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Altruism, 2007.
An analysis of the role of altruism within a cohesive society.
1,471 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the prevailing theories of altruism and attempts to develop a better contextual understanding of its core concepts. It discusses whether altruism fits into evolutionary biology and shows how altruism helps us understand how to create greater cohesiveness in society as well as encourage pro-social behavior.
From the Paper
"Understand these evolutionary theories become crucial on a societal level to leverage the altruistic intent and evolutionary instincts within human beings. Societies and leaders need to understand that mutual altruism is the only way for the improvement of the group and the survival of the individual within the group context. By leveraging the knowledge of reciprocal altruism, leaders can create a convincing argument for why it is imperative for everyone to become active members of society. Kinship selection also helps in our understanding of group activity; leaders can utilize this theory to articulate a vision for the needs of a strong and interconnected community. Human beings as evolutionary creatures have highly evolved instincts for altruism. Perhaps one of the reasons that we have survived so long and past the prime of many other animals is our sense of altruism. Therefore to understand how altruism can help on a communal level, one only has to look at the sacrifices each individual makes in every aspect of community growth."
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Surrogacy, 2007.
This paper discusses the psychological effects of surrogacy.
1,830 words (approx. 7.3 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 58.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses the motherhood arrangements wherein a surrogate woman is impregnated with sperm from a male unrelated to her. The writer explains that the woman then carries a fetus and gives birth to a child for another woman. The writer notes that this has always been controversial, and has typically been a scenario in which psychological issues are present. This paper examines and reviews psychological and moral issues that accompany surrogate motherhood, from several different scholarly perspectives.
From the Paper
"There are also psychological issues attached to the method used in the surrogate procedure, Edelmann explains. For example, if the commissioning woman's egg is implanted in the surrogate mother and fertilized with the commissioning woman's partner's sperm, more complicated and potentially troublesome medical issues can arise and there may be a need for "mental health care" and counselling may be required. However if the surrogate mother is simply inseminated with the commissioning male's sperm, and the commissioning woman's egg is not implanted, there is less stress and hence fewer psychological scenarios may be present. "
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Glutathione-s-Transferase, 2007.
This paper discusses various studies that illustrate the function of the glutathione-s-transferase enzyme.
1,179 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 40.95
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Abstract
The paper relates that high levels of dichloroacetate, a drinking water disinfectant and by-product, depleted glutathione-s-transferase's activity in studied rats. The paper reveals that those with a hereditary deficiency in the gene or enzyme appeared to have an increased risk of developing chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD). The paper looks at a study that connected the glutathione gene to the development of childhood asthma. The paper discusses another study that illustrated the significance of the glutathione gene in delaying the onset of breast cancer.
From the Paper
"Dichloroacetate or DCA is a drinking water disinfectant and by-product commonly found in municipal water supplies (Saghir 2002). It is a metabolite of chlorinated industrial solvents and many pharmaceuticals. It is quickly and completely absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and in extensively metabolized in both rodents and humans by major metabolites. Metabolism occurs primarily in the liver, mediated by Glutathione-s-Transferase GST [zeta] (GSTZ-1) (12). DCA inhibits Glutathione and prolonged exposure of rodents to DCA reduces metabolism and depletes immuno-reactive Glutathione protein levels from the liver."
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Healing Touch, 2007.
This paper discusses the therapy of human touch.
1,043 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
In this paper the writer notes that there is a contest going on between conventional and alternative methods of treating sicknesses. The writer points out that conventional or traditional medicine relies on pills and other forms of mechanical intrusion into the ailing body, while alternative or holistic medicine aims at restoring the ailing body's balance by filling up its depleted energy field. The writer discusses that opponents have come up with views of the healing touch method as mere superstition, which cannot be outwardly proved, but notes that it continues to gather advocates among the public. The writer explains that the healing touch is an alternative method of addressing and correcting human illness, especially psychological illness, by intruding into the patient's depleted energy field and manipulating it. The writer concludes that the healing touch should be recommended but should not replace what is strictly within the proven or commonplace jurisdiction of traditional or conventional medicine.
