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Animal Testing, 2005.
Examines the ethical questions regarding the issue of animal testing.
3,778 words (approx. 15.1 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 104.95
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Abstract
Around the globe, animals are utilized to test products ranging from shampoo to new cancer drugs. Each and every short of medication applied is first tested on the animals. Animals were also applied to develop anesthetics to alleviate human ailments and suffering during surgery. The paper shows that, currently, questions have been raised about the ethics of this usage. Several regulations have been devised and legislated to evaluate and control the application animals in all fields of studies, with the objective of ensuring that such research is carried out in a humanely and ethical manner. The paper show that acceptance of such experimentation is subject to heavy debate.
Paper Outline:
Introduction
Arguments for Testing
Arguments against Testing
My Stance (Author's Point of View)
Conclusion
Works Cited
From the Paper
"Government and humanitarian agencies have financed researches into the substitutive strategies since the 1960s. (Animal Experiments) Revlon Cosmetics was considered premier in this line to finance research studies for substitutions with a grant of $750,000 to the Rockefeller University in 1979. Several agencies like the John Hopkins Center for the Alternatives to Animal testing - CAAT, the International Foundation for Ethical Research, the Cosmetic, Toiletry and Fragrance Association, and the Soap and Detergent Association followed the trend and initiated their own projects in justifying the alternatives. (Animal Testing Alternatives) During the last 15 years, Germany has granted about ?4.2 million per annum in research grants, while the annual expenditure of Netherlands in this regard is ?1.4 million."
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Stem Cell Research, 2005.
This paper explains that stem cell research is leading scientists to investigate the possibility of treating disease with cell-based therapies, often referred to as regenerative or reparative medicine.
1,580 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 51.95
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Abstract
This paper relates that implanted stem cells used to repair or replace damaged tissues are less likely to be rejected by the body's immune system than other foreign cells. The author points out that germ line cells and adult stem cells are less versatile than embryonic stem cells, which can develop into every type of tissue found in an adult; however, the processes that control this development are at present not fully understood. The paper discusses that BioMark International, a privately funded Biotech Group, provides access to a unique method of Cord Blood Stem Cell (CBSC)processing by which CBSCs are derived from the umbilical cords from natural full term births of consenting mothers, all of whom have been tested according to standards set by the American Association of Blood Banks .
From the Paper
"In May 2004, Nancy Reagan, whose husband former President Ronald Reagan was at the time suffering the advanced stages of Alzheimer's disease, urged the Bush administration to support embryonic stem cell research and said that too much time had been wasted discussing the issue. Although a Republican, Mrs. Reagan has been critical of the Bush administration for blocking public funding of stem cell research due to the party's ethical reservations concerning embryo research. Speaking at a fundraising dinner for the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation, she said she believed the research could lead to a cure for Alzheimer's disease, and "may provide our scientists with many answers that for so long have been beyond our grasp...I just don't see how we can turn our backs on this...We have lost so much time already...I just really can't bear to lose any more.""
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Mad Cow Disease, 2006.
An overview of this brain disease which affects cattle and humans.
857 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 30.95
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Abstract
Mad Cow Disease is a brain disease of cattle, which was first identified in the United Kingdom in the mid-1980s. Although not as widespread as some other livestock diseases, such as hoof-and mouth-disease, the Mad Cow Disease has attracted a lot of publicity because of its apparent apparent ability to transmit to humans, the fact that there is no known cure for the disease and the horrifying nature of the brain decay it causes. This paper explains the cause of the disease, how it affects the organisms, how it is transmitted from one organism to another, and the ways in which it could be transmitted to humans. The paper also discusses the human equivalents of the disease.
Paper Outline:
Cause of the Disease
How the Disease Affects the Organism
How is the Disease Transmitted from one Organism to Another
The Ways in Which it Could be Transmitted from Cows to Humans
Human Equivalents of the Disease
Works Cited
From the Paper
"This theory about the spread of disease is based on the observation that incidences of the disease have mostly been found in the UK where feeding of meat and bone meal to cattle was most common. Although other European countries also fed meat and bone meals to cattle as a protein supplement, the British laws about high temperature sterilization of the protein meal were relatively lax in order to keep meat prices competitive."
