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James D. Watson and DNA, 2006.
A review of 'The Double Helix: A Personal Account of the Discovery of the Structure of DNA' by James D. Watson.
3,083 words (approx. 12.3 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 90.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses one of the most significant scientific discoveries of the twentieth century, the discovery of the helical structure of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). According to the paper, Watson revealed this discovery in his book, 'The Double Helix: A Personal Account of the Discovery of the Structure of DNA'. This paper reviews Watson's book and the fact that DNA was not discovered by a single person, nor by a group of scientists. The DNA discovery was the result of a complex series of advancements, discoveries and inspirations by many independent groups.
From the Paper
"Watson next goes on a series of European excursions and vacations; including being able to finally listed to Pauling. When he returns to Cambridge in the fall, Watson exhibits less preoccupation with DNA, and hears of the discovery by some bacteriologists that some bacteria actually reproduce sexually. This causes Watson to muse that the microbial genetics of them could be understood within a few years after DNA's structure is discovered. In the meantime, Watson writes that Franklin's X-Ray data "were getting prettier and prettier," (Watson 148). Furthermore, he credits her with obtaining the data indicating that the sugar-phosphate backbone of DNA was actually on the outside of the molecule; still, "She gave no sign . . . of liking helices any better," (Watson 148). Watson continues to explain his faith-based understanding of DNA when he writes, "The idea of the genes' being immortal smelled right," (Watson 153). After this leap of inference, however, Watson learns that Pauling is about to unveil another discovery regarding DNA; this worries most everyone at Cambridge. "
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The Peregrine Falcon, 2007.
An overview of the peregrine falcon and how it was threatened with extinction.
1,275 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the peregrine falcon, which has one of the longest migrations of any North American bird, moving some 15,500 miles in a year, from the tundra to South America. In particular, the paper looks at how the US put the American peregrine falcon on the federal endangered species list in 1970 and how, during the past two decades, the bird has made a dramatic recovery.
From the Paper
"The American Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus anatum) was delisted in the Entire Range on August 25, 1999, with habitat conservation plans underway by numerous agencies in several states, including California, Washington, and New Mexico (Species). On October 05, 1994, the Arctic Peregrine Falcon was delisted in the Entire Range, and at present there are no habitat conservation plans underway (Species). The Eurasian Peregrine (Falco peregrinus peregrinus) is currently designated as Endangered in the Entire Range, however according to the FWS, there are no habitat conservation plans underway, nor refuges reported (Species)."
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Cerebral Cortex, 2007.
This paper examines the physiology and function of the cerebral cortex.
6,425 words (approx. 25.7 pages), 14 sources, APA, $ 148.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the role of the cerebral cortex in the human brain. The physiology of this part of the brain is presented in detail. Additionally, the function of the cerebral cortex is discussed, especially in light of new scientific research. The paper also examines the evolution of this part of the brain. The author also considers the relationship between the cerebral cortex and intelligence. The author concludes that cognitive psychologists strived hard to learn more about the structure and functions of cerebral cortex. The neurons of the cerebral cortex exert the highest level of regulation in the status of the nervous system.
Outline:
Introduction
Cerebral Cortex-Physiological Structure
Cerebral Cortex and intelligence
Cerebral Cortex-Properties
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The cerebral cortex refers to a structure of brain among the vertebrates that takes into account humans as well. As the outermost layers of the cerebrum are normally of grey color, it is commonly called as grey matter. The grey matter is constituted by neurons and their unmyelinated fibers and the white matter the layer below the grey matter is constituted primarily by myelinated axons. This links the various regions of the central nervous system. The thickness of human cerebral cortex measures up to 2 to 4 mm which is 0.08 to 0.16 inches and normally is folded. The outermost layer of the cerebral cortex in respect of higher animals, particularly among the higher mammals, appears to be folded. As a result of this many grooves on the outermost layer of the brain known as sulci are formed. There also exist some ridges on the outermost layer of the brain known as gyri. Such folding of the cortex enhanced the cortical surface area. (Cerebral cortex: Wikipedia)"
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Primate Language, 2007.
An examination of language development, focusing on primates' ability to communicate.
838 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 29.95
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Abstract
The paper examines how language educators and researchers continue to debate how language is developed in humans. The paper further examines the differences between humans and other higher primates regarding language. The paper explores how, in order to gain more insight on how language evolved in early humans, researchers closely study language acquisition in primates.
From the Paper
"What Stokoe finds most interesting is the turning of the head, just as signers of American Sign Language turn their head and gaze to mark a change from one part of a complex structure to another. Concludes Stokoe: Children are fortunate that elementary sign language preceded spoken language. As people get older, they forget how they used their bodies, eyes and heads. However, once speech is acquired at another stage and a person is fully articulate, it is still possible to go to "Nevada or Oklahoma and enter into conversation with a chimpanzee." "
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The Columbian Exchange, 2007.
