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Enron, 2006.
A discussion of the Enron scandal.
1,306 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper begins with a general discussion on Enron and continues to provide the details of the scandal surrounding the company. It explains the organizational structure of the scandal and it also names names of those involved. In the conclusion, it explains that the Enron scandal is a classic example of accounting fraud and discusses the disastrous economic, political and social consequences of such financial manipulation .
Table of Contents:
Introduction
The Enron Scandal
Character Personae
Conclusion
Bibliography
From the Paper
"The financial manipulation and deception started from the top management and involved partner firms and auditors. Enron created and partnered with companies such as RADR, Chewco, and Southampton in order to divert money and hide debts. RADR sold windmills to Enron, and sold these windmills back to RADR for a profit that was pocketed by Enron officials. Chewco was formed by Enron's top executives in order to buy shares from California Public Employees' Retirement System (CalPERS). The partnership was then used to transfer Enron's debts to Chewco's. Lastly, Southampton was used by several executives to divert around $19 million to their own pockets."
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The History of Management Accounting, 2006.
A study providing a review of the relevant literature to identify changes in methods of product costing, investment analysis and organizational performance evaluation.
3,967 words (approx. 15.9 pages), 14 sources, MLA, $ 107.95
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Abstract
The paper is based on work by Robert N. Anthony that identified several significant changes in management accounting in recent years, providing an overview of management accounting and how it is used today. The paper discusses the need to go beyond cost accounting to integrate organization theory, behavioral sciences and information theory in a multidisciplinary approach to facilitate managerial decision-making.
From the Paper
"Clearly, managers today need timely information upon which to base informed decisions, and management accounting represents a solid framework in which this information can be gathered, analyzed, interpreted and communicated to those who are in a position to need to know. Not surprisingly, then, management accounting has become a hot topic in recent years, due in large part by the demands from governmental regulatory agencies such as the Securities and Exchange Commission and Internal Revenue Service, that require specific financial measures to be reported."
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California's Accounting Code of Ethics, 2006.
The paper discusses the accounting code of ethics in California.
912 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 32.95
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Abstract
The paper summarises California's accounting code of ethics which has been formulated for accounting professionals to ensure the practice of the profession with integrity and objectivity, honesty, and according to the best accounting practices. The code allows accounting professionals
to be ethical with their clients as well as the accounting system. The paper further explains the requirements of the California Board of Accountancy. The paper discusses accountant-client privilege as well as accountant work product, i.e. the work an accountant performs for a client is the accountant's work product. The paper concludes with the code violations liable to criminal and/or civil action.
From the Paper
"Ethics has always been an important part of business transactions. Freedoms of information, stricter government regulations and electronic media have made ethics even more essential to business practices. California's code of business ethics expects the accountants and accounting related professionals to be ethical with their clients as well as the accounting system.
"In order to perform their work independently and deal with client-accountant relationship Californian system protects accountant-client privilege similar to that of a lawyer-client relationship with a few exceptions.
The accountants have to carryout their work in a professional manner. Code violations such as fraud, misrepresentation, and negligence could make the client liable to civil or criminal liabilities."
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The Financial Accounting Standard Board, 2006.
A discussion of the history and purpose of the Financial Accounting Standard Board.
1,416 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper gives a background of the purpose and history of the Financial Accounting Standard Board, or the FASB. The FASB was founded with the primary goal of devising the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles in United States. The paper also defines the roles of the various organizations that fall under the umbrella of the FASB, such as the SEC and the PCAOB. The paper focuses additionally of the role of ethics in accounting, especially in relation to the Standards creating by the FASB.
Explain the FASB, SEC and PCAOB
Discuss the Relationship among the FASB, SEC, and PCAOB
Explain Basic Accounting Theories, Assumptions, and Principles
Evaluate the Role of Ethics in Accounting
From the Paper
"To cater to the basic objectives the financial statement is required to be relevant, to be reliable, being comparable as well as being consistent. So as to accomplish its basic objectives the GAAP is required to base on four hypotheses such as Economic Entity Assumption-that assumes the isolation of business from its owners or other businesses; Going Concern Assumption-that assumes the long term operation of business; Monetary Unit Assumption that assumes a stable currency as the unit of record; Periodicity Assumption that assumes the periodical record-ability of the business operations enabling comparison between present and past performances. "
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Public Budgeting, 2006.
The paper examines public budgeting in an historical context.
1,114 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 38.95
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Abstract
This paper takes an historical approach to public budgeting. Pre-20th century budgeting models are discussed and described. Trends which resulted in current budgeting practices are also presented. The major changes that occurred in 1960s and later that accounted for the change in budgeting model are explained. Finally, the paper describes why classical budgeting couldn't possibly survive and thus it was quickly replaced by other budgeting models.
