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Budget Evaluation, 2006.
This paper studies the role and the process of budget estimates.
1,300 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
The aims of this paper are to identify the stages of the budgeting process and to evaluate their effectiveness. The article evaluates the level and validity of detailed assumptions used to create budget estimates. It discusses the role of the budget as an analytic tool that can be used to evaluate organizational performance. The writer explains how the budget can be used to find and eliminate inefficiencies in an organization's performance and explains the role of the budget in the business control cycle. The author analyzes internal and external control mechanisms that can be put in place to monitor and evaluate the budget and describes how the budget can be used in the performance accountability and reward process. The writer makes use of the example of a major business initiative in an organization that was approved last year as a result of the budget process, and explains how the budget was used in the approval process.
From the Paper
"There are four stages in most budgeting processes. The first stage is information gathering. At this stage past performance results are collected and assessment is made of the company's strategic plans. Performance results for the previous year are gathered, the company's current objectives are defined and the market in which the company operates is evaluated. Some companies also include customer feedback in their information gathering tasks. Planning is the second stage, with determinations made about how detailed the budget will be and how it will be organized, whether by department or product or other groupings."
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AIG Insurance Accounting Frauds, 2005.
This paper discusses frauds involving AIG and principles of accounting relating to the prevention of these frauds.
1,455 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the American International Group--AIG, the world's largest insurer--was reported to have arranged deals to manipulate financial figure in its own records and those of General Re, a reinsurance company, resulting in financial fraud during the autumn of 2000. The author points out that AIG also was involved in another accounting fraud with Brightpoint Inc., which was reported by the Securities and Exchange Commission in 2003; AIG worked closely with the Brightpoint people to tailor an alleged insurance policy that let Brightpoint overstate its earnings by an amazing 61% in a cash circulation deal from Brightpoint to AIG and again back to Brightpoint. The paper defines receivables are monies due from the customers, which are tallied by invoices and happen due to operating cycle's process of selling inventory or services on terms that permit delivery before cash is collected.
Table of Contents
The General Re Fraud
The Brightpoint Fraud
Cash & Accrual Basis of Accounting
Receivables and Inventory
Fixed and Intangible Assets
Liability & Stockholders Equity
From the Paper
"Under the cash method of accounting, the books are maintained on the actual cash flow. Income is recorded on its receipt and expenses enter the books on their actual payment. Whereas majority of the businesses use the accrual basis, the most correct method for the company depends on the sales volume, credit policy of the company and business structure. In case of the accrual method, income & expenses are recorded while they occur, notwithstanding whether there has been exchange of cash and an example of this is sale on credit. Accrual method is appropriate when the annual sales are more than $5 million and the business is a corporate organization. Besides, it is suggested that while selling on credit, matching of income and expenses during a given period must be done."
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Capital Structure, 2006.
An overview of different theories of capital structure.
2,698 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 80.95
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Abstract
This paper presents an overview of several different theories of corporate capital structure, focusing particularly on the differences between the traditionalist view of capital structure and the Modigliani-Miller view. The paper points out that there are two major differences between the traditionalist view of corporate capital structure and the Modigliani-Miller view, explaining that the first difference lay in the traditional view's contention that the value and cost of capital of a firm is interrelated to its capital structure, whereas the Modigliani-Miller view contends that they are independent of each other. The paper next explains that the second major difference is that the Modigliani-Miller view indicates a linear relationship between shareholder rate of return and firm leverage, which means that at low levels of debt the cost of equity increases faster under the Modigliani-Miller theorem than it does under the traditional View. The paper also takes a look at several other modern theories of corporate capital structure and investigates how these theories differ from the Modigliani-Miller view.