An analysis of the roots, purpose and significance of the Columbian Exchange.
1,850 words (approx. 7.4 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 59.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the Columbian Exchange, an accidental byproduct of the Old World coming together with the New World which provided a forum for the exchange of many things including plants, animals and disease. It further discusses how the Columbian Exchange provided a massive transformation of the world's eco-system which had a significant impact on mankind.
Outline:
Introduction
How the Process Began
The Not so Nice Side of the Exchange
Understanding the Environmental Impact
Significance
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The beginning of what is now referred to as the Columbian Exchange arrived during the second voyage to North America by Christopher Columbus and the 1,200 men he brought with him. It was at that time that Europeans arrived on North American soil. This event triggered a massive transformation of the global ecosystem because the arrival of the Europeans sparked the beginning of the two areas of the world sharing and trading flora, fauna and disease(Columbia pp). It was a time in which the Old World met with the New World and neither side was prepared ecologically for the onslaught that the introduction of eco-system elements to the environments would bring. "
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Marine Ecology, 2007.
This paper explores marine ecology with a focus on organisms' specialized adaptations.
787 words (approx. 3.1 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 28.95
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Abstract
The paper defines marine ecology as how plants and animals in a marine setting interact with the physical attributes of a water-dominated environment, such as in the major oceans of the world which are predominately saline. The paper shows how a great variety of animals and plants have managed to adapt themselves to this often harsh environment in order to survive and flourish. The paper relates that one particular adaptation is the application of camouflage, meaning that some marine animals are capable of disguising themselves in order to elude predators. The paper demonstrates how flounder, mussel, the sponge and barnacles have adapted themselves to their marine environment.
From the Paper
"One particular adaptation is the application of camouflage, meaning that some marine animals are capable of disguising themselves in order to elude predators. A specific type of camouflage is called disruptive coloration, best illustrated by certain types of fish that are striped or spotted or have external markings or colors that blend in with the environment, making it very hard to see them when set against a sandy or rocky bottom. A prime example is the flounder, a flatfish belonging to the families of Pleuronectidae or Bothidae and well-known for its ability to conceal itself on the ocean bottom to primarily escape detection by predatory fish."
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Stem Cell Research, 2007.
This paper examines aspects relating to stem cell research.
1,393 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 46.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer points out that on March 02, 2006 Rick Weiss reported in The Washington Post that due to the myriad of laws and ethics rules governing human embryonic stem cell research, an international community of scientists, ethicists and others have begun to collaborate on setting out a set of universal principles that will guide stem cell research worldwide. The writer notes that among the emerging principles are that restrictions should be rare, well-justified and flexible, and that scientists should be free to work abroad if research is banned in their own country. Further, the writer discusses that the group is hoping that the principles will, over time, gain widespread acceptance much as did early declarations of human rights.
From the Paper
"In the April 02, 2005 issue of the National Journal, Neil Munro discussed the potential use of stem cells in accelerating the development of new drugs. According to James Battey, chairman of the stem-cell task force at the National Institutes of Health, says that embryonic stem cells could be sued to shorten the drug-development process."
"Munro notes that this is one of several new twists in the long-running debate over stem cells that surfaced as advocates stepped up their promotion of new initiatives in several states that, like the 2004 successful initiative on the California ballot, would pump hundreds of millions of dollars into embryo-cell technologies."
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The Circulatory System, 2007.
An in-depth examination of the circulatory system and cardiovascular disease.
2,460 words (approx. 9.8 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 74.95
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Abstract
The paper describes the composition of the circulatory system. The paper explores the common disorders associated with the circulatory system; arterial damage, inflammation and blood clots, hypertension and arterial aneurysms. The paper identifies common procedures and treatment for these disorders. The paper reveals that one of the most pervasive forms of preventative treatment for cardiovascular disease is lifestyle modification, especially a change in diet. The paper details angioplasty, coronary artery bypasses and anti-hypertensives.
Outline:
Make Up of the Circulatory System
Common Disorders Associated with the Circulatory System
Common Procedures and Treatment for the Disorders Identified
From the Paper
"The circulatory system, also known as the cardiovascular system, has several functions. These functions include: the transport of substances to and from the cells, maintenance of body temperature, and maintenance of pH as part of homeostasis. The circulatory system of all vertebrates, including humans, is a closed system, meaning the blood is not meant to leave the system. The primary components of the system are the heart, blood and blood vessels ("Circulatory System")."
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Photosynthesis, 2007.
A research paper, including two experiments, to better understand photosynthesis.