From the Paper
"The classical budgeting model proved efficient and practical for many decades but it lost its appeal in mid-20th century when a general trend towards excessive spending took over. This trend was observed all over the world and the main reason for the scope of government's responsibilities that had increased significantly after the two World Wars. Budgets began growing to alarming proportions and between 1965 and 1984 it grew 20 points in OECD countries. But revenues were not growing at the same rate. This was the case in the US too where at the beginning of 1980s, federal budget was found "relatively uncontrollable" (Schick 1990). Social welfare measures had also had a serious impact on spending. These programs which began during the Johnson era were greatly expanded in 1970s thus causing serious burden on the budget. While an attempt to control these expenditures was made still by 1980s, Social Security as well as Medicare and Medicaid programs which had been started in 1965 consumed 6 percent of the GDP. Along with these, government was also unwilling to reduce domestic expenditure. During 1970s, Reagan refused to cut defense spending which went to a record high during his presidency. "
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Financial Trends, 2006.
A discussion on financial trends and business plans.
1,067 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 37.95
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Abstract
This paper begins with a discussion on three major financial trends. It continues to offer graphical representation of key financial ratios and uses these statistics to develop financial recommendations for a company. In conclusion, the author reviews literature that appraises the dangers of basing business decisions solely on financial statements.
From the Paper
"Since then, trends have seemingly begun more gently. DeSimone (2002) noted in 2002 that it was likely the changes to financial landscapes would be gradual, with nothing significant until at least 2010. Within that 'almost trend' environment, one area of finance was expected to see greater growth than others: sales of insurance products to the Hispanic market. A national underwriters' group speculated that the Hispanic population would make up 14% of the U.S. population by 2010, and would account for significant growth in insurance product sales."
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Financial Analysis of Estee Lauder Company, 2006.
This paper contains a fiscal study of the Estee Lauder Company.
1,370 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
Financial ratios are important in determining the relationships between different values in the most important financial accounts used by a company. In many ways, they constitute the easiest way to evaluate a company from a financial and profitability point of view. Each financial ratio targets a particular area of expertise. This report deals with liquidity ratios, profitability ratios, asset efficiency ratios, solvency ratios and market tests in order to build an image of where the Estee Lauder Company is currently standing.
From the Paper
"In the case of Estee Lauder, current ratio followed an ascending trend during the period from 2000 to 2002, only to fall back in 2004 to similar values as in 2000. The current ratio is thus oscillating around value segments of 1.7-2.0, with a mean of 1.8. These values show a consolidated short-term financial solvability for the company. During a five year period, oscillations have been minor in a value set around 1.8, pointing out towards the fact that Estee Lauder is not likely to have difficulties in honouring short-term debts."
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Power in Human Service Organizations, 2006.
This paper examines the role of human service organizations in the non-profit sector by focusing mainly on the healthcare community.
1,493 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 49.95
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Abstract
This well-researched paper explores human service organizations as primary fundraisers for non-profit groups such as hospitals and community centers. This paper details the various aspects of human service organizations which are an essential component in any community. This paper discusses how the monies are raised and then distributed within the actual organization. This paper discusses the numerous tax benefits available to non-profit groups which in turn are used to pay for services as well as staffing. The writer of this paper also touches on the bureaucratic and financial corruption that can and often does exist in these establishments due to the large amounts of monies that are raised. This paper delves into the available strategies to protect certain non-profit groups from misusing the finances raised. The writer discusses how implementing both scientific and business management theories can curtail corruption and mishandling of finances.
From the Paper
"Protecting the company against being financially misused is also something that is seen as being very significant, since there are some nonprofit workers that will try to use and abuse the organization that they work with for their own personal gain (Goehner, 1999). There are individuals like this all over the world, and nonprofit organisations must safeguard themselves against it as much as possible. Many think that it cannot happen to them, but it can, and does (Goehner, 1999). There are several steps that can be taken, however, to protect a nonprofit organization, and the below steps come from Goehner."
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CPA as a Career, 2006.
This articles discusses reasons for becoming a Certified Public Accountant, "CPA".
965 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 34.95
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Abstract
The writer discusses that, although there are many professions from which to choose, one may still choose to become a Certified Public Accountant due to interests and passions that are in this field. This includes a passion for numbers and an interest in financial matters.
Some may wish to become a CPA due to the knowledge that CPA's are important to society. Hence, they want to take the necessary exams to be able to qualify as a certified public accountant. There are those that wish to become a part of the important professionals who play essential roles in the maintenance of the society's financial matters, such as the preparation of tax returns for individuals and corporations or the preservation of the nation's finances and accountancy activities.
The writer looks at the accounting side of the profession and the importance of the CPA to society.
From the Paper
"Accounting does not only involve numbers, formulas, and computations. Hence, it also involves one's ability to make good judgments and apply such judgments to the accounting professions. For instance, in an accounting task for a company, it is interesting to know several financial information of a company and then develop solutions or perform actions that can help the company solve financial problems or improve financial conditions.
