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Patent Law & Genetic Medicine, 2006.
A discussion on how legal issues in patent law shape ethical decisions in human stem cell research.
4,186 words (approx. 16.7 pages), 20 sources, MLA, $ 111.95
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Abstract
This work examines the issue of human stem cell research from the view of the medical profession with an eye on funding, the public perspective and legislation affecting research of the human genome. Specifically this work explores the patenting process, whether patenting the human genome is plausible, and what consequences might exist in these patents. The paper notes the veritable quietness of the legal community at large in relation to this medical research issue.
Outline:
Abstract
Objective
Terms & Definitions of Study
Introduction
I. Implications of Diamond v. Chakrabarty (1980)
II. Implications of Later Cases
III. Free Market System Impacts
IV. What Ways Do Patents Objectify Human Dignity?
V. Is there a 'just' way of thinking about intellectual property law?
VI. Rights - Technological
VII. Ethics of Patenting the Technique for Human Stem Cell Lines
Summary & Conclusion
Bibliography
From the Paper
"In review of the patent laws in the United States, the U.S. Patent laws provides that the patent begin on the date that the patent is issued and ends 20 years later on the same date however, in special circumstances that date might be different and patents are considered for extensions as well. In order for issuance of a patent the invention must be a process that is both 'new' and 'useful' and must be a 'process, machine, manufacture or composition of matter' furthermore the invention must bee the standards of 'utility, novelty and non-obviousness' and must be something that is not in use publicly, not in written form or known to others in the same field of study."
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Genetic Engineering, 2007.
An analysis of the potential benefits of using genetic engineering to improve quality of life.
1,805 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 58.95
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Abstract
This paper argues that genetic engineering should be permitted in certain cases. The paper discusses some of the reasons for the resistance to any kind of genetic engineering. The paper then presents a case of a four year old girl who became the first patient to receive gene therapy and describes the resulting improvement in her and her parents' quality of life. The paper uses this case to discuss the potential benefits of using gene therapy.
From the Paper
"Furthermore, focusing research efforts and publicity on non-life saving genetic modifications, perhaps most damningly, has proved to be a powerful distraction from the real, life-saving potential of innovations in the technology. Because of fears of cloning, or building a super race, research into the abuse of some of the potentially life-sustaining ways genetic engineering can be used has come under question. To end such potential abuses, scientists conducting research into this technology should set voluntary ethical guidelines for themselves. There is certainly a precedent for this within the field of medicine, that of the Hippocratic oath. Scientists dealing with the dangers and the benefits of modifying the genetic code should construct a similar oath for themselves, before the less knowledgeable governing bodies of the nations of the world attempt to do it for them, and limit all genetic engineering research out of fear."
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Turner Syndrome, 2007.
This paper discusses Turner Syndrome, a disorder characterized by short stature and slow growth among girls.
2,445 words (approx. 9.8 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 74.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer relates that, in 1938, Dr. Henry Turner acknowledged the pattern of short stature and inadequate sexual maturation in other than normal females. The writer explains that this pattern has been accorded the name of Turner Syndrome after the name of Dr. Turner. The writer points out that girls suffering from Turner Syndrome normally are short in height and notes that the presence of Turner Syndrome inhibits proper development of the ovaries, thereby adversely influencing the sexual development of the girl. The writer also looks at ailments and disabilities connected to Turner Syndrome. The writer concludes that organizations and associations strive to assist individuals with growth related disorders, their families and health care professionals in terms of extensive research and advocacy.
From the Paper
"The short stature and slow growth of a child is determined by many factors that includes, hereditary elements, ailments calling upon kidneys, heart, lungs or intestines, hormone imbalances, severe stress or emotional deprivation, infection in the womb prior to birth, bone ailments, and genetic or chromosomal abnormalities. During 1938, Dr. Henry Turner acknowledged the pattern of short stature and inadequate sexual maturation in other than normal females. This has been accorded the name of Turner Syndrome after the name of Dr. Turner. A Syndrome is typically found to have a combination of features mostly noticed in combination with the others and believed to result from the same cause."
"The researchers have not found out yet as to exactly what causes Turner Syndrome, but they have been confirmed that those are the result of the missing X chromosomes. The effect of the Turner Syndrome varies among the girls in consonance with the influence of such variation of the X chromosomes on the body cells. Girls suffering from Turner Syndrome normally are short in height mostly attaining the average height of about 4 feet 7 inches."
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The Effects of Alcohol, 2007.
This paper explores the many harmful effects alcohol has on body processes.
1,025 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how alcohol slows down brain activity, resulting in slurred speech, slowed reaction time, impaired vision and hearing, impaired thinking and memory and muscle weakness. The paper describes long-term effects associated with alcohol which include liver failure, nerve damage, epilepsy and heart failure. The paper discusses how the majority of adolescents believe alcohol makes it easier to socialize while adults often drink to cope with stress.
