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The Women of Salerno, 2006.
Examines how female medical physicians from the medieval Italian Salerno school contributed to the origins of medicine.
2,050 words (approx. 8.2 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 64.95
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Abstract
Medicine in medieval Europe benefited from Greek, Arabic, Hebrew and Latin influences. Because of geographical and other favorable conditions, many of these cultural contributions synergized to form the Medical School at Salerno around 900 AD. This paper shows that, somewhat uncharacteristically, women physicians played a part in the advances that came from this school. The women physicians of Salerno contributed to a textbook that gained wide acceptance and distribution throughout Europe. The textbook called "De Passionibus Mulierium" was first published about 1100 AD and was a prominent text until a significant revision by Ambrose Pare's assistant in the early 1600's. The paper shows that the advances first taught and implemented by the women of Salerno are an interesting and important part of our surgical heritage.
Paper Outline:
Keywords
Abstract
Introduction: the Medical School at Salerno
The Women of Salerno
Medical Certification in Southern Italy
Anatomic Dissections at the School of Salerno
Surgical Contributions
References
From the Paper
"The anatomy of the reproductive organs was only known from animal dissections and written descriptions (without pictures) of Islamic texts. It was to the study of the female reproductive system that the women physicians of Salerno made vital contributions, since women doctors had greater access to female patients than did their male counterparts. In her book, Trotula writes that she was called to the practice of medicine because she had too often seen the suffering of women who were ashamed to share their maladies with a male doctor. [10] A good number of the sixty-three chapters of Trotula Major are devoted to the problems of conception, pregnancy, embryonic development and childbirth."
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IL-7 and KL, 2006.
Explores immunophenotypic isolation and an analysis of human Interleukin-7 and c-kit (KL) ligand producing TEC.
1,259 words (approx. 5.0 pages), 20 sources, MLA, $ 42.95
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Abstract
IL-7 and KL are stroma-derived cytokines, both of which are necessary for the proliferation, survival and differentiation of thymocytes. This paper show that the loss of intrathymic IL-7 production may underlie various forms of acquired immunodeficiencies, such as those occurring after BMT, HIV infection or during aging. The paper concludes that data indicates that the CD45- HLA-DRdim TEC are the only intrathymic source of IL-7 and KL in the human thymus. These cells are present in both the cortex and medulla of the thymus and direct infection of the TEC is not a mechanism for impaired thymopoiesis in active HIV infection.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
Study Design
FACS Analyses
RT-PCR
Immunostaining
HIV Challenge and Analysis
Results and Discussion
Acknowledgments
References
From the Paper
"KL exists in both membrane-bound and secreted isoforms, which result from differential splicing. Inclusion of the 6th exon results in a transcript encoding the transmembrane domain of the membrane-bound form.
RT-PCR primers designed to detect each KL isoform as different sized products demonstrated the presence of both transcripts in the CD45- HLA-DRdim populations, but no other sorted populations of thymic cells.11 Since thymocytes express both the IL-7 receptor and c-kit, the expression of both IL-7 and KL by the same TEC infers that the thymocytes are stimulated simultaneously through the IL-7R and c-kit interaction."
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The Metamorphosis of the Butterfly, 2006.
An overview of the four stages of a butterfly's metamorphosis.
1,609 words (approx. 6.4 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 52.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that there are four concrete stages of metamorphosis in the life of a butterfly, listing these stages as the egg stage, the caterpillar/larva stage, the pupa/chrysalis, and finally the butterfly stage in which the complete butterfly emerges. The paper describes the processes and changes that take place in each of these stages and points out how the final stage of the butterfly's metamorphosis has become the universal image for various transformations.
