "skene" are given historical background, dating back to early Dionysian worship. The layout of the early Greek theaters are discussed, with a complete layout included that describes the circular performance area, the seating arrangements, background adjustments and a rudimentary stage. The rest of the paper deals with how the Romans, eager to take the art of theater from being a religious practice to more of an entertainment value for the masses, incorporated their own unique designs to the Greek theater layout to create a more efficient and clearly Roman design. Heavy attention is give to Vitruvius and his work " De Architectura" which provides a step-by-step process in which Roman theaters were built. Improvements are discussed from eliminating the completely circular stage to a half-circle, as well as creating an official stage that persists in modern theatrical performances. The paper takes each part of the theater and discusses the area extensively in terms of what the Romans did to improve upon or change from the early Greek models.
From the Paper
"Ancient Rome's concept of art and architecture was heavily influenced by the cultures that the Romans had conquered, but were in no way identical copies of the art that existed in those subjugated areas. The Romans excelled at taking artistic ideas from other civilizations and molding them into a form that could undoubtedly be identified as uniquely Roman. This technique can easily be seen in practice when one examines the Roman theater building. Roman theaters can be found throughout the area that used to be the Roman Empire, with remnants of theaters all over Europe and the Mediterranean. These theaters have details and building techniques that are exclusive to Roman designs, but when they are viewed in comparison with ancient Greek theaters, one can clearly see where the Romans received their inspiration."
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Roman Pantheon, 2005.
An historical and architectural overview of the Roman Pantheon, focusing on the builders, the techniques, and the scientific and mathematical symmetry of the building.
2,823 words (approx. 11.3 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 84.95
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Abstract
This paper tracks the origins of the Roman Pantheon from its conception in antiquity to modern-day times. It describes its purpose and functions, changes in architectural structure, and its unique building techniques. The latter part of the paper describes its novel uses throughout time in mathematical and scientific innovations.
From the Paper
"The period of antiquity now viewed as Ancient Rome was privy to a plethora of building construction. The glory of the Forum, the vastness of the Coloseum, and the intricacies of the Baths of Caracalla are now considered marvel relics, but all pale in comparison to the architectural wonder of the Pantheon. The building brings together the grandeur of the world and the wonder of the cosmos; adhering the two in a cutting edge and unique manner. The stately and overbearing monument has undergone many transformations through antiquity, often changing both shape and function. The function of the Pantheon is still a source of current debate among scholars, with arguments ranging from a temple to Augustus to an intricate sundial. While the controversy might never come to a conclusion, the exact scientific and mathematical precision of the Pantheon illustrates the intention of the building as a feat of engineering."
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Mission Style Furniture Movement, 2005.
An historical view of the Art's and Crafts (Mission Style) furniture movement. Looks at how the style is changing and advancing.
2,510 words (approx. 10.0 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 76.95
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Abstract
This literature review research paper examines the history of the Mission Style (Arts and Crafts) furniture and style movement. The brief history of materials and style gives a feeling of how this movement evolved and grew into the Prairie home style, which includes home design. It explains how modern reaction to the computer age has adapted the Mission style furniture to include modern materials and mass production to enable more people the opportunity to enjoy the style, function, and feeling of the original-era furniture.
From the Paper
"The start of the Mission Style furniture era started in San Francisco, California in 1894. This Mission Style movement started in the Mission Communities in California when the Missions were training people to be furniture craftspeople. Often the materials they used were what were available locally. These materials included timber, fine wood, finishes, blacksmith nails, castings and hardware. (Mission Furniture 1980). The furniture built in this Mission Style was and is a blend of form and function that blends the natural beauty and warmth of the materials used."
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Egyptian and Greek Architecture.
This paper compares the temple architecture of Egyptians with the Greeks and explores the differences in structure, art, symbolism, and function.
1,235 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 42.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that architecture is more than the design of buildings because it incorporates the thought of the person building the structure; the architecture of Egyptian and Greek temples differs in function, structure, and symbolism. The author points out that Egyptian temple architecture is much larger than the Greeks because the geographical location was abundant with resources and building materials, such as limestone, and the Egyptians maintained a highly organized society capable of carrying out such large constructions. The paper explains that another main difference between the Egyptian and the Greek temples is that architects, not priests, directed the design of the Greek temple, which distinguished the Greek temples from those of the Egyptians because they made conscious choices in design for aesthetic reasons, not just function.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Architectural Structure
Function
Architectural Art and Symbolism
From the Paper
"The earliest Greek temples were small and gradually became larger and grander. The first temples were similar to small huts and were long and narrow. These early temples were about 25 by 18 feet and were built using stone and unbaked mud brick. As the wealth of the Greek people grew and the geographical locations became more abundant with resources, temples began to take a much more sophisticated style. "There was a compelling need, given the dominant role of the gods in society, to pay at least some benefits thus received to them.""
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Vitruvius and his Historical Relevance, 2005.
An exploration of the composition, content, reception and influence of Vitruvius's "Ten Books on Architecture," from antiquity to today, with special attention on the Middle Ages and Renaissance.