Outline:
Introduction
Body
Summary and Recommendation
From the Paper
"A typical session starts with the patient sitting or lying down and the practitioner moves his hands over the patient's body without needing actual contact. The practitioner senses rough areas in the energy field. He is able to make an assessment or "diagnosis" in a few minutes. Many patients feel the sweeping motion made by the practitioner with his hands as a kind of warmth or pleasant vibration. The practitioner should desire the patient's well-being in order to produce the effect. Dr. Krieger said that the healing that follows is not a new concept. The touch somehow changes or improves the body's hemoglobin levels and this leads to the restoration of health. She insisted that the body's energy field is an electromagnetic phenomenon."
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Fertilization Techniques, 2007.
This paper examines the most common infertility techniques that are available today.
2,252 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 18 sources, MLA, $ 69.95
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Abstract
In this paper, the writer discusses that there are a number of methods that have been developed with varying degrees of success to help women who have difficulty becoming pregnant. The writer points out that these include some of the most contemporary technologies, such as in vitro fertilization (IVF), intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), and various other procedures. In essence, the writer explains that assisted fertilization refers to technologies and techniques that can be used to enhance sperm-egg interaction. This paper outlines some of the most prevalent and contemporary of the infertility techniques in use today. The writer concludes that the suggestion is that reproductive cloning will advance, in a similar fashion to the acceptance of techniques like IVF, and that new techniques will be developed to improve upon existing methods of infertility assistance.
Outline:
Introduction
In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)
Intra-cytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI)
GIFT: Gametic Intra-fallopian Transfer
Other Techniques
New Techniques and Reproductive Cloning
From the Paper
"There are a number of advantages to this procedure, including the fact the embryo can be fertilized inside the oviduct in its natural environment. The process also takes only about an hour and can also be performed on an outpatient basis."
"There are a number of variations to both GIFT and in vitro fertilization that are important to note. These include blastocyst transfer, or the transfer of a more mature embryo; as well as the use of donor eggs from another woman and the use of a surrogate mother and the transfer of frozen embryos."
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Fertilization Techniques, 2007.
The writer discusses the beginnings of fertilization techniques and looks at the various processes available.
2,326 words (approx. 9.3 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 71.95
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Abstract
In this paper, the writer notes that in the past few decades, several advanced current-day fertilization techniques for women that have difficulties conceiving children have emerged at the forefront of medical technology. The writer points out that medical professionals are now able to prescribe a few different treatment options for women that are unable to get pregnant naturally. If treatment has not resulted in pregnancy after four to six menstrual cycles, fertilization techniques may be considered. The writer concludes that it appears that different techniques have roots in in vitro fertilization, which is predicted to see improvements over the next few years. The writer maintains that the future of human fertilization appears bright.
Outline:
Introduction
In Vitro (test tube) Fertilization
Third Party Donor
Gametic Intra-fallopian Transfer
Intra-cytoplasmic Sperm Injection
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Currently, in due to improvements in ultrasound imaging, surgery is no longer necessary for most in vitro fertilization patients. Technological progress has allowed for the use of a sonographically-guided needle to replace the surgical procedure which previously was used to recover eggs. This procedure, called Transvaginal Oocyte Retrieval, requires neither hospitalization nor general anesthesia. Instead, the woman undergoes about two weeks of intensive preparation, including hormonal therapy with fertility drugs. Blood tests and ultrasound scans of the ovaries are used to determine the optimal time to retrieve the eggs from the ovary, and at the proper time, an outpatient procedure under local anesthesia will allow the female's eggs to be visualized by ultrasound and retrieved from the ovary by placing a needle through the vaginal wall. The woman experiences pain similar to a pap smear and is able to return home and resume normal activities. The embryologist places the sperm with the eggs when they are ready for fertilization, maintaining them in a laboratory dish in a nutrient mixture which acts as a substitute for the environment that would otherwise have been provided by the fallopian tubes."
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Sodium Pump, 2007.
This paper examines the activity and importance of sodium pumps to the body.
1,387 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 46.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer explains that the Na+-K+-ATPase (Sodium Pump)The Na+-K+-ATPase, or sodium pump is a highly-conserved integral membrane protein existing in almost all cells in higher organisms. The writer further explains that a human at rest contains cells that consist roughly of 25% cytoplasmic ATP which is hydrolyzed by sodium pumps. Approximately 70% of ATP is consumed to fuel sodium pumps in nerve cells. In the body, the autonomic nervous system heart cells are regulated through these receptors to modulate certain ion-kinetic structures to influence ion movement. The writer concludes that the sodium pump is involved in cell junction maintenance, thus ensuring that the heart cells stay connected with one another. The writer also notes that without this sodium pump, the body cannot function and the heart never develops.
