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The World Trade Centre, 2002.
A discussion of whether the World Trade Center was defectively designed and whether it should still remain standing today.
1,009 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper describes the chronological events that occurred on September 11 2001 that led to the eventual collapse of the World Trade Center (WTC). It provides structural information on the exact architecture of the two towers and examines how the downfall of these two buildings occurred through a series of steps that eventually led to the cataclysmic chain reaction of each floor smashing into its corresponding lower floor, eventually destroying both towers. The primary factor leading to this disaster was the immense heat the structural design withstood and the impact of the airliners that hit them. It concludes that the WTC Towers were not defectively designed since no designer could have ever anticipated a catastrophe of the magnitude that occurred.
From the Paper
"The structural integrity of the WTC depended on these closely spaced columns around the perimeter. Lightweight steel trusses spanned between the central elevator core and the perimeter columns on each floor. These trusses support the four-inch concrete slabs that separate each floor and tied the perimeter columns to the core. These trusses supported the vertical forces acting on the building. These steel structures were coated with an aluminum alloy for extra strength."
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The Ancient Galilean Synagogue, 2002.
A look at the Galilean Synagogue and how this represents a classic synagogue of ancient times.
4,251 words (approx. 17.0 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 113.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the synagogue as the place of assemblage of the Jews in terms of the name, origin, history, organization, liturgy, building, interior setting and styles of architecture. This paper also looks at the Capernaum synagogue as a specific example of the Galilean style of synagogues and looks at this synagogue in terms of its role, meaning, people and community
From the Paper
"Luke describes Jesus in volume 15 as teaching in the Galilean synagogues (philiphoward.sch.uk). Therefore, within the historical, cultural, religious setting of Judaism, Jesus thus appears as a rabbi (philiphoward.sch.uk). Jesus is seen as teacher, a communicator, and a man of words (philiphoward.sch.uk). It is natural that Jesus teaches in synagogues because the synagogue is the place of Jewish community teaching (philiphoward.sch.uk). Judaism is a religion, first and foremost, of the family and most Jewish worship and teaching occurs within the family, within the home (philiphoward.sch.uk). Judaism also has, however, a strong sense of the wider community, which is where the synagogue has its role (philiphoward.sch.uk). The word 'synagogue' comes from the Greek 'synagog_', which means, literally, 'meeting' (philiphoward.sch.uk). Strictly speaking, the 'synagogue' is the 'meeting', the 'assembly', the 'congregation' of the community; the word applies most accurately to the community itself (it is rather like the Christian church (philiphoward.sch.uk). "
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Architecture and the Industrial Revolution, 2002.
Examining the architecture of previous civilizations and their impact on the Industrial Revolution.
1,240 words (approx. 5.0 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 42.95
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Abstract
This paper shows how architecture had a profound effect on the development of the Industrial Revolution. This paper explores these effects and displays the ways in wish architecture influenced the industrial age. Ancient civilizations such as Egypt and Rome are analyzed as well as architecture from more "recent" 16th century Rome.
From the Paper
"The impact of architecture on the industrial revolution is as old as time. For the purpose of this discussion we will begin with the architecture of the ancient world. In pre-industrial times those who constructed building also lived in them and they were forced to use whatever material was available and they also had to make their own tools. The idea of using cement to build structures dates back to the Roman Empire but waterproof cement was not created until the 1800?s during the industrial revolution, this is just one impact that early architecture had on the industrial revolution. (?Architecture?)"
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Architecture Of Beijing, 2000.
A hiistory of the buildings of the Forbidden City, their significance, grand design, structure, temples and palaces.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 6 sources, $ 39.95
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From the Paper
"The architecture of the forbidden City in Beijing reflects the worldview of the Chinese, a philosophy that is expressed in the way the buildings are arranged and designed, a philosophy that also reflects the function for which the buildings are intended. This style of architecture has been emulated both in China and in structures outside of China that have been built in Chinese communities.
Beijing, once called Peking in the West, served as the capital of China for six dynasties over six centuries, and the capital has been modified and maintained continuously over that time. The city is made up of the northern Inner City and the southern Outer City, and the city as a whole is made up of numerous smaller walled-in courtyards. Against this background a core of structures stands out more meaningfully in the orderly..."
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"A History of Architecture" by Spiro Kostof, 2000.