From the Paper
"The lifecycle of the butterfly, namely metamorphosis, is a symbol of transformation. The process of Metamorphosis has four stages; each stage can be used to symbolize the life process on a diacritical level. The essence of this change of form can clearly be seen when one observes an ungainly, crawling caterpillar morph into a delicate, brightly colored flying butterfly. It is crucial to note that not only is this process beautiful, it is complex as well. Metamorphosis is controlled by a blend of genetic messages and hormones residing inside the organism, though it can also be influenced by environmental factors such as diet and temperature (Metamorphosis, 2). Additionally, Metamorphosis is defined as a marked and more or less abrupt developmental change in the form or structure of an animal occurring subsequent to birth or hatching."
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Preserving the Wilderness, 2006.
Argues for the need to preserve the world's wilderness as these areas are a haven for habitat and biodiversity not found anywhere else on earth.
1,975 words (approx. 7.9 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 62.95
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Abstract
Our entire society is governed by consumerism and competition and in order for our economy to thrive, our appetite for prosperity must continually grow. The paper argues that it is for this very reason that we must take wilderness protection very seriously. As a commercial society we are dependant on our abundance of natural resources and our common wealth of public land to fuel our ever-growing population. The paper argues that even if the average person never visits a pristine forest, their quality of life is seriously affected by its preservation.
Paper Outline:
Introduction
Why Protect Wilderness?
Wilderness as a Resource
Biodiversity
Wilderness as a Laboratory
The Arctic Refuge; An Urgent Risk
Conclusion
Bibliography
From the Paper
"Perhaps a fundamental importance of wilderness lies in its ability to provide a basis for understanding the effects of our current land-use practices. Wilderness offers us "an ecological laboratory" (Miller, 199) where it is possible to examine nature as it was meant to function. Multiple use approaches to land management and other attempts at conservation may well be practical solutions towards preserving wilderness. However, without being able to compare our practices to an area of land that has not been managed or disturbed, it would be almost impossible to judge the difference. In addition, the National Resource Defiance Council, or NRDC, claims that half of our public lands are home to endangered or threatened species. Unspoiled wilderness provides a habitat in which both nature and evolution can progress without disruption."
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Stem Cell Research, 2006.
This paper examines the social, moral and ethical merits of stem cell research, as well the ongoing political debate regarding the funding for continued research in this controversial field of science.
2,023 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 64.95
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Abstract
This paper defines stem cells as primal undifferentiated cells which retain the ability to separate into other cell types which can be used as a repair mechanism to reproduce cells and repair systems in the body. The writer examines the negative side of stem cell research contending that there is evidence which states that the impact of this type of research on the human immune system as well as overall genetic growth will eventually decline. This paper also discusses the moral and ethical merits of stem cell research which is currently rife with controversy. Politics plays a large role in stem cell development, mainly due to funding. The writer contends that stem cells are too dangerous to be carelessly used and applied to the human race, while its continued research might be slightly beneficial, in the current stage the harms far outweigh the benefits.
From the Paper
"The first step in analyzing the effects of stem cell research is through the scientific perspective. Stem cell research is important for the advancement of science because of its ability to replicate exact copies of different cells. Stem cells are obtained from a clone of the specific patient's cells, and thus have a genetically identical fit with a stem cell. This cell then has the ability to produce either missing tissue, or even an entire organ that will allow the patient to function as normal. Unlike transplants within the body that could be rejected by the immune system if there is a possibility of incompatibility, the stem cell created organ is a perfect construction of the body's organ and thus will be accepted as the original inside the patient's body. This is why stem cell research is so highly touted, it allows for a new frontier of technology in the health sciences industry."
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Human Sperm Competition, 2006.
Examines male and female subconscious manipulation of the ejaculate.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
Sperm competition is a subconscious force at work during copulation which affects the amount of sperm inseminated and influences the chance of pregnancy. The paper shows that females affect sperm levels through flowback and sperm retention. Males affect sperm levels by inseminating different amounts of sperm due to the time interval between copulatory behavior. The paper examines current theory which states that males subconsciously desire to fertilize a female, while females subconsciously do not want to become pregnant.
