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Sodium Bicarbonate, 2007.
A look at sodium bicarbonate, one of the most widely used chemicals in the household, in business and in medicine.
793 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 28.95
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Abstract
The paper describes sodium bicarbonate as a non-hazardous substance found in a number of household and industrial applications. The paper outlines the health and safety issues and medical uses of this compound.
Outline:
Health and Safety Issues
Medical Uses
From the Paper
"Sodium bicarbonate is, in general, a non-hazardous substance found in a number of household and industrial applications. The formula for Sodium bicarbonate is NaHCO3. Its molecular weight is 81.01 (1). It is also known by the common names Sodium hydrogen carbonate; sodium acid carbonate; baking soda; and bicarbonate of soda (1). It appears as a white, solid crystalline form, but sometimes as a fine, white powder (1). It can be purchased from a number of scientific and general population sources."
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Erbium: The Metal and Its Uses, 2007.
A discussion of the history, physical properties and availability of the metal erbium.
918 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 32.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the metallic element erbium. The paper describes this rare element as typically gray in color but also containing pink compounds, making it useful as an addition to glass or porcelain products aesthetically. The paper discusses the history of erbium, provides an overview of its physical properties and outlines its uses and functions.
Outline:
Introduction
Who Discovered/When
Physical Properties and Locations
Companies Involved In Preparation and Sale
Methods of Preparation & Uses
Commercial Compounds
Conclusions
From the Paper
"Erbium is one of many elements listed in the periodic table, a metallic chemical element specifically (Columbia 15785). Symbolized by the abbreviation Er, most credit the discovery of this element to a scientist named Carl G. Mosander, who although did not isolate the element, located it and separated it from "three oxide fractions" (Columbia 15785). It was not until 1934 that pure erbium was isolated from it's fractions by other scientists (Columbia 15785) allowing for greater exploration into its uses for commercial purposes."
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Wine, 2007.
This paper discusses the subject of wine and fermentation.
877 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 31.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that in pre-industrial cultures, dating back to very ancient times and before the Industrial Revolution of the 18th century, the wine was far more practical than mere grape juice, simply because grape juice spoiled by itself if left in the open or unrefrigerated. The writer points out that it was easier to keep and store wine because after it was made, it did not spoil as much as compared to grape juice. The writer discusses that the overall character or taste of various types of wine can be determined by making and storing the wine in different types of containers. As to the types of fermentation processes which truly affect the taste of various wines, the writer notes that some include barrel fermentation, carbonic maceration, rose wine-making, fermentation in a bottle, malolactic fermentation and secondary fermentation.
From the Paper
"As it applies to wine, fermentation is the process which converts sugar to ethanol (i.e., ethanol alcohol) and carbon dioxide effected by the anaerobic, oxygen-free metabolism of yeast. One of the main reasons why grape juice was not kept or made before the Industrial Revolution was that it tended to spoil rather rapidly. But by the middle of the 19th century, the nature of fermentation began to be clearly understood, due in part to the experiments of French scientist Louis Pasteur who determined that ferments and their agents yeast and bacteria as primarily responsible for alcoholic fermentation. Chemically speaking, these agents act through their internal enzymes which functioning as catalysts, govern and control the series of reactions involved in the conversion of sugar into alcohol and carbon dioxide."
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Agent Orange, 2007.
This paper discusses the use of a chemical, known as Agent Orange, in Vietnam.
2,393 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 73.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses Agent Orange which was a red-orange 50-50 liquid mixture of 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. The writer notes that American and Allied Forces soldiers recalled Agent Orange as a red liquid dropping from jungle leaves, which soaked their uniforms as they went on patrol. The writer explains that its purpose was to defoliate trees and remove the enemies' jungle cover in Vietnam. The writer also notes that this deadly liquid is now known to be responsible for a wide range of ailments, including disabilities and death, to an estimated 2.6 million Vietnam veterans and their offspring. The writer concludes that it has been more than 30 years since the use of these herbicides and that it was past the time for full and open disclosure of the hard facts in this regard.
From the Paper
"Federal authorities first became aware of the condition in 1979 when the Veterans Affairs offered health care and medical examination to the veterans. The medical surveillance program was meant to review the veterans' health concerns. The VA examined 334,000 of the 3.4 million veterans and registered the findings in a computer database. The VA has an Advisory Committee on Health-Related Effects of the Herbicides, established in 1979 to record and evaluate the health effects of the herbicides used in Vietnam by the soldiers. The VA also set up the Veterans' Advisory Committee on Environmental Hazards, composed of non-VA experts on dioxin and radiation exposure. Its duty was to advise on the outcomes of activities surrounding the use of Agent Orange. A 1991 federal law directed the VA to ask the National Academy of Sciences to or NAS to review the diseases linked to herbicide exposure."
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William Gosset, 2007.
A description of th life and achievements of William Sealey Gosset in the realm of statistics.
