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DNA and the Criminal Justice System, 2005.
An overview of DNA technology and how it has impacted the American criminal justice system.
3,495 words (approx. 14.0 pages), 15 sources, MLA, $ 98.95
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Abstract
This research is an investigation into the way DNA technology has affected America's criminal justice system by detailing its uses, as well as the challenges that still lay ahead. Utilizing secondary resources, including the testimonies of several experts in the field such as the director of the Virginia Division of Forensic Science, the executive director of the National Commission on the Future of DNA Evidence and the assistant director for the Laboratory Division of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, as well as published resources from other experts, the author of the paper attempts to answer the question of how DNA has impacted America's criminal justice system.
Preface Statement
Statement of the Problem
Background
Overview of DNA
DNA as an Investigative Tool
Inception of the National DNA Index
Literature Review
Research Methodology
Anticipated Results and Conclusions
From the Paper
"DNA is organized as two complementary strands that are linked together with bonds that can be separated. Each strand of DNA is a chemically linked chain of nucleotides, which are made up of a sugar, a phosphate and one of four kinds of nucleobases, often simply referred to as bases. These bases are: adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine, abbreviated as A, T, C, and G. Furthermore, these bases only pair up properly with one other base, A with T, C with G, and vice versa, on their complementary strand ("DNA")."
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"Changes in the Land", 2005.
A brief summary of "Changes in the Land: Indians, Colonists, and the Ecology of New England" by Walter Cronon.
800 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 0 sources, $ 28.95
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Abstract
In "Changes in the Land: Indians, Colonists, and the Ecology of New England", Walter Cronon uses his historical and ecological expertise to cover the changes in New England's plant and animal communities taking place from the transformation from Indian to European life. It explains that the book shows how the interaction among the Indians, Europeans and the land transformed the New England forever.
From the Paper
"Cronon concludes on a bleak note. By 1800, New England was far different than the land the earliest European visitors had described. The Indians were reduced to a small fraction of their former numbers and forced on to less and less usable agricultural lands. Large areas in southern New England were now devoid of animals that previously were common, such as beaver, deer, bear, turkey and wolf. Instead, hordes of European grazing animals placed a heavy burden on the plants and soils. Hundreds of miles of fences, weeds and alien grasses crisscrossed the landscape. Forests still exceeded the cleared land, but, especially near settled areas, remaining forests were significantly altered by grazing, burning, and cutting (159)."
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American Pit Bull Terrier, 2005.
An overview of the rules and regulations concerning ownership of American pit bull terriers.
6,167 words (approx. 24.7 pages), 14 sources, MLA, $ 145.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the origins and history of American pit bull terriers and why an individual cannot hope to own this dog within city limits without fear of being arrested or being faced with the euthanasia of the dog, for daring to own this dog that is certified as a 'vicious dog' under the city ordinance laws. It contends that current regulations are grossly unfair on the dog owner as well as on the dog, and how somewhere there must be justice for the poor dumb creature that has been trained to be as mean as it is by certain unscrupulous elements of society who had their own reasons for doing it.
From the Paper
"The American Kennel Club in fact eschewed the breed known as the 'Pit Bull' until the year 1936, and it was after this that the American Pit Bull Terrier came to be recognized as the 'Strafford shire Terrier', actually named after the Stafford shire miners who had had a hand in creating the breed for the purpose of fighting in the pits where they worked. In the year 1972, this name was changed to the American Stafford shire terrier', and this was for the purpose of differentiating this breed from the Stafforsdhire Bull Terrier of England, the actual ancestor of the American breed of dog, which was later recognized by the American Kennel Club in the year 1974. In the United Kingdom, the dog is about 14 to 16 inches tall, and weighs about up to 45 pounds, while the breed found in America is about 18 to 19 inches tall, and weighs about up to 80 pounds."
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DNA Sequence, 2005.
An analysis of a human DNA sequence.
1,400 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 46.95
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Abstract
In this paper, the author reports on an assignment she received where she was given a human DNA sequence composed of a series of letters such as 'accagacagt' and had to decipher letters and interpret the results.
Introduction
DNA
DNA and the Internet
DNA Sequence
Prospects for Diagnosis and Therapy
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The internet has made so many sites and processes available to the average person that home DNA testing may actually be a reality in the near future. But, this plethora of information is actually a bit overwhelming and therefore confusing. Results obtained on one site may not necessarily agree with the results of another site which obviously leads amateur Genomics practitioners such as my self to begin to doubt returned results and thus require professional confirmation. The key is that DNA Sequencing and interpretation will alter mankind's ability to identify 'medicine less' cures and maybe even lead to the creation of completely altered super humans. "Initiation of DNA replication holds the clue to what controls cell division and hence growth and differentiation." (Adams, 1991) "
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Human Effects on Coral Reefs, 2005.
An introduction to coral reefs, their history, characteristics and the damage caused to them by the human population.
1,342 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
This paper describes the coral reef ecosystem, briefly discussing its history, structural characteristics, and how it benefits humans. The paper then discusses the current status of coral reefs, explaining how almost all the coral reef ecosystems are threatened because of pollution and over fishing. Finally, the paper talks about what is being done to protect the reefs as well as what still needs to be done.