From the Paper
"Generally the capital structure of a company is much influenced by the practical influences like managerial shareholdings, corporate strategy and taxation. The investment strategy by firms necessitates managers to explore the methods of financing new investment. The managers practice three main preferences: utilization of retained earnings, borrowing through debt instruments or issue of new shares. Thus the retained earnings, debt and equity constitute the three primary ingredients of the capital structure of the firm. The first two ingredients show ownership by shareholders and the second ingredient shows ownership by means of debt holders. The financing policy, capital structure and firms ownership are inextricably linked in representing the ways the economic agents form and alter their asset acquisition behavior via firms and capital markets and impact their income levels and returns to asset holdings in the form of capital gains, dividends or direct remuneration,. (Company Financing, Capital Structure, and Ownership: A Survey and Implications for Developing Economies)"
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Business Plan for Imagined Product, 2006.
A paper outlining a business plan for VIVID, a skin care product imagined by the writer.
1,778 words (approx. 7.1 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 57.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the business prospects for the product VIVID, an anti-wrinkle cream containing Retinol. The paper explores the marketing edge of this product over existing products in the market, citing both the timing of the product and the lower cost of VIVID. The author describes the marketing techniques and the business plan for the product.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Marketing
Financial Management
Operations
Conclusion
From the Paper
"As compared to creams which sell for $90 or higher per ounce, it is the guarantee of VIVID that wrinkle lines will vanish when used over a 30 day period. The majority of women see immediate results. VIVID has been receiving a lot of enquiries every week enquiring the causes regarding selling the product for 10% of the price charged by Estee Lauder for a comparable Retinol cream. We provide our answer that we have tested our Retinol against theirs and our cream wins by a large margin. However, we lack the marketing savvy of Estee Lauder which is beneficial to our clients. Majority of the large cosmetic companies give greatly publicized anti-aging wrinkle cream. What they are unsuccessful in disclosing that these products speed up the aging process of the skin and increase the risk of skin cancer. Clinical studies in the US and Europe demonstrate the effects of these skins to be short-term based and cause damage in the short-term and an important factor of aging of skin in the long term. (Retinol Wrinkle Treatment, 2 OZ)"
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Internationalization of Branding, 2006.
An in-depth paper on how retail clothing companies are working to internationalize their brand names.
17,074 words (approx. 68.3 pages), 46 sources, APA, $ 249.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses at length the challenges faced by the retail fashion industry. After a thorough overview of current issues, the paper launches into a case study of Perry Ellis, Inc., a major fashion retailer, which owns thirteen brands, including Perry Ellis, Penguin Sport and Southpoint. Perry Ellis, Inc. also licenses an additional five brands, including Nike and Tommy Hilfiger. The author explains how Perry Ellis has leveraged the brand-name familiarity to become a lucrative company. The paper also provides a case study of the Levi Strauss company, and shows its distinct branding style.
From the Paper
"In the past few decades, issues surrounding branding in the retail industry have emerged as a significant concern for retailers, consumers, and the fashion industry alike. Organizations are using branding as a strategy tool in today's business environment with increasing regularity. Although brands and branding are not new ideas, retailers are applying them to more diverse settings where the role of branding is becoming increasingly important (Wentz & Suchard, 1993). The traditional role for brands has recently reemerged as a topic of interest, as retailers are increasingly turning toward the internationalization of brands to survive in the highly competitive industry. With the growing realization that brands are one of a retailer's most valuable intangible assets, branding has emerged as a top management priority in the last decade. As a result of its highly competitive nature, branding carries a significant effect in the retailing industry as one of the main drivers influencing customer perceptions, store choice and loyalty. Thus, as an attempt to offer more to the consumer than just low prices, retailers are developing marketing strategies that build store equity and differentiate their brand."
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Accounting Scandals, 2006.
Examines the Enron and WorldCom accounting affairs which led many to question the meaning of business ethics.
2,983 words (approx. 11.9 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 88.95
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Abstract
This paper provides an overview of the events leading up to the Enron and WorldCom accounting scandals. It examines the course of these two affairs and the subsequent results. The paper discusses the Sarbanes-Oxley Act which is considered the most significant change to federal security laws in the United States since the New Deal.