From the Paper
"Although alcohol is classified as a food, it is not digested but rather enters directly into the blood stream. Because alcohol dilutes itself in the water volume of the body, vital organs, such as the brain, that contain large amounts of water and need a substantial blood supply, are left especially vulnerable (Dunlap). Within minutes of entering the bloodstream, literally every organ and tissue system, including the brain, liver, heart, lungs, pancreas and kidneys, are infiltrated by alcohol (Dunlap)."
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Whales and Dolphins, 2007.
This extensive paper describes the evolution of whales and dolphins.
2,646 words (approx. 10.6 pages), 11 sources, APA, $ 79.95
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Abstract
This paper examines recent scientific discoveries about the origins of dolphins and whales. The paper begins by giving a brief description of these animals, followed by an analysis of their behavior. Special attention is given to their interaction in social groups. Finding from field studies about whales are presented according to various species of whales. A brief description of the origins of dolphins is also given. The paper concludes with a thorough discussion of prehistoric whales based on fossil findings, with an emphasis on whale evolution through the various epochs.
From the Paper
"But, how did Whales and Dolphins evolve? In Nicholas Humphrey's essay "The social function of intellect," (Humphrey, 1976) said: "The open sea is an environment where technical knowledge can bring little benefit and thus complex societies - and high intelligence - are contraindicated (dolphins and whales provide, maybe, a remarkable and unexplained exception)" in 1976 and this began the Machiavellian intelligence" hypothesis," which says that more intelligent animals evolved into social or grouping and cooperating animals. This is now widely accepted, though it has received little attention in the controversies that may concern the evolution of whales except from a few cetologists."
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Drug Usage, 2006.
A discussion regarding drug abuse, and its history.
3,893 words (approx. 15.6 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 106.95
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Abstract
This paper takes an in-depth look at the history of the use and abuse of drugs to affect conscious states. According to the paper, drugs, whether alcohol or hallucinogenic drugs such as peyote and opiates, have a long history among human beings. The paper further discusses that although environmental factors certainly play an important role in an individual's vulnerability to drug usage and addiction, recent studies strongly suggest that genetic factors may play a more significant role.
From the Paper
"In 2003, a study involving approximately 20,000 participants found that particular genes can influence personality traits that are linked to unhealthy behavior. In an effort to link human behavior and inheritance, researchers at Oxford University researched data from 46 separate studies, focusing on genes that control chemicals used to transmit signals between brain cells (Von Radowitz 2003). Findings revealed that one version of the human serotonin transporter gene, 5HTT-LPR, was associated with anxious personalities, indicating that "individuals with this gene variant were the sort who find social interaction stressful and may take refuge in substance abuse" (Von Radowitz 2003). Researchers discovered a weaker link between the dopamine D4 receptor and extrovert personality traits, suggesting that such individuals are more likely to smoke tobacco or use drugs due to risk behavior, in other words, they are more inclined to gamble with their health (Von Radowitz 2003)."
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The Great Mississippi River Flood of 1993, 2007.
A look at the extensive damage caused in the US by the Great Mississippi River Flood of 1993.
2,036 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 64.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how the Great Mississippi River Flood of 1993, also known as the Great Flood of 1993, is considered unparalleled in magnitude, extent and impact and was possibly the costliest and most devastating flood to ever impact the U.S. The paper reveals that fifty deaths were reported and the total damage cost was estimated at $20 billion. The paper looks closely at the damage sustained by the land, plants, birds and animals.
From the Paper
"This record flooding occurred from May to September 1993 across North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, Wisconsin and Illinois (Larson 1996). Its magnitude and severity were so overwhelming that the Flood ranks as one of the greatest natural disasters to hit the US. Around 600 river forecast points in the Midwest were above the flood stage all at the same time. It affected almost 150 major rivers and tributaries. Fifty flood deaths were reported (Larson). Causes or factors of the Great Flood were attributed the saturation of soils and increased stream levels in the fall of 1992, the snowpack in the central US, heavy rainfall in late March, the saturation of the northern ends of the Missouri River and an unusually persistent weather pattern from June to early August (Larson)."
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Human Evolution and Closest Relative, 2007.
This paper discusses the evolution of the human and discusses human origins.
2,016 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 18 sources, MLA, $ 63.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer explains that evolution is defined as a change in the gene pool of a population from generation to generation by such processes as mutation and natural selection. The writer notes that the topic of human evolution all started when human fossils and remains were discovered from different regions on earth. The writer points out that the availability of new technology even allows the study of the genetic structures of the fossils found, which signifies a more reliable and astonishing breakthrough in defining the start of human evolution. The writer concludes that many of the scientific evidences including that of the anatomical, archaeological and genetic provide a full proof view that modern humans descend from earlier hominid populations or our ape-like ancestors.
From the Paper
"Homo sapiens (about 100,000 years ago) is characterized by large brain size, high forehead, small eyebrow ridges, slender skeleton and upright structure. The Homo sapiens fossil record shows anatomical trends toward decreased bone mass. Their diet was more balanced - it included meat, grains and vegetables. The sapiens' tools were more sophisticated, and incorporated the use of raw materials. Surviving Cro-Magnon artifacts include huts, cave paintings, carvings and antler-tipped spears. The remains of tools suggest that they knew how to make woven clothing (according to a claim by Michael Rappenglueck, of the University of Munich. 2000.). The appearance of Cro-Magnon culture about 40,000 years ago was characterized by fine artwork - beads, ivory carvings, clay figurines, decorated tools and even musical instruments."