Introduction
Structural Characteristics
Benefits to Humans
Current Status
What Should be Done?
How is the U.S. Government Helping?
How Can We All Help?
From the Paper
"Coral reefs are one of the oldest ecosystems in the world, existing for more than 450 million years. A coral reef is a type of biotic reef that develops in tropical waters. Coral reefs are found in all oceans of the world, generally between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn because the reef-building corals are living in this waters. A water temperature of 20 to 28?C is needed for growth of the coral reef. Massive reef structures are built over thousands of years by tiny coral polyps aided by minute algae called zooxanthellae that live in their tissues, calcifying algae, and other organisms that secrete calcium carbonate and adhesives. The process of reef formation is heavily dependent upon photosynthesis by reef-building organisms. Once formed, the complex, rock-like reef framework provides food and shelter for the multitudes of organisms that inhabit the reef. "
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Nanotechnology, 2005.
An explanation of nanotechnology and its uses in the future.
4,987 words (approx. 19.9 pages), 20 sources, MLA, $ 126.95
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Abstract
This paper provides background history of the development of the technology which became known as nanotechnology. The paper looks at the features of this technology and explains that although nanotechnology is a given in the future, there remains many open questions of when and how. It concludes that companies who are presently involved with the technology, or that plan on considering its implementation in the coming decade, need to conduct considerable research before making final decisions.
From the Paper
"As with any other new technology, ethical considerations are also being raised regarding nanotechnology. This is another area that must be a part of a corporation's overall strategy. One of the areas of concern is that the convergence of nanotechnology and biotechnology further complicates the privacy issue. Opponents cite news of tiny radio-frequency identification tags, the kind used to keep track of pets, but the size of a grain of rice that have been implanted in staff at the Mexican attorney general's department to control access to their office. While this particular technology was micro- rather than nanoscale technology, it showed the problems that could result from the trend towards smaller and smaller devices. Such devices, they say, can be put into any products, so that companies can keep track of what products are purchased by whom and where. Military and private weapons, communication devices and tracking systems will also be nano-size, which raises numerous other issues."
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"Darwin's Untimely Burial", 2005.
This paper presents Stephen Jay Gould's argument from his article "Darwin's Untimely Burial" against philosopher Tom Bethell who questions Darwin's Theory.
890 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 31.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, ever since Charles Darwin proposed his theory of evolution, individuals involved with science and religion, such as British philosopher Tom Bethell, have tried to negate his thesis; others, such as scientist Jay Gould, recognize Darwin as one of the most brilliant people in history. The author points out that Gould responds that "survival of the fittest" is not a tautology, as claimed by Bethell. The paper relates that Gould concludes that unabated popularity must have something to do with its success in explaining the admittedly imperfect information we now possess about evolution.
From the Paper
"Bethell says he does not support Darwin's theory of evolution and natural selection because: "Darwin made a mistake sufficiently serious to undermine his theory. And that mistake has only recently been recognized as such....At one point in his argument, Darwin was mislead." In the first place, Bethell has a problem with the idea of "survival of the fittest." This term normally means no more than "differential reproductive success"-the production of more surviving offspring than other competing members of the population-which is a needless repetition of the same meaning."
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"Primal Leadership" vs. "Getting Things Done", 2005.
A comparative analysis of "Primal Leadership" Daniel Goleman and "Getting Things Done" by David Allen.
1,026 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 0 sources, $ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how the two works, "Getting Things Done" and "Primal Leadership" deal with success and success achievement, but take entirely different routes. It looks at how "Primal Leadership" focuses on the intangibles: emotional intelligence that guides an organization towards success and how the focus is on relationships outside self. In comparison, it discusses how "Getting Things Done", focuses on self, isolates the reader from his or her peers and forces him or her to structure priorities to get work done. Both theories are briefly applied to the real estate industry.
From the Paper
"Specifically, Allen stresses the five stages of mastering work flow. First, there is the Collect stage. One must know what one must do first before one can do it. Allen asks us to process all of our collection of work efforts in several types of in-boxes: physical inbox, paper-based note-taking devices, electronic note-taking devices, voice-recording devices and email. The trick is to minimize your inbox collection devices so you only have a few places to look for tasks to be completed."
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The CYP2D Protein in the Human Brain, 2005.
An analysis of the characterization of the CYP2D protein from human brain cerebellum.
14,400 words (approx. 57.6 pages), 0 sources, APA, $ 249.95
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Abstract
The CYP2D protein in the human brain is expressed as CYP2D6 in liver and is known to metabolize a variety of drugs such as psychoactive, antihypertensives, and environmental toxins. Every person has a unique rate of metabolism. Metabolic rates in children are particularly susceptible to environmental toxicants which affect the way in which their systems absorb, distribute, metabolize and excrete chemicals. To date, knowledge in characterization of CYP proteins has been limited to immunoblotting, RT-PCR, immunohistochemistry and so forth; therefore, this paper investigates:
1) What kind of CYP2D protein is present in brain with modern proteomic tools;
2) Whether, CYP2D6 is the same as liver CYP2D6; and
3) If CYP2D7 is present, can CYP2D6 polymorphism be found in the brain?