A review of the work on architecture as a reflection and shaper of society through history with a focus on religion in Ancient Greece and Muslim culture.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 1 source, $ 39.95
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Abstract
"Apart from possessing a functional and ornamental value, architecture also tells the story about the character and the culture of the society, thus reflecting the spirit of the people and the age. Even though historians tend to consider only public monuments and majestic buildings as "architecture," the architecture that is most representative of the society consists of ordinary and drab buildings (Kostof 15). Although they cannot be considered esthetically pleasing to the eye, their value rests in their reflection of the reality of the ordinary people. As Spiro Kostof points out in his book, A History of Architecture: Settings and Rituals, the images of the history of the South are incomplete without including the "slave cabins, out houses, herb gardens, and water vats" (15
From the Paper
"Apart from possessing a functional and ornamental value, architecture also tells the story about the character and the culture of the society, thus reflecting the spirit of the people and the age. Even though historians tend to consider only public monuments and majestic buildings as "architecture," the architecture that is most representative of the society consists of ordinary and drab buildings (Kostof 15). Although they cannot be considered esthetically pleasing to the eye, their value rests in their reflection of the reality of the ordinary people. As Spiro Kostof points out in his book, A History of Architecture: Settings and Rituals, the images of the history of the South are incomplete without including the "slave cabins, out houses, herb gardens, and water vats" (15). Although these structures can hardly be considered beautiful, they constitute..."
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Notre Dame De Paris, 2000.
The history and features of the cathedral including its Gothic style, structure, windows, portals, sculptures and Christian subjects.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 11 sources, $ 79.95
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Abstract
In his famous novel The Hunchback of Notre Dame, Victor Hugo wrote of the Notre Dame Cathedral,
Each face, each stone of this venerable monument is not only a page of the history of the country, but also of the history of knowledge and art . . . Time is the architect, the people are the builder (Hugo 162, 164).
Davis agrees and writes,
From the Paper
"Introduction
In his famous novel The Hunchback of Notre Dame, Victor Hugo wrote of the Notre Dame Cathedral,
Each face, each stone of this venerable monument is not only a page of the history of the country, but also of the history of knowledge and art . . . Time is the architect, the people are the builder (Hugo 162, 164).
Davis agrees and writes,
From this perspective, the bold monumentality of the twelfth century project reflects the reassertion of royal power under Louis VI and Louis VII; the forceful reign of Philip Augustus finds its architectural expression in the triumphant stability of the west facade; the spiritual charisma of Louis IX resonates..."
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L.A. Central Library, 1999.
A history and architectural analysis, site evaluation, preservation, downtown renewal projects, regulations, focusing on itsrebuilding after the 1986 fires.
3,825 words (approx. 15.3 pages), 10 sources, $ 135.95
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From the Paper
"The Los Angeles Central Library consists of a nearly-destroyed building that was elaborately rehabilitated and its expansive addition. The choice to rehabilitate was made on the grounds that it was an historic building worthy of preservation. The building was held to have symbolic importance, to make a vital aesthetic contribution, and to provide badly needed public space to the heavily developed downtown area. The facility was expanded with an eight-story wing that houses the great majority of the library's public functions. The attempt to replicate most practical and decorative features of the public spaces in the old building has produced a very large landmark that also serves a valuable public function.
The Los Angeles Public Library system's Central Library building is located in downtown Los Angeles on a large two-block ..."
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London Bridge, 1999.
A historical, cultural and architectural analysis of the bridge and its evolution, fate and succeeding structures.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 2 sources, $ 55.95
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Abstract
"When people in the United States today hear the term "London Bridge," they are most likely to think of one of the most peculiar sights anywhere within the United States that of the London Bridge in Lake Havasu City, Arizona.
From the Paper
"When people in the United States today hear the term "London Bridge," they are most likely to think of one of the most peculiar sights anywhere within the United States that of the London Bridge in Lake Havasu City, Arizona. Surrounded by faked-up Tudor buildings and busloads of tourists, the large bridge is dwarfed by the majesty of the desert Southwest. The entire enterprise stands as a monument to a deep human appreciation for irony, for what else could explain the immense cost and energy that went into transporting such an immense structure such a long way for so very little purpose.
But this peculiar structure in the desert is in fact not the real London Bridge at all (if any bridge can in fact lay claim to that title, which seems unlikely), but the New London Bridge, designed in 1831 by the Scottish engineer John Rennie ..."
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Skyscrapers, 1999.
Examines history and evolution, major architects, building materials, regulations, styles and New York City buildings.