From the Paper
"Description of the structure of this molecule is still uncertain, but information is available to define the amino acids involved in ATP and cation binding. The sodium pump, which is located within the outside membrane of the cell, grabs sodium and releases it on the other side of the membrane, repositioning itself to do so, then grabs potassium and releases it within the cell: Within the cell, ATP is bound to the empty pump, the N/A+ ions approach the pump, are bound to the pump until the pump is loaded with (3) Na+ ions, ATP is hydrolyzed, the pump phosphorylated, the pump reorients in the membrane and the Na+ ions start to fall off outside of the cell. As the Na+ ions are released, (2) K+ ions approach the pump, are bound and dephosporylation takes place. The ATP is bound to the pump, a conformational change takes place when the K+ is in the cell and they are delivered into the interior of the cell and the pump is ready to start again. Although it is difficult to explain the structure of this "pump," based on primary amino acid sequence, it probably possesses 8 or 10 transmembrane domains."
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The "Bodies" Exhibit, 2007.
A description of the "Bodies" exhibit that uses plasticized corpses to display human anatomy and physiology.
935 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 33.95
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Abstract
The paper describes the "Bodies" exhibit, one of several traveling science exhibitions illustrating human anatomy through a remarkable use of real human cadavers. The paper explains that the exhibit includes whole plasticized corpses placed in athletic poses that show off the inner workings of the human body, as well as body parts, for a more in-depth analysis of organs and systems. The paper is of the opinion that in spite of its coldly scientific vibe, the exhibit is well-managed, inspiring and highly informative.
From the Paper
"In addition to the general goriness of the exhibit, the source of the bodies has cause considerable controversy. Unlike von Hagen's, the bodies in the Seattle exhibit were those of people who died of natural causes but were unclaimed by friends or relatives (Doughton). Because they were unclaimed, the bodies were donated to a medical hospital and were later plasticized for Bodies. Dr. Sui Hongjin, a protege of Dr. Hagens, was in charge of the plasticization technique used on the bodies on display in the exhibit (Doughton)."
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Breast Cancer Mortality, 2007.
This paper discusses female breast cancer mortality in New Jersey counties and looks at the relationship with certain environmental variables.
3,331 words (approx. 13.3 pages), 18 sources, MLA, $ 95.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that today, breast cancer remains the focus of a growing amount of research around the world and new, improved diagnostic techniques, drugs and treatment are constantly improving survival rates. Nevertheless, the writer points out that the incidence of female breast cancer remains unacceptably high in many regions of the country, especially New Jersey. To identify recent trends in the incidence of female breast cancer generally and in New Jersey specifically, this paper provides a review of the relevant peer-reviewed literature and an analysis of the statistical rates by race for the state and its counties. A summary of the research and salient findings are presented in the conclusion. The writer concludes that the the research is clear in showing that virtually every county in New Jersey is considered high-risk for increased rates of breast cancer by virtue of their geographic proximity to nuclear reactors, as well as the potential environmental toxins that go hand in hand with high concentrations of humanity.
Outline:
Review and Discussion
Background and Overview
Environmental Factors
Table 1 - Breast Cancer Statistics - New Jersey
Table 2 - Female Breast Cancer Incidence and Mortality by Race, New Jersey and the U.S. 1989-1993.
Table 3 - Cancer Death Statistics for the State of New Jersey by Race
Summary of Breast Cancer Trends Identified in New Jersey
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Other environmental factors may relate to socioeconomic conditions. While the National Cancer Institute and other medical organizations agree that women age 50 years and older should obtain a routine mammography every one to two years, estimates of breast cancer screening utilization show that participation in mammography screening is typically lowest among groups of women with whom social workers often work; that is, older, low-income, rural, and racially and culturally diverse women. Studies have investigated a variety of factors predictive of women's decisions about breast cancer screening, including socioeconomic factors, and to a lesser extent, psychological and cultural variables; the results of these studies generally indicate that older and ethnic minority women, women with inadequate insurance coverage and no regular source of medical care, women that are less educated, women that live in medically underserved areas, and women that report strong religious values, attitudes, and beliefs about breast cancer, are less likely to obtain breast cancer screening and are at greater risk of dying from breast cancer than are white women who are younger, educated, have health insurance and access to medical care, and that do not express strong beliefs about breast cancer."