To answer these questions, this study uses a one-step method of isolation of protein by immunoprecipitation followed by its identification using 2D-blots, nanospray LCMS, immunoblots and immunohistochemistry.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Problem Statement
Hypothesis
Rationale
Literature Review
Results
Discussion
Conclusion
References
Appendix
From the Paper
"The most promising area of pharmacogenetic research today may be in providing patients with customized treatments for specific cancer types. For instance, Christensen points out that Herceptin and Gleevec are two drugs that affect only cancerous tissues expressing certain genes. In the case of Herceptin, it binds to a protein that stimulates rapid tumor growth; this substance has been found to be present in excess in approximately 33 percent of breast cancers. Prior to prescribing the drug to their patients, doctors can now test how many copies of the gene for HER2/neu, which encodes this protein, are present or measure concentrations of the protein itself. Patients who do not have the excess HER2/neu protein or its gene would therefore not receive the drug. Gleevec takes advantage of a particular enzyme that is mutated in a few rare cancers, such as chronic myeloid leukemia. When Gleevec blocks the mutated enzyme, growth of the cancer cells stops; however, the drug has minimal effects on healthy dividing cells (Christensen, 2002)."
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Zebrafish Development, 2005.
An investigation into the impact of ultraviolet radiation on the development of zebrafish.
952 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 33.95
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Abstract
This paper describes a study on the effects of ultraviolet radiation on the development of zebrafish and explains that the study was conducted in an effort to help determine when exposure to ultraviolet radiation can be helpful and when it can be harmful.
From the Paper
"Background and Overview. While global warming represents a threat to humankind by virtue of a reduction in the ozone layer and an increased exposure to ultraviolet radiation in the future (Conscience, Cotton, Schlumpf et al. 2001), researchers have shown that moderate exposure to varying levels of ultraviolet radiation may have some beneficial effects for humans. For example, multiple sclerosis, type 1 diabetes, and, to a lesser degree, rheumatoid arthritis, in the Northern Hemisphere, especially in Western Europe and North America, display a latitudinal gradient in disease frequency, with the prevalence of these disorders increasing at higher latitudes (Lim et al. 2003). Furthermore, ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI) that occurs in the upper portion of air in a room has been cited as an environmental control measure that could economically reduce exposure to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) droplet nuclei (Burge, First & Ko 2002)."
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Cloning: The Arguments, 2005.
Examines several sources which provide arguments for and against human cloning.
1,628 words (approx. 6.5 pages), 40 sources, MLA, $ 53.95
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Abstract
The theory of cloning questions many essential areas of ethical and philosophical concern about what human life is and raises the question whether we have the right or even the qualifications to alter life and living beings. It is no wonder that in the light of the extremely contentious way that cloning impacts on important issues that there should be strong and forthright opinions on the subject. Bearing this in mind, this paper shows that it is important to keep an open mind and to also hear the other side of the argument. The paper therefore examines several literature sources to view both sides of this controversial debate.
The paper includes an annotated bibliography.
From the Paper
"One of the better and more rational approaches to the issue of cloning which does not become dogmatic or insistent on a single point of view is Brock, Dan W. "Human Cloning and Our Sense of Self." (Science 296 (2002): 314-16) This is an important article in that it addresses one of the most significant and contentious issue in the cloning debate: namely the effect that cloning could have on the idea or concept of human identity. Those against cloning state that cloning will confuse and possibly even undermine the idea of human identity This article also explores the way that the "worth" or value of a human being may be affected by a reproductive process which is not based on normal sexual reproduction. It competently explores the fear that many opposed to cloning have that human beings will become 'manufactured' and seen as products. The article is well researched with documented references."
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Gall Bladder Disorders, 2005.
A look at gall bladder disorders.
850 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 30.95
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Abstract
This is an anatomy paper which discusses gall bladder disorders. The writer first provides background information and then explores homeopathic treatments. It explains the need for alternative treatments to surgery and drugs.
From the Paper
"The gall bladder is a small, pear-shaped organ nestled beneath the liver. It stores treats the bile from the liver, and then dumps the bile into the intestines. Gall bladders can suffer several disorders, such as gallstones, gall bladder sludge, infection and inflammation, and even cancer. Some symptoms of gall bladder disorders include nausea or vomiting, pain in the upper abdomen or between the shoulders, abdominal bloating, continued intolerance of fatty foods, and gas and/or indigestion (Comforth). Patients may also notice a fever, or slight jaundice (yellow skin or whites of the eyes) (Bartel). Gallstones are the most common form of gall bladder disorder, and usually are the cause of at least 80 percent of gall bladder disorders. Usually, there are always stones present in most gall bladders. However, when the stones move, and block the cystic duct, which is the main artery out of the gall bladder, problems occur. This is when the gall bladder cannot remove the bile, and it builds up inside the gall bladder with not outlet. Eventually this can lead to other complications, such as inflammation, infection, and even bursting of the gall bladder."
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