4,500 words (approx. 18.0 pages), 11 sources, $ 135.95
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Abstract
The term "skyscraper" first came into use in the 1880s as the first such buildings were constructed. Several forces and developments came into being at the same time to allow for the creation of such buildings. The term was first applied to buildings of 10 to 20 storeys, but heights have so increased that now it applies to buildings generally greater than 40 or 50 storeys. The skyscrapers of the 1880s and 1890s fit reasonably into the existing urban context, and their novelty was to be found in their technology rather than their size or style.
From the Paper
"THE SKYSCRAPER
The term "skyscraper" first came into use in the 1880s as the first such buildings were constructed. Several forces and developments came into being at the same time to allow for the creation of such buildings. The term was first applied to buildings of 10 to 20 storeys, but heights have so increased that now it applies to buildings generally greater than 40 or 50 storeys. The skyscrapers of the 1880s and 1890s fit reasonably into the existing urban context, and their novelty was to be found in their technology rather than their size or style. They were taller than what had existed before, but not so tall as to dominate the skyline. Previously, churches had been the tallest buildings in the city (Goldberger 4).
More business space was needed in the United States in the second half of the 19th ..."
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Anasazi Culture Of American Southwest, 1999.
Examines this ancient people's architecture, roads, trade, culture and demise.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 3 sources, $ 31.95
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Abstract
The Eleventh Century was the end of one millennium and the beginning of a new one. In many ways, it was a period in which humanity emerged from the Dark Ages that had prevailed throughout Europe through much of the first millennium A.D. even as the Roman Empire changed to the Byzantine empire and others.
From the Paper
"The Eleventh Century was the end of one millennium and the beginning of a new one. In many ways, it was a period in which humanity emerged from the Dark Ages that had prevailed throughout Europe through much of the first millennium A.D. even as the Roman Empire changed to the Byzantine empire and others. We call this the Dark Ages today because its history is somewhat obscure and because much of classical learning was temporarily lost. In the Eleventh Century, certain changes came about showing a new relationship between government and governed after the Battle of Hastings and the creation of the Magna Carta in England. In other parts of the world, other civilizations were either winding down are beginning to flower, depending on history and circumstances. It is these other parts of the world where much of my own interest lies, given that we are only beginning to under ..."
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Art In Ancient Egypt, 1999.
Examines subjects, cultural and historical contexts, artistic and religious significance of reliefs, rock art and temples, in the years 3500-1300 B.C.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 3 sources, $ 47.95
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Abstract
Examines subjects, cultural and historical contexts, artistic and religious significance of reliefs, rock art and temples, in the years 3500-1300 B.C
From the Paper
"Artistic expression in any given age always develops from works, styles, and themes produced in earlier eras. The further back into history we go, the more difficult it may be to ascertain the source of a given culture and the art it produces. The wonders of Egypt have long fascinated archaeologists, historians, and art experts. This art did not develop out of whole cloth but instead had antecedents which can be discerned elsewhere on the continent of Africa, specifically the rock art of Africa which can be seen as a precursor of the Egyptian civilization that would develop to the north.
The earliest settlers in the Nile Valley reached the area some time around 4000 B.C., emerging from the neolithic culture of the Tasian villages of Upper Egypt and those of Merimdeh on the western edge of the Delta and on the shore of the lake in the ..."
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Roman and Christian Architecture, 1999.
Compares styles, themes, inspirations and cultural contexts, focusing on the Roman Parthenon and the Hagia Sophia of Christian/Byzantine influence.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 3 sources, $ 63.95
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Abstract
"Greek architecture has long been identified with the creation of the three classic architectural orders, the Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian, though actually the Corinthian is a variation of the Ionic.
From the Paper
"Greek architecture has long been identified with the creation of the three classic architectural orders, the Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian, though actually the Corinthian is a variation of the Ionic. Greek temples were not directly linked to the orders but show basic features that are much alike. order and cleanness of lines marks Greek temples and other monumental Greek architecture. Roman architecture reflects a way of public and private life, borrowing elements from the Greeks and the Etruscans. The Pantheon is a large, round temple in Rome which shows the ability of the Romans to create vast interior spaces, perhaps for the first time in the history of architecture. Many Roman works are a mixture of styles, such as the Hagia Sophia, a monumental piece of architecture that links us with the era of Justinian's reign in Constantinople and is an interesting example of a ..."
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