1,733 words (approx. 6.9 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 56.95
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Abstract
The paper examines the absorption spectrum of a chloroplast suspension. The paper further examines the determination of the effect of light quality (wavelength) on photosynthetic rate. The paper explores how to measure photosynthetic rate with dichlorophenolindophenol (DCPIP), determining the extent of color loss of the dye DCPIP.
Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Method
Results
Discussion
References
From the Paper
"The second experiment of this lab is determination of the effect of light quality on photosynthetic rate. The cabbage has the highest photosynthetic rate, xxxx(nm) in blue light. But the spinach has the highest photosynthetic rate, xxxxx(nm), in green light. Red cabbage and spinach have different photosynthetic rates in four different kinds of light, because red cabbage and spinach have different-colored leaves. For red cabbage, the highest to lowest photosynthetic rate is blue (xxxxx nm), broad spectrum (xxxxx nm), red (xxxxxnm), and green (xxxx nm)."
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Petco Company, 2007.
This paper offers an analysis of the Petco company, which is comprised of a chain of pet stores.
3,528 words (approx. 14.1 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 99.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer examines the company Petco, a chain of pet stores offering a full line of merchandise, from the animals themselves to housing, feed and toys for pets. The writer discusses the pet industry as a whole, looking into its history. The writer then explains how Petco grew and expanded into a national chain and looks at this company that has played a leading role in reshaping the industry. The writer concludes that Petco has gained a leading position in the pet superstore segment and has made good use of advertising, promotions, and other marketing tools to attain and maintain this position. Further, the writer notes that the marketing for the company's stores has helped make it the number two pet store chain in the country.
Outline:
Description of the Industry
Historical Development
Current Status
Future Outlook
Description of the Organization
Historical Development
Current Status
Micro-environment
Target Market
Conclusion
Works Cited
From the Paper
"The pet store has long been a staple in the retail market, with small single stores in cities across the country selling pets and pet supplies to consumers. Pets have been an important part of many households in America for a long time. In early America, animals were commonly part of farms, with many animals kept for pets. Some dogs served both as pets and working dogs, a dual role that continues to this day on farms and ranches across the country. As more and more people moved into urban regions, they brought animals along as pets. Dogs and cats are the most common pets in American households, followed by fish and birds. Among the other creatures kept as pets are snakes, lizards, and even certain types of pigs. These animals have to be fed, and stores emerged to sell food products for these pets. Industries developed around producing healthy foods for pets, showing that people were willing to spend a good deal of money to provide for their pets."
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Neurology, 2007.
This paper looks at the issue of gene transfer and examines various neurological disorders.
2,635 words (approx. 10.5 pages), 24 sources, MLA, $ 79.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that today, understanding and comprehension of the central nervous system and immune system has progressed much beyond previous years. The writer points out that this is perhaps due to the development and progress of advanced molecular genetic techniques. The writer then explains that in medical and technical terms, this means that it is now possible to isolate, characterize and eventually clone a gene related to certain specialized disease states. The writer maintains that the very combination of gene transfer and grafting would be a reasonable and practical approach to the problem of alleviating biochemical deficits and to restoring function wherever necessary. The writer then looks at communication difficulties in children. Further, the writer discusses various language disorders in children and adults.
From the Paper
"Today, several institutes like for example, the NINDS or the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, are conducting research on the topic, and they hope to find a better understanding of trauma to the brain caused by injury or disease, and they also hope to develop strategies that would effectively limit primary and secondary brain damage after an injury or trauma. The device that has been developed by the team simulates the condition of trauma in cells under culture. The purpose of the devise would be to allow researchers to be able to control the degree of injury to the cells, and therefore, to be able to study the biological and physiological effects and responses that those cells would demonstrate towards the trauma."
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Anthrax: A Public Health Concern, 2007.
A look at the transmission, symptoms and treatment of anthrax.
2,946 words (approx. 11.8 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 87.95
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Abstract
Anthrax, which is caused by a spore-forming bacterium called Bacillus anthracis, actually occurs as an acute and infectious disease, and is generally found in animals, both wild and domestic. This paper examines how the disease spreads, its different forms, its symptoms and its prevention. In particular, it looks at how it is used as part of bioterrorism.
From the Paper
"Anthrax is termed a zoonotic disease (meaning that it is acquired by people from animals) (Brachman & Friedlander, 1994). The earliest accounts of humans getting this disease are thought to be caused by anthrax dating from the Fifth Egyptian Plague, which was 3500 years ago (Brachman & Friedlander, 1994). During the Middle Ages, anthrax, which was then called "The Black Bane," actually killed very large numbers of people and animals over in Europe. At that time, there was no understanding of the disease, and there was no vaccine (Brachman & Friedlander, 1994). Much like the bubonic plague, people simply did not seem to understand how the disease worked or how they should prevent it."
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