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Genetically Modified Food, 2005.
Examines the debate surrounding the issue of genetically modified food.
1,284 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
Genetic modification is the direct manipulation of the genetic makeup of organisms and is especially common within the agricultural industry. This paper shows that during recent years, the appearance of genetically modified foods in the marketplace has spawned much heated debate in the public arena regarding the ecological and human health factors. The paper explores some of these issues and examines the views of those who are pro-GM and their critics.
From the Paper
"The ISP report claims that not only have GM crops failed to increase yields or reduce herbicide and pesticide use, they have cost the United States an estimated $12 billion in farm subsidies, lost sales and product recalls due to transgenic contamination (Independent pp). Moreover, in India, massive failures in "Bt cotton" are up 100 percent (Independent pp). Moreover, triple herbicide-tolerate volunteers that have combined transgenic and non-transgenic traits are now widespread in Canada, and multiple herbicide-tolerant volunteers and weeds have emerged in the United State (Independent pp)."
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Frederick Law Olmsted, 2006.
An overview of the life and career of Frederick Law Olmsted, American environmentalist landscaper.
1,077 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 37.95
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Abstract
Towards the end of the 1850s, city beautification became an issue that more and more leaders followed and explored. The theory behind this movement was that the more aesthetically pleasing you make a city, the more people will want to live in that city, and the happier they will be. One of the greatest champions of the City Beautiful movement was Frederick Law Olmsted. The paper explores the life and achievements of Olmsted who was the leading landscape architect of the post-Civil War generation, and has long been acknowledged as the founder of American landscape architecture.
From the Paper
"Olmsted had high expectations for his design's psychology and visual effects on people. He believed that the perfect antidote to the stress and artificialness of urban life was a nice stroll through a pastoral park. He foresaw places with graceful undulating greensward and scattered growths of trees. He believed and promoted the idea that such an environment would promote a sense of tranquillity. Olmsted's vision was that the sense of calmness that would come from the park by his separation of the different landscape themes and conflicting uses."
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Co-Evolutionary Interactions, 2.
Provides evidence for co-evolution of mammalian herbivores and plant secondary compounds in boreal forests.
2,907 words (approx. 11.6 pages), 34 sources, MLA, $ 86.95
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Abstract
This paper considers the potential for co-evolutionary interactions between plant secondary compounds and browsing mammals in a relatively simple system. It first briefly presents several theoretical ideas on plant-animal co-evolution and then present the evidence on interactions between mammalian browsers and woody plants in boreal regions that may bear on the co-evolutionary questions.
Paper Outline:
Introduction
Theoretical Co-evolution
Browsers and Food Plants in the Boreal Forest
Variation in Secondary Compounds and Browsing Resistance
Estimating Plant Fitness
The Herbivores: Hares, Moose, and Voles
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The evidence for the effects of secondary compounds on fitness has not been measured directly for boreal mammals. However, the evidence presented above suggests that they may be important. Both the fine-scale selectivity of browsers among similar plants and plant parts that vary in their levels of secondary compounds (Bryant et al. 1991a,b, Bryant et al. 1992) and the potentially severe effects of these chemicals on the herbivores' nutritional status (Iason and Palo 1991) suggest that the ability to avoid or detoxify secondary compounds is a result of selection."
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Substitute Skin, 2006.
This paper discusses the engineering of substitute skin.
3,150 words (approx. 12.6 pages), 25 sources, MLA, $ 91.95
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Abstract
This paper explains the demand for substitute skin is because (1) the loss of significant amounts of this layer can result in functional morbidity or death and (2) the many burn injuries and dermatological disorders such as chronic skin ulcers and nevi excision, which require substitute skin. The author points out that, to design a skin substitute, it is necessary to replace both the dermal and epidermal layers because the dermal layer cannot spontaneously regenerate in humans and the epidermal layer is needed as protection for underlying dermis. The paper relates that the three main types of temporary skin substitutes, which are used for coverage of wounds that do not completely eliminate the dermis or for areas where skin is being removed as a donor site, are allograft, synthetic, and bio-synthetic; whereas, the two main types of permanent skin replacements are bio-synthetic and biologic, but many of the newer types of artificial skin being developed are a combination of both categories.