Paper Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Background: Animal Sperm Competition
Experiment #1: Sand Lizards
Experiment #2: Chaffinches
Human Sperm Competition
Experiment #3: Human Females
Experiment #4: Human Males
Works Cited
From the Paper
"One of the aspects of copulatory behavior studied by Baker and Bellis (1993b) was the manipulation of ejaculation by females during in-pair copulation. To do so, they examined the flowback discharged by females after copulation. Flowback comprises vaginal fluid, female tissue, sperm and up to 3ml of seminal fluid (Baker and Bellis, 1993b). Flowback occurs directly after copulation when the female gets up, or most frequently, during the first urination after copulatory behavior. No previous study had been done in regard to the quantity of sperm expelled from possible impregnation by this means."
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Cruelty to Animals, 2006.
An assessment of organizational and governmental efforts to protect animals.
1,825 words (approx. 7.3 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 58.95
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Abstract
This paper studies the organizations, governmental agencies and courtrooms acting to protect animals from cruelty. The paper begins with a review of the laws against cruelty to animals. Next, the paper explores the mission and success of some of the most well-known non-profit organizations working to protect animals. Included are the Humane Society and American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, as well as People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA). The paper also briefly discusses smaller, grassroots organizations, like Animal Cruelty Actionline. The paper then turns to the laws against animal cruelty and their application in several rather disturbing courtroom cases.
From the Paper
"There are currently hundreds of organizations around to prevent and stop cruelty to animals. The most widely recognized organizations are the American Humane Society and the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. The ASPCA since its inception has become a role model for other similar organizations to follow. The organization has a legislative action center in which volunteers are asked to write their legislatures in order to rally for stricter penalties against animal cruelty. Volunteers are kept abreast on current issues related to animal cruelty. The society also keeps a listing of animal humane law enforcement officials and animal control agencies throughout the United States."
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Migration of Canadian Goose and Arctic Tern, 2006.
A look at the migratory habits of the Canadian Goose and the Arctic Tern.
1,459 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
This paper describes the migratory patterns of the Arctic Tern and the Canadian Goose. The Canadian Goose is a wetlands-dwelling species inhabiting regions of arctic Canada, Alaska, Siberia and, more recently, continental Europe. The Arctic Tern migrates from nesting grounds in the Arctic south to the Antarctic and back. The paper also explores aspects of the life cycle of the Canadian Goose within five areas of habitat, and the remarkable migration pattern of the Arctic Tern.
From the Paper
"The Canada Geese forage in flocks and feed on plant material, seeds, berries and aquatic plants. They primarily inhabit wooded lakes and ponds, bays and marshes but have recently begun to adapt to urban sites such as golf courses and parks that offer a similar ecology. Since the geese exploit areas of low and tender vegetation, their migratory habits are largely influenced by the short summer season in their northernmost regions. In addition, the breeding period extends for more than two months, making the high-arctic breeding areas unsuitable. In addition, the geese rely on the accumulation of fat reserves during the winter season for their long migration flights."
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Ambiguous Genitalia, 2006.
This paper explores cases when gender is unclear at birth.
1,451 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
In this paper the author explores the incidents of birth where gender is unclear. He looks at how the sex of a child at birth moulds the child for future life from the color of the blanket he or she is given to the type of toys they play with. The paper cites examples of children born in South East Asia who are neither male or female that are disowned by general society and often turn to prostitution in later years if they are not accepted as performers. They are considered to be neither man nor woman and are often considered freaks. Finally the paper concludes that, with the advancement of modern medicine, there is hope that operations can be performed to give these people a true gender identity.
From the Paper
"Early in fetal development, males and females are indistinguishable. Male fetuses have primitive male and female sex organs; female fetuses have primitive male and female sex organs. It's the body's hormones that determine which organs develop further and which disappear. The hormones get their 'messages' from the sex chromosomes. So you can begin to understand how if a problem arises anywhere along these lines of 'communication', a baby could be born with ambiguous genitalia or organs of the opposite gender."