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Wilson versus Richard, 2006.
A review of Edmund O. Wilson's book 'Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge' and Mathieu Ricard's 'The Monk and the Philosopher'.
1,373 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews and compares the work of Edmund Wilson and Mathieu Ricard. The paper takes a look at Wilson's book, 'Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge' and Mathieu Ricard's 'The Monk and the Philosopher'. According to the paper, Wilson believes that science must win out over more romantic understandings of the purpose of human existence. The paper then goes on to discuss how Ricard suggests the possibility of detachment of the mind from the body through the type of philosophical or religious practice that Wilson regards as futile, or at very least, less interesting and useful than science.
From the Paper
"In contrast, to Wilson, Mathieu Ricard offer the more idealistic but perhaps comforting notion that the physical matter of the brain and mind are not synonymous. Ricard suggests the possibility of detachment of the mind from the body through the type of philosophical or religious practice that Wilson regards as futile, or at very least, less interesting and useful than science. Through meditation and achieving a higher sense of consciousness, the mind can control the physical aspects of the human body, suggests Ricard. Ricard believes that there is more to the brain than neurotransmitters and synapses. The human species cannot be subsumed into the sum total of its DNA. "
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Hydrothermal Vents, 2007.
This paper examines how hydrothermal vents can be a new way to monitor the earth's core.
2,380 words (approx. 9.5 pages), 14 sources, MLA, $ 72.95
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Abstract
The paper explores hydrothermal vents and their contribution to the many biological beings that make these extreme conditions their home. The paper defines a hydrothermal vent as nothing more than a geyser that occurs on the ocean floor. The paper supports the thesis that by examining the vents' reactions to continuously changing conditions in their environment, we can gain clues as to changes that are occurring in the earth's core.
Outline:
What Are Hydrothermal Vents?
What Can Life in the Vents Tell Us?
Life in an Alien World
From the Paper
"For the most part, the ocean floor is a sparsely inhabited area of the planet. However, hydrothermal vents are teeming with life. Hydrothermal vents are home to some extremely fascinating creatures to such as tube worms, giant clams, eyeless shrimp and spider crabs (ONR 2006). Cold seeps are other areas that are similar to hydrothermal vents, but the waters in them are closer to the temperature of the surrounding waters. Cold seeps support a similar array of life. Life around these geothermal fountains is dependent upon the chemicals in the surrounding water. The most common chemicals in the water include hydrogen sulfide, methane, iron, manganese, and silica (ONR 2006). This creates an extremely harsh environment to support life."
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Infanticide, 2007.
An analysis of the theories of infanticide in the animal kingdom and a look at the insights it provides into primate behavior.
1,558 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 51.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the phenomenon of infanticide in the animal kingdom, particularly among primates. It discusses the two ways of looking at the phenomenon from an anthropological perspective and then looks at it from the biologist's point of view. The paper particularly discusses the case for infanticide as a reproductive strategy and suggests that it is a strong case which provides interesting insights into the behaviors of other primate species, especially humans. The paper then describes some of these insights.
From the Paper
"Still, infanticide should be regarded as a reproductive strategy among males. After all, it remains within the female's best interest to mate with a newly dominant male, even if he has killer her infant. Ultimately, this is because the female, having lost her offspring, needs to remain reproductively competitive and to mate with a male. Additionally, if she mates with a non-dominant male, who has not killed her offspring, she runs the risk of the dominant male repeating his actions. Accordingly, she is obligated to mate with the dominant male in order to decrease the risk that her infant will be killed again. It may also be the case that the mothers who are victims of infanticide are physically incapable of preventing the guilty males from mating with them because of the differences in size between the sexes."
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"The Hot Zone", 2007.
An analysis of the ethical issues raised in Richard Preston's book, "The Hot Zone."
1,596 words (approx. 6.4 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 52.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses Richard Preston's book, "The Hot Zone," in which he recounts a story about a laboratory accident and its aftermath. The paper discusses the ethical issues that surround the laboratory incident, such as the need to inform the public. It goes on to describe possible connections that can be made to current events and the ethical dilemmas that may surround them.
From the Paper
"Concern about ethical treatment in medical matters had been increasing for some time after the revelation of the Tuskegee experiment in which the medical establishment and the government in the 1930s had treated a group of black men in the South for syphilis, giving some a placebo rather than actual treatment and never telling the subjects what they were doing. When details of this experiment surfaced in the 1970s, many first accepted the argument that the cure was as bad as the disease. It soon became clear that this experiment actually took advantage of people who were poor, black, uneducated, and trusting. Analysts have noted how genocide is evoked by the Tuskegee experiment, and some made reference to the Nazi experiments on human subjects during World War II, which had been condemned by the civilized world at the Nuremberg Trials. Other explanations have also been cited, notably with regard to racial differences, to explain how medical personnel could be part of such a breach of ethics."
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