863 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 30.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the life and work of William Sealey Gosset, who was one of the leading statisticians of his time, particularly with his work on the concept of standard deviation in small samples. It gives examples of some of his achievements in the realm of statistics. The paper describes Gosset as both brilliant in his professional work as a chemist and statistician and as a loved and respected man.
From the Paper
"After Gosset had worked for many years developing the practical application of his theory, he was involved in a terrible car accident in 1934 which left him incapacitated for many months. During this time, he had the opportunity to continue to work on his statistical work. He recovered enough after a year to move to London where he became the head brewer and scientist of production at a new Guinness brewery. Gosset continued to publish the results of his statistical findings while working in London. He did not hold his position there long as he died in Beaconsfield, England, on October 16, 1937 (O'Connor and Robertson)."
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Drug Usage, 2006.
A discussion regarding drug abuse, and its history.
3,893 words (approx. 15.6 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 106.95
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Abstract
This paper takes an in-depth look at the history of the use and abuse of drugs to affect conscious states. According to the paper, drugs, whether alcohol or hallucinogenic drugs such as peyote and opiates, have a long history among human beings. The paper further discusses that although environmental factors certainly play an important role in an individual's vulnerability to drug usage and addiction, recent studies strongly suggest that genetic factors may play a more significant role.
From the Paper
"In 2003, a study involving approximately 20,000 participants found that particular genes can influence personality traits that are linked to unhealthy behavior. In an effort to link human behavior and inheritance, researchers at Oxford University researched data from 46 separate studies, focusing on genes that control chemicals used to transmit signals between brain cells (Von Radowitz 2003). Findings revealed that one version of the human serotonin transporter gene, 5HTT-LPR, was associated with anxious personalities, indicating that "individuals with this gene variant were the sort who find social interaction stressful and may take refuge in substance abuse" (Von Radowitz 2003). Researchers discovered a weaker link between the dopamine D4 receptor and extrovert personality traits, suggesting that such individuals are more likely to smoke tobacco or use drugs due to risk behavior, in other words, they are more inclined to gamble with their health (Von Radowitz 2003)."
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"Tesla: Man Out of Time", 2007.
A book review of "Tesla: Man Out of Time" by Margaret Cheney.
1,776 words (approx. 7.1 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 57.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how Cheney proves that Tesla's work and pioneering research on rotating magnetic fields paved the way for the existence of the current, illuminated world. The paper asserts that Cheney's work is pioneering, because it rewrites invention history in many respects, stressing that the commonly embraced brand names of Edison and Marconi may need to be questioned by historians to give a full picture of history. The paper shows how this biography is an important reminder that history does not always give full credit to genius and innovation.
From the Paper
"To list Tesla's innovations in scientific research would almost take more space than could be accorded by the length and span reserved for this review. Tesla's work and pioneering research on rotating magnetic fields paved the way for the existence of the current, illuminated world, more so than Edison's, according to Cheney, and gave the world everything from radios to X-rays. However, Tesla proved out of step, or out of time, with the need to establish close friendships in the technical community. He also lacked the necessary flexibility within his personality to make use of the structures of funding of American business and federal funding in an effective fashion."
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Ethanol for Fuel, 2007.
An examination of alternative sources for fuel production in the United States.
2,663 words (approx. 10.7 pages), 15 sources, MLA, $ 80.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the progress of ethanol as a fuel derived from renewable crops. It particularly focuses on cellulosic ethanol, which can be produced from agricultural, municipal and forestry waste, corn stalks, sawdust and waste paper. The paper discusses all of these options, as well as the viability of being able to produce enough to significantly reduce the United States dependence on foreign oil.
Table of Contents:
History of Ethanol
Current Uses of Ethanol
Arguments For and Against Ethanol as a Major Alternative Fuel
Retooling for Ethanol
Conclusion
From the Paper
"United States would require an "area of energy crops as large as the current area of food crops grown in the United States. Additional land use of this magnitude would be staggering and contentious" (p. 18). According to Haroon S. Kheshgi, an engineer for EXXonMobil Research, nothing will replace petroleum because to run an average U. S. car with corn-derived ethanol for a year would require 14 acres of cropland--about nine times more land than is needed to feed one person the same length of time. Aside from the fact that Kheshgi is invested in the oil industry, this argument, does not consider the use of agricultural waste products as the source or use of the by-products of distilling ethanol. If the land were still used to grow food, and the wastes were used for ethanol, benefits to the environment would be great. Also, if hydrogen power is the ultimate goal, ethanol could be "part of a transition strategy for shifting from today's internal combustion engine technology to tomorrow's hydrogen-based engines" (Issues in Science & Technology, 2002, p. 17)."
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Weapons of Mass Destruction, 2007.
This paper discusses weapons of mass destruction, which pose a legitimate threat to world safety today.