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73008.doc, 2007.
This paper reviews, chapter by chapter, the book "Lessons from the Future" by Stan Davis.
1,495 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 1 source, APA, $ 49.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Stan Davis' "Lessons from the Future" is a collection of essays, mainly selections or essay excerpts from his previous work. The author points out that, in most of Part One ("Ideas"), Davis breaks down the process of thinking, especially the need to identify the question and the ideal area for future direction, which helps the individual focus his or her thoughts. The paper relates that, where privacy was the greatest concern for the information economy and pollution was the greatest threat in the industrial economy, ethics will cause the most problems and necessitate new solutions in the bioeconomy.
From the Paper
"Explaining the "architecture" of information, Davis outlines form and function in relation to information. The form of information includes the shape and how it is structured. The function part refers to the activities carried out for the sake of information. Information in the current economy comes in the four forms of data, text, sound, and image. These inputs make the senses of sight and hearing more important than the others. Davis suggests that, in the future bioeconomy, the other senses may play a greater role."
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Positive Risk-Taking, 2007.
This paper examines research regarding a gene related to thrill-seeking behavior.
6,238 words (approx. 25.0 pages), 19 sources, MLA, $ 146.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that there are scientists that now say that the 'thrill-seeking gene' has been discovered. The writer notes that, according to researchers, people who have this gene are somewhat more likely to be outgoing, adventurous types who like to bungee jump, skydive, and mountain climb. Some of the research suggests that people with this gene can also be prone to violence, but this is more due to environmental factors and not due entirely to the gene itself. The writer relates that the gene, known to scientists as D4DR, is found on a specific chromosome and thought to be the cause of thrill-seeking behavior. The writer concludes that scientists have been fascinated with this type of issue for many, many years, but this is not necessarily a good thing in some respects, as there are sometimes reasons why specific issues should be left alone instead of changed or addressed by science.
Outline:
Introduction
The Research
The Opposite of Thrill Seekers
Personality Theories
Other Influences
Conclusion
From the Paper
"In the studies performed in Israel and the United States, people were asked to fill out a personality questionnaire. After they had completed the questionnaire, they had their blood drawn and genetically analyzed. The analysis showed that people who had questionnaire answers that were more excitable and exploratory also had the longer version of the thrill seeking gene. Those whose answers were more reflective and reserved had the shorter version. It may not actually be the gene, but the size of the gene that is relevant in relation to thrill seeking behavior."
"Circumstances surrounding the person's upbringing and adult life could also have a definite effect on how the person displays their thrill seeking tendencies. According to researchers, the person could turn out to be a war hero, an extreme skier, or a violent murderer, depending on the circumstances they are in and the outlets that they can find in which to express their desire for thrill seeking behavior."
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Vision in Goldfish and Humans, 2007.
A comparative analysis of the use of vision in humans and goldfish.
984 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 34.95
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Abstract
This paper addresses the similarities and differences between the way that humans see and the way that goldfish see. It examines how adaptation behavior in both humans and goldfish has developed the vision that they have overall as a species today and how, although they may see very differently from one another as a species, there are specific reasons for the type of vision that each species has.
From the Paper
"Vision that is seen in the goldfish may not seem important to many people, but it is actually quite fascinating in that it is much more developed than most people would expect it to be for the size and apparent intelligence of the creature. Overall, goldfish have developed full-spectrum vision so that they will be able to see the micro-flashes of static electrical charge and bio-luminescence that appear when a creature hunting with sonar sends sound waves through waters rich in micro-fauna in order to search for its prey (Schaerer & Kirschfeld, 2000). This full-spectrum vision has also proved to be very effective in sensing many and various tell-tale signs that come from the bow-wave that a rapidly moving predator makes as it cuts through the water (Schaerer & Kirschfeld, 2000)."
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