From the Paper
"On August 27, 2003, the State of Oklahoma filed a 15-count indictment against Ebbers. The indictment charged that he violated the state's securities laws by defrauding investors on multiple occasions between January 2001 and March 2002. These charges were dropped, with the right to refile retained, on November 20, 2003. An agreement to extend the statute of limitations on these charges, allowing Oklahoma prosecutors time to see the results of federal sentencing, was signed on March 30, 2005. Federal authorities indicted Ebbers with security fraud and conspiracy charges on March 2, 2004. An amendment to the indictment on May 25, 2004 increased the list of charges to nine felonies: one count each of conspiracy and securities fraud, and seven counts of filing false statements with securities regulators."
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Privacy and Automated Banking, 2006.
A paper on internet privacy and automated online banking.
3,741 words (approx. 15.0 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 103.95
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Abstract
This paper describes the privacy issues inherent in online banking, as well as practices in live banking. The paper describes the problems of online privacy and explains how certain practices, such as fingerprinting, have cut both bank fraud and more serious crimes. The author contends that because there are inherent risks to customer privacy, it is essential that there be a single standard for bank security and reporting to federal agencies.
From the Paper
"So indeed, why should bankers be turned into federal snoops? The proposal is supposed to attack money-laundering techniques employed by drug traffickers and other criminals who hide illegal profits. Such methods include wire transfers, bank drafts and "smurfing," the practice of cutting transactions into lesser amounts that don't have to be reported as suspicious under the $10,000 bank-reporting laws established under President Reagan. (Maier, 1999)"
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Activity-Based Costing, 2006.
An overview of the theory and practice behind activity-based costing.
2,583 words (approx. 10.3 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 78.95
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Abstract
Cost accounting is the process of tracking, recording and analyzing costs associated with the activity of an organization, where cost is defined as required time or resources. Activity-based costing (ABC) is a method of allocating costs to products and services. This paper examines how the major objective of the ABC process is to objectively determine a better way of doing business. It provides examples of cost analysis and concludes that the analysis of these costs and models serves to provide the basis from which decisions can be made and evaluated.
From the Paper
"Costs can be categorized in three ways. Direct costs are those that can be traced directly to one output. For example, the material costs (varnish, wood, paint) to build a chair. Indirect costs are those that cannot be allocated to an individual output; in other words, they benefit two or more outputs, but not all outputs. An example would be maintenance costs for the saws that cut the wood, storage costs, other construction materials, and quality assurance. General & Administrative-costs cannot reasonably be associated with any particular product or service produced (overhead). These costs would remain the same no matter what output the activity produced. An example would be salaries of personnel in purchasing department, depreciation on equipment, and plant security."
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'Lessinger' and 'Seggerman Farms', 2006.
Compares two corporate taxation cases and the resulting legislation.
2,355 words (approx. 9.4 pages), 10 sources, APA, $ 72.95
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Abstract
This paper examines two corporate taxation cases to draw similarities and differences and analyze the resulting rules of law. First, 'Seggerman Farms' is closely examined for its impact, and then, reversing the process of time, an earlier case that it relied on - 'Lessinger '- is examined next. This paper demonstrates which case is more supportable and will endure into the future of taxation.
From the Paper
"Liability assumptions can also result in gain recognition or other tax consequences when property is transferred to or from a corporate entity or partnership. For instance, when a taxpayer transfers property to a controlled corporation in exchange for stock, the taxpayer is required to recognize gain under section 357(c) if the corporation "assumes" liabilities of the taxpayer in excess of the tax basis of the transferred property."
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Ethics in Accounting, 2005.
This paper discusses the importance of ethical behavior in the profession of accounting.
985 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 34.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the "Ten Universal Ethical Values" are--honesty, integrity, living up to promises, loyalty, equality, caring, admiration for other people, dutiful citizenship, quest for quality and answerability. The author points out that a profession is built on the foundation of a widely acknowledged body of knowledge, a popularly accepted standard of achievement and an enforceable code of ethics, which is most vital component in setting up of a profession. The paper stresses that the primary cause for holding ethical guidelines is not to give a panacea to all vocation-associated difficulties but to assist in the decision making process for circumstances, which entail ethical issues such as taxes.