From the Paper
"The basic design criteria specified by Yannas and Burke have become standards used to fabricate new skin alternatives. These criteria utilize two separate stages of design. The initial stage involves keeping bacteria out of the body and retaining water within the body [9]. Once these goals have been met, a second long-term stage involves improvement of cosmetic appearance and tissue scarring, minimizing contracture of the skin, and anchoring to the underlying tissue [9]. In addition, it is assumed that the skin is non-toxic. Researchers have added several more goals to the design criteria since the original publication by Yannas and Burke. These goals are to make the artificial skin easy to store and use and to produce it inexpensively [7] as well as reducing heat loss and pain in the area and providing a hypoxic area wherein wound healing would occur faster."
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The Concept of Species, 2006.
An examination of ways to define the concept of species.
804 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 28.95
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Abstract
In this report the author looks at ways to define the concept of species. He considers that in a biological sense, it is a difficult task, considering that so many different organisms and variations of organisms exist. This author looks at the concept of species as having been pursued since the time of Aristotle and how it has consistently been revised, scrutinized, rejected and accepted by different disciplines and schools since the birth of western science. He then proceeds to suggest ways of defining species whether it be as an organism that can reproduce or the essential concept. The paper concludes with the summation that whether or not species is a convention created by humans, it has become an integral and fundamental unit of science.
From the Paper
"If two individuals in nature can produce fertile offspring, they are of the same species, and the opposite is true if offspring are produced but are infertile. The interbreeding of a horse and donkey is an excellent example of reproductive isolation. The individuals can successfully reproduce, but the offspring that is produced is not fertile. Therefore, the horse and donkey are not of the same species. With this, and the concept of reproductive isolation in mind, a species can then be defined as a group of reproductively isolated individuals. However there is a group of organisms to which this does not properly apply; those that reproduce asexually."
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The Women of Salerno, 2006.
Examines how female medical physicians from the medieval Italian Salerno school contributed to the origins of medicine.
2,050 words (approx. 8.2 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 64.95
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Abstract
Medicine in medieval Europe benefited from Greek, Arabic, Hebrew and Latin influences. Because of geographical and other favorable conditions, many of these cultural contributions synergized to form the Medical School at Salerno around 900 AD. This paper shows that, somewhat uncharacteristically, women physicians played a part in the advances that came from this school. The women physicians of Salerno contributed to a textbook that gained wide acceptance and distribution throughout Europe. The textbook called "De Passionibus Mulierium" was first published about 1100 AD and was a prominent text until a significant revision by Ambrose Pare's assistant in the early 1600's. The paper shows that the advances first taught and implemented by the women of Salerno are an interesting and important part of our surgical heritage.
Paper Outline:
Keywords
Abstract
Introduction: the Medical School at Salerno
The Women of Salerno
Medical Certification in Southern Italy
Anatomic Dissections at the School of Salerno
Surgical Contributions
References
From the Paper
"The anatomy of the reproductive organs was only known from animal dissections and written descriptions (without pictures) of Islamic texts. It was to the study of the female reproductive system that the women physicians of Salerno made vital contributions, since women doctors had greater access to female patients than did their male counterparts. In her book, Trotula writes that she was called to the practice of medicine because she had too often seen the suffering of women who were ashamed to share their maladies with a male doctor. [10] A good number of the sixty-three chapters of Trotula Major are devoted to the problems of conception, pregnancy, embryonic development and childbirth."
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IL-7 and KL, 2006.
Explores immunophenotypic isolation and an analysis of human Interleukin-7 and c-kit (KL) ligand producing TEC.