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Acid Rain and Freshwater Fish, 2006.
This informative paper examines the disastrous effects of acidic precipitation and aluminum toxicity on freshwater fish populations around the world.
2,360 words (approx. 9.4 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 72.95
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Abstract
This well-researched and detailed paper explores the effects of acidic precipitation (acid rain) which has been a major factor in fish kills throughout countries in the northern hemisphere. The writer of this paper cites numerous studies which have linked aluminum toxicity along with acid rain as the main cause of fish extinction. This paper stresses the urgency in developing a successful management tool in determining the viability of fish populations in various natural settings. This paper also contains detailed information and results of various case studies as well as two graphs that support the author's claims in this report.
From the Paper
"The fish used in this experiment were obtained from a trout farm which ensures the relative similarity of the fishes used in the experiment. They were acclimated to artificial soft water for 2 weeks before they were used in the experiment. They were then transferred to flux chambers for the experiment and given 24 to 48 hours to recover from the handling stress before they were exposed for 24 hours to low-pH water (pH 4.4, 4.8, or 5.2) A control group (N=36) for each of these pHs was left in these conditions for 10 days. The experimental group after this 24 hour exposure to low pH levels were exposed to concentrations of Al of 111, 333, or 1000 ug/L at the same pH (N=72)."
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Monsanto, Genetic Engineering and Indonesia, 2006.
Examines how the agricultural company, Monsanto, introduced genetic engineering (GE) to Indonesia.
3,857 words (approx. 15.4 pages), 19 sources, MLA, $ 105.95
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Abstract
Monsanto is a leading provider of agricultural products to farmers. This paper analyzes the company and then presents a definition of GE. The paper then discusses why and how genetic engineering was introduced to Indonesia by Monsanto.
Paper Outline:
What is Monsanto?
What is GE? What is GE Seed?
What is Monsanto's Background of Internationally Traded Genetically Engineered (GE) Seed?
What are the Regulations of GE Products in USA?
What are the Regulations and Laws of GE Products in Indonesia?
What is the Jurisdiction of US Law in International Trade?
What Does it Take to put a Product on the Market in Indonesia?
What did Monsanto do to put GE seed in Indonesia?
Did Monsanto Follow the Regulations?
What was the Response in Indonesia?
What was the Outcome of the Legal Process in the USA?
What are the Implications of this Case on the International GE Trade?
Bibliography
From the Paper
"In recent years, Indonesia has liberalized its trade regime and taken a number of important steps to reduce protection. Since 1996, the Indonesian Government has issued deregulation packages that have reduced overall tariff levels, simplified the tariff structure, removed restrictions, replaced non-tariff barriers with more transparent tariffs, and encouraged foreign and domestic private investment. The GOI issued a deregulation package in July 1997, which introduced additional tariff reductions."
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The American Alligator, 2006.
An overview of the American alligator including its habitat, mating and eating habits.
1,394 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 46.95
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Abstract
This paper describes various aspects of the American alligator including the regions it inhabits, the type of climate it favors, its primary habitat and its origins. It also looks discusses the threat posed to alligators by humans and what the government has done to try to protect them from extinction.
From the Paper
"The American alligator is a cold-blooded member of the reptile family. The American alligator got its name from Spanish explorers who named it "el largarto," which means "the lizard." Since the body temperature of the alligator is the same as the temperature around it, the American alligator lives only in the southeastern states of America. Since that's in the vicinity of the Mississippi, the American alligator's scientific name is alligator mississippiensis, although the highest populations of alligators are found in Florida and Louisiana. In Florida, alligators are found in almost every body of water, with the highest concentrations being in the Central and South regions. Prime alligator habitats are swamps, marshes, lakes, and drainage canals. Alligators prefer a climate that is warm, wet, light and cool, and always stay near their body of water. The American alligator prefers fresh water to salt water."
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