From the Paper
"Definite duties of the accounting profession are put forth in the different code of ethics circulated by important establishments like the AICPA. The AICPA's foremost rule of professional conduct declares: In discharging their duties as professionals, associates must implement responsive professional and moral views in all their works. The failure of auditor sovereignty infringing Rule 101 of the AICPA Code of Professional Conduct was the topic of a research project using 2,000 arbitrarily chosen AICPA members in public accounting profession as a staff auditor, senior, or manager."
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Derivatives, 2006.
This paper analyzes the various methods in which derivatives are used in the areas of business and finance.
2,449 words (approx. 9.8 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 74.95
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Abstract
The writer of this paper defines a derivative as a contract that specifies the rights and obligations between the issuer of the security and the holder, to receive or deliver future cash flows based on some future event. This paper examines the various uses for derivatives which are standardized much the same as stock futures and traded through a securities exchange or futures exchange. This paper discusses the use of derivative securities as a tool to transfer risk. For example, a business can sell futures contracts on a product to a buyer, even before that particular item hits the shelf. The writer cites the various types of derivative options, such as the swap and the forward contract, which is an agreement between two parties to buy or sell a particular asset. A swap is an agreement in which, generally two, parties agree to exchange future cash flows, arising from financial instruments. This paper details how forward contracts are implemented in the corporate business world, as was the case with Lufthansa, who contracted with Boeing to purchase aircraft in the mid-1980s. This paper delves into the process known as financial engineering, which combines options and other derivatives while at the same time controlling the risk in a given transaction. This paper also discusses how derivatives are used as an option in tax planning.
From the Paper
"A common use of options for tax planing involves the deferrment of a gain from one period to another, thereby delaying the payment of taxes. For example, one company may have an investment in another company's stock that has appreciated. Company A would like to lock in the gain on Company B's stock, but does not wish to recognize the gain in the current year. It can accomplish this by using put options. This strategy would involve buying put options at the current stock price, expiring in the next fiscal year. If the stock price declines, the value of the option would increase, locking in the profit. Another strategy would be to sell a call option at the current market price. This would also lock in the gain, as any decrease in the price of the stock would be offset the increased value of the option. These strategies can also be used to reduce the risk of a drop in the stock price without regard to tax issues."
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Offshore Financial Centers, 2006.
An explanation of the function and future of offshore financial centers.
3,500 words (approx. 14.0 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 98.95
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Abstract
This paper studies offshore financial centers, or OFCs, which are any financial institutions that conduct offshore transactions. The paper provides a technical definition of OFCs, and then discusses their historical use and relevance. Next the paper discusses the location of OFCs -- and answers why places such as Switzerland and the Cayman Islands host these institutions. The paper then examines the role of OFCs, focusing on their legal protection from investors' local tax burdens. The paper concludes with an assessment of the future of OFCs, citing the effects of international tax reform and other financial guidelines that may impact the perceived utility of OFCs.
Outline:
Definition
History
Where are they?
The Role
Future:
From the Paper
"Offshore Financial Centers or OFCs are areas that choose reduced taxes or lenient financial controlling administration as a shield in case of overseas investors. (The future for offshore financial centers (OFCs)) IMF defines OFC as an area that fulfills the norms as stated below: it is a location marked by a large number of financial institutions, a majority of the business dealings are started in foreign shores, nearly all institutions are managed by non-residents, possesses assets and liabilities disproportionate to the internal economy; and has low or zero taxation, restrained or lax financial guidelines and privacy of banking business. The last norm is related to what is usually known as "tax haven". Nevertheless, whereas the description contains "tax havens" as well, it is not restricted to this category of country. (Canadian Direct Investment in 'Offshore Financial Centers) Offshore finance is, in its general meaning, the provision of financial services by banks and other representatives to non-residents. These services comprise of borrowing and lending of funds to non-residents. This can be in the shape of lending to companies and other financial institutions, financed by liabilities to the offices of the bank who is lending elsewhere, or to market participants. It can even take the shape of accepting deposits from individuals, and investing the profits in other financial markets. (Offshore Financial Centers: IMF Background Paper)"
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