2,068 words (approx. 8.3 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 65.95
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Abstract
In this article the writer looks at several different types of weapons of mass destruction, which, when in the wrong hands, can do a great amount of damage. The type of weapons of mass destruction mentioned include biological weapons, chemical weapons, nuclear weapons, and radiological weapons. Throughout this paper the writer discusses the various types of weapons of mass destruction and looks at what the individual weapons are called. The writer then examines what these weapons can do and mentions the symptoms of these weapons. Further, the writer explores how they are used and the precautions that can be taken to protect society from them.
From the Paper
"Although anthrax may be the most well known biological weapon, there are several other biological agents which can be used as weapons that are worth noting. These include the Ebola virus, Bubonic plague, Yellow Fever, Smallpox, Ricin, Botulism toxin, Saxitoxin, Rocky Mountain spotted Fever, Typhus, Q fever, and others."
"Biological weapons are not used strictly to attack humans; instead they may be used to attack crops and animals as well to disrupt an area's agricultural supply. Additionally, by attacking the agricultural supply, this may be a way of transmitting the biological weapons to human beings."
"One way to prevent succumbing to some forms of biological weapons is through good hygiene, in much the same way one can prevent the spread of everyday bacteria and viruses."
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Hexane, 2006.
An in-depth look at the substance, hexane.
4,147 words (approx. 16.6 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 111.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the substance, hexane, otherwise known as n-hexane or Hexyl hydride. According to the paper, Hexane is manufactured by the refining process of crude oil and the correct composition of the fraction depends more or less on the source of the oil that is crude or refined and the limitations of refining. The paper goes on to discuss the toxicity of Hexane to the environment and the effect it has on a human when consumed or absorbed into the bloodstream.
From the Paper
"Now let us understand about the toxicity of Hexane to the environment. The severe toxicity of hexane in human beings remains comparatively low, even though it is a soft anesthetic. (Industrial products: Energizing Business) Hexane can get inside the human body through the lungs in case it is present inside the air one breathes. It has also the possibilities of entering the human body through the stomach as also the intestines in case it is present in the water we drink or food we eat or can pass through the skin in case one comes into contact with it. The quantity that the hexane goes into the human body is dependent on the degree one is exposed and also its amount. While we inhale hexane, it gets into our bloodstream and is transmitted to every other organ of the body. Hexane is broken down by the liver. In case of one gets exposure to high concentrations of hexane ranging over an extended period of time, one of these breakdown products might entail damage to the nervous system of humans. "
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Toxicology, 2006.
This paper discusses the science of toxicology or the science of poisoning.
1,102 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 38.95
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Abstract
The writer begins this essay with a discussion of the metabolism of toxic substances. The writer explains that the rate of metabolism in effect defines the concentration of the toxic substance. The slower the metabolic rate the more easily the toxic substance enters systemic circulation. Further, in this paper the writer discusses possible poisoning from chemicals such as aspartame or aspirin. The writer concludes this study with a look at the Bhopal carbide plant disaster in 1984.
From the Paper
"The human liver plays an important role in metabolizing and breaking down food material, (including toxic substances) before it can reach the circulatory system and affect the entire body. Nature has defined the liver as a first line defense mechanism against food materials and toxic substances that we may consume unknowingly. The metabolizing enzymes in the hepatocytes are very efficient and this defense mechanism is known as 'first pass effect'. Typically, Phase one reactions are mainly oxidative, reductive or hydrolytic processes and form substrates for phase two conjugations. The cytochrome p450 enzymes are mainly responsible for the Oxidative phase one reactions. These are a group of enzymes that are actually a family of proteins that can act upon a wide range of substrates. Lipophilic chemicals are oxidated to yield water-soluble chemicals. These enzymes also perform heterocyclic hydroxylations and analkylation reactions. The end products of the phase one reactions are ready for conjugation with glycine, glucuronic acid, etc and are easily excreted from the body via urine."
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Animal Testing, 2006.
An argument against laboratory testing of animals.
1,396 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 46.95
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Abstract
The paper holds the view that animal testing cannot provide firm evidence that a new product is safe and effective. The paper goes on to suggest that the testing methods used are immoral, and violate an animal's rights and that scientists should attempt to use alternative methods, and stop their cruel animal testing.
From the Paper
"Laboratory animals and humans are different. Laboratories use primates such as monkeys and chimpanzees for modeling human diseases related to the brain and the nervous system because these animals are the most closely related to humans. However, human's and primate's brains are not same. "The primate brain is not a scaled-down version of human's brain. Chimpanzee's brains and human's are similar in structure, but that does not mean they perform the same functions."(Coghlan) Therefore, scientists cannot acquire human medical insights accurately from the studies of primates. "Scientists have learned a lot about human's physiology through comparisons in animals. But they argue that the quest for drugs that modify human behavior and brain function requires a subtlety not available through the study of primate brain."(Coghlan) In addition, other animals used for testing drugs, chemicals, and cosmetics are also not identical to humans and cannot form some of the same health problems even though these animals are biologically similar to humans. In spite of this fact, many laboratories still continue animal experiments on new products, producing unreliable results. Although the scientists prove the safety of the products on animals, the products may be harmful to humans."
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