Another factor that makes accounting interesting is the fact that unlike other professions, accountants are always updated on most economic issues. This is because their job not only depends on the tasks that they are supposed to perform, but also on the knowledge about the everyday economy. In relation, this is also because the responsibilities of a CPA is chiefly based on financial and economic aspects of every organization around him as well as the economic standing of the entire nation."
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Budget Evaluation, 2006.
This paper studies the role and the process of budget estimates.
1,300 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
The aims of this paper are to identify the stages of the budgeting process and to evaluate their effectiveness. The article evaluates the level and validity of detailed assumptions used to create budget estimates. It discusses the role of the budget as an analytic tool that can be used to evaluate organizational performance. The writer explains how the budget can be used to find and eliminate inefficiencies in an organization's performance and explains the role of the budget in the business control cycle. The author analyzes internal and external control mechanisms that can be put in place to monitor and evaluate the budget and describes how the budget can be used in the performance accountability and reward process. The writer makes use of the example of a major business initiative in an organization that was approved last year as a result of the budget process, and explains how the budget was used in the approval process.
From the Paper
"There are four stages in most budgeting processes. The first stage is information gathering. At this stage past performance results are collected and assessment is made of the company's strategic plans. Performance results for the previous year are gathered, the company's current objectives are defined and the market in which the company operates is evaluated. Some companies also include customer feedback in their information gathering tasks. Planning is the second stage, with determinations made about how detailed the budget will be and how it will be organized, whether by department or product or other groupings."
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AIG Insurance Accounting Frauds, 2005.
This paper discusses frauds involving AIG and principles of accounting relating to the prevention of these frauds.
1,455 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the American International Group--AIG, the world's largest insurer--was reported to have arranged deals to manipulate financial figure in its own records and those of General Re, a reinsurance company, resulting in financial fraud during the autumn of 2000. The author points out that AIG also was involved in another accounting fraud with Brightpoint Inc., which was reported by the Securities and Exchange Commission in 2003; AIG worked closely with the Brightpoint people to tailor an alleged insurance policy that let Brightpoint overstate its earnings by an amazing 61% in a cash circulation deal from Brightpoint to AIG and again back to Brightpoint. The paper defines receivables are monies due from the customers, which are tallied by invoices and happen due to operating cycle's process of selling inventory or services on terms that permit delivery before cash is collected.
Table of Contents
The General Re Fraud
The Brightpoint Fraud
Cash & Accrual Basis of Accounting
Receivables and Inventory
Fixed and Intangible Assets
Liability & Stockholders Equity
From the Paper
"Under the cash method of accounting, the books are maintained on the actual cash flow. Income is recorded on its receipt and expenses enter the books on their actual payment. Whereas majority of the businesses use the accrual basis, the most correct method for the company depends on the sales volume, credit policy of the company and business structure. In case of the accrual method, income & expenses are recorded while they occur, notwithstanding whether there has been exchange of cash and an example of this is sale on credit. Accrual method is appropriate when the annual sales are more than $5 million and the business is a corporate organization. Besides, it is suggested that while selling on credit, matching of income and expenses during a given period must be done."
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Capital Structure, 2006.
An overview of different theories of capital structure.
2,698 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 80.95
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Abstract
This paper presents an overview of several different theories of corporate capital structure, focusing particularly on the differences between the traditionalist view of capital structure and the Modigliani-Miller view. The paper points out that there are two major differences between the traditionalist view of corporate capital structure and the Modigliani-Miller view, explaining that the first difference lay in the traditional view's contention that the value and cost of capital of a firm is interrelated to its capital structure, whereas the Modigliani-Miller view contends that they are independent of each other. The paper next explains that the second major difference is that the Modigliani-Miller view indicates a linear relationship between shareholder rate of return and firm leverage, which means that at low levels of debt the cost of equity increases faster under the Modigliani-Miller theorem than it does under the traditional View. The paper also takes a look at several other modern theories of corporate capital structure and investigates how these theories differ from the Modigliani-Miller view.
From the Paper
"Generally the capital structure of a company is much influenced by the practical influences like managerial shareholdings, corporate strategy and taxation. The investment strategy by firms necessitates managers to explore the methods of financing new investment. The managers practice three main preferences: utilization of retained earnings, borrowing through debt instruments or issue of new shares. Thus the retained earnings, debt and equity constitute the three primary ingredients of the capital structure of the firm. The first two ingredients show ownership by shareholders and the second ingredient shows ownership by means of debt holders. The financing policy, capital structure and firms ownership are inextricably linked in representing the ways the economic agents form and alter their asset acquisition behavior via firms and capital markets and impact their income levels and returns to asset holdings in the form of capital gains, dividends or direct remuneration,. (Company Financing, Capital Structure, and Ownership: A Survey and Implications for Developing Economies)"
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