1,916 words (approx. 7.7 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 61.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the first and most influential treatise on architecture, Vitruvius's "Ten Books on Architecture." First the content is considered, including Vitruvius's account of architecture as the mother of all arts followed by his outline of the ideal education for architects and his theory of architecture. It also discusses the transmission and reception of Vitruvius in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. Particular attention is paid to Alberti and his reaction to Vitruvius in his own "Ten Books" on architecture. Finally, the historical significance of Vitruvius's treatise is examined-both from the point of view of today and of when the treatise was composed.
From the Paper
"In the first chapter of Book II, Vitruvius gives his account of architecture, or rather, the story of civilization as the history of architecture. His synopsis is certainly simplistic, and at times humourously so, but on the whole it accords with common sense. To his mind, architecture, born of necessity, is mother to all the arts, and though he is not as explicit on this issue as later writers would be, he clearly holds the field in the highest regard. He sets out his ambitious "Education of the Architect" in the first chapter of the treatise, and explains the necessity of each branch of study-drawing, geometry, history, philosophy, music, medicine, law, astronomy. The application to any of these fields to architecture is obvious enough, but Vitruvius defends the others. History, for example, is useful in understanding the origin of particular styles. He uses the famous example of caryatides and the Persian porch."
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How Did Rome Get Water, 2005.
A brief discussion of the methods used in ancient Rome to provide water to its population.
814 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 28.95
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Abstract
This paper briefly explains how the old water system worked in the Roman Empire. It looks at the different water sources and rivers, which were prominent at the time, and the architectural uses of aqueducts.
From the Paper
"The aqueducts that Rome used for its water supply came from sources above or around the Tiber River or the Anio Valley. The first aqueduct was built in 312 B.C.E. and named in honor of its originator, Appius Claudius. It marked a major milestone because the previous water supply only came from wells, cisterns, springs, or the Tiber River itself. As the city became more populated, the demand for water grew, and thus more aqueducts were created."
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The Tugendhat House, 2005.
An overview of the architecture of Tugendhat House in the Czech Republic.
1,673 words (approx. 6.7 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 54.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the design and layout of the Tugendhat House, built by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe for Grete and Fritz Tugendhat in the 1920's. It looks at how some of the structure's themes may be found in works done by Le Corbusier, Schinkel and Mies himself and how, throughout the building, it is evident that great stress and preparation went into project, whether it be the location, the facade, the plan, or the material. It explores how the Tugendhat House a revolutionary concept that rejects traditional arrangements of the interior and promotes simplicity throughout.
From the Paper
"The centre stage of the main floor is occupied by an enormous open space that contains the living and dining room. Though a semi-circular wood veneer wall pronounced the dining area, the general space is open and not or-ganized or categorized by the use of dividing walls, but more by the placement of the furniture, which Mies himself designed specifically for the residence. In accordance with so many of Mies' works, such as the Barcelona Pavilion and the Toronto Dominion Centre, a single spot from which an ob-server may embrace the structures and dimensions does not exist. For that reason, the house begs you to wander through it, to discover it and its se-crets."
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The Tugendhat House, 2004.
An overview of the architectural features and style of Mies van der Rohe's Tugendhat House.
1,670 words (approx. 6.7 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 54.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the various aspects of the Tugendhat House, designed by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe and compares them to Mies' other works. The house's architecture, layout, location and materials are analyzed and evaluated against the architect's style and not against the style of others. The paper offers pictures of the Tugendhat House to illustrate the architecture.
From the Paper
"Ludwig Mies van der Rohe has created numerous buildings with his own unique and distinct styles; the Tugendhat House is one of these buildings. Grete and Fritz Tugendhat, descendents of wealthy Jewish industrialists in Brno, Germany (now, Brno, Czech Republic), commissioned the construction of the building in the late 1920s. Some of the structure?s themes may be found in works done by Le Corbusier, Schinkel, and Mies himself. Throughout the building, it is evident that great stress and preparation went into project, whether it be the location, the facade, the plan, or the material the Tugendhat House a revolutionary concept that rejects traditional arrangements of the interior and promotes simplicity throughout."
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Churches at Mystras, 2003.
An examination of monasteries and churches at Mystras (Mistra), Greece.
759 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 27.95
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Abstract
During its two centuries of existence as the Byzantine capital of the Peloponnese, a number of churches and monasteries with domes and chapels were erected at Mistras. These structures played an important role in terms of promoting the religious function in the region, as well as providing a centralized focus for the ruling elite. This paper provides an examination of these monasteries and churches at Mistras, followed by a summary of the research in the conclusion.
From the Paper
"In his essay, ?The impact of Frankish architecture on Thirteenth-Century Byzantine Architecture,? Charalambos Bouras writes: ?In the eleventh and twelfth centuries, Byzantine ecclesiastical architecture in both the capital and the provinces was mature and self-contained, meeting to the full the church building?s liturgical needs and dogmatic symbolism, as well as realizing possibilities in the development of other art forms such as sculpture and monumental painting? (2002:247). In the Peloponnenos in particular, where the principality of the Morea had been established, there are not only the most important monuments of Gothic architecture, but also the most characteristic examples of Western influence on embellished Byzantine church buildings (2002:248). The Crusaders were also responsible, according to Bouras, for building a number of strong fortresses in the areas, perhaps even a part of the palace at Mistras, and certain other new settlements. The buildings of the 13th century at Peloponnesos are numerous and were usually smaller than their forerunners (such as the Hagia Sophia), and were frequently included in monastic complexes (Bouras 2002)."
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