1,259 words (approx. 5.0 pages), 20 sources, MLA, $ 42.95
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Abstract
IL-7 and KL are stroma-derived cytokines, both of which are necessary for the proliferation, survival and differentiation of thymocytes. This paper show that the loss of intrathymic IL-7 production may underlie various forms of acquired immunodeficiencies, such as those occurring after BMT, HIV infection or during aging. The paper concludes that data indicates that the CD45- HLA-DRdim TEC are the only intrathymic source of IL-7 and KL in the human thymus. These cells are present in both the cortex and medulla of the thymus and direct infection of the TEC is not a mechanism for impaired thymopoiesis in active HIV infection.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
Study Design
FACS Analyses
RT-PCR
Immunostaining
HIV Challenge and Analysis
Results and Discussion
Acknowledgments
References
From the Paper
"KL exists in both membrane-bound and secreted isoforms, which result from differential splicing. Inclusion of the 6th exon results in a transcript encoding the transmembrane domain of the membrane-bound form.
RT-PCR primers designed to detect each KL isoform as different sized products demonstrated the presence of both transcripts in the CD45- HLA-DRdim populations, but no other sorted populations of thymic cells.11 Since thymocytes express both the IL-7 receptor and c-kit, the expression of both IL-7 and KL by the same TEC infers that the thymocytes are stimulated simultaneously through the IL-7R and c-kit interaction."
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The Metamorphosis of the Butterfly, 2006.
An overview of the four stages of a butterfly's metamorphosis.
1,609 words (approx. 6.4 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 52.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that there are four concrete stages of metamorphosis in the life of a butterfly, listing these stages as the egg stage, the caterpillar/larva stage, the pupa/chrysalis, and finally the butterfly stage in which the complete butterfly emerges. The paper describes the processes and changes that take place in each of these stages and points out how the final stage of the butterfly's metamorphosis has become the universal image for various transformations.
From the Paper
"The lifecycle of the butterfly, namely metamorphosis, is a symbol of transformation. The process of Metamorphosis has four stages; each stage can be used to symbolize the life process on a diacritical level. The essence of this change of form can clearly be seen when one observes an ungainly, crawling caterpillar morph into a delicate, brightly colored flying butterfly. It is crucial to note that not only is this process beautiful, it is complex as well. Metamorphosis is controlled by a blend of genetic messages and hormones residing inside the organism, though it can also be influenced by environmental factors such as diet and temperature (Metamorphosis, 2). Additionally, Metamorphosis is defined as a marked and more or less abrupt developmental change in the form or structure of an animal occurring subsequent to birth or hatching."
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Preserving the Wilderness, 2006.
Argues for the need to preserve the world's wilderness as these areas are a haven for habitat and biodiversity not found anywhere else on earth.
1,975 words (approx. 7.9 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 62.95
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Abstract
Our entire society is governed by consumerism and competition and in order for our economy to thrive, our appetite for prosperity must continually grow. The paper argues that it is for this very reason that we must take wilderness protection very seriously. As a commercial society we are dependant on our abundance of natural resources and our common wealth of public land to fuel our ever-growing population. The paper argues that even if the average person never visits a pristine forest, their quality of life is seriously affected by its preservation.
Paper Outline:
Introduction
Why Protect Wilderness?
Wilderness as a Resource
Biodiversity
Wilderness as a Laboratory
The Arctic Refuge; An Urgent Risk
Conclusion
Bibliography
From the Paper
"Perhaps a fundamental importance of wilderness lies in its ability to provide a basis for understanding the effects of our current land-use practices. Wilderness offers us "an ecological laboratory" (Miller, 199) where it is possible to examine nature as it was meant to function. Multiple use approaches to land management and other attempts at conservation may well be practical solutions towards preserving wilderness. However, without being able to compare our practices to an area of land that has not been managed or disturbed, it would be almost impossible to judge the difference. In addition, the National Resource Defiance Council, or NRDC, claims that half of our public lands are home to endangered or threatened species. Unspoiled wilderness provides a habitat in which both nature and evolution can progress without disruption."
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