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The Euro, 2004.
This paper discusses the effects of the euro on participating countries, especially Finland, and, based on secondary research, concludes that the UK would benefit by joining the European Monetary Union (EMU).
6,925 words (approx. 27.7 pages), 10 sources, APA, $ 156.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the introduction and implementation of the euro has done much to integrate the national financial markets, leading to higher efficiency in the allocation of capital in Europe, with EMU members benefiting from an increase in intra-European trade flows and higher capital investment resulting from the development of a single currency. The author points out that a single currency is now an important complement to the Single European Market, which is quickly making the European Union a more powerful player in the global economy. The paper stresses that the single unit of account reduces transaction costs and eliminates a portion of the fixed costs involved in issuing similar securities in multiple currencies, serving to moderate home bias in borrowing and lending, and leading to larger, more-liquid, and more-diversified financial markets.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Objectives
Appropriateness of Analysis
Methodology
Literature Review
Aims of the Euro
How the Euro Has Affected Finland
The Euro and the UK
Discussion and Analysis
The Domestic Dimension
The Regional Dimension
The Global Dimension
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The common currency will ultimately speed up the integration of the EU countries. With a single currency, a single monetary and interest policy, the countries in the euro zone are more dependent on one another than they ever were. The single currency is slated to become an outward sign of European identity. Thus, national economic policies must remain sufficiently flexible to react to different situations. However, better coordination is necessary to avoid future problems. Europe's increasing power in monetary and financial questions will for also have positive effects on the EU's scope for foreign policy action. A Europe with fewer internal borders and in which people use the same currency from will have a new quality quite different from the Europe of the past."
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The Valuing of Mining Projects, 2004.
This paper is a literature review and a research proposal to study the way mining projects currently are valued and to demonstrate the need for changing this method.
12,500 words (approx. 50.0 pages), 50 sources, MLA, $ 239.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that capital allocation is extremely important to mining, and the efficiency and effectiveness with which this capital is allocated will be greatly affected by the valuation of a project. The author points out that determining the best method is not the purpose of this paper; rather, using a primary and secondary approach, the study will examine current practices, review the various financial principles and methods that are currently available, and derive ideas for solutions that are somewhat more in favorable. The paper demonstrates that both the commercial and the technical aspects that have to do with mining investments have always been very high risk; however, in recent years, new elements of political risk are being created by the United States, which is considering changes in some of the mining laws that will be more stringent, making mining even more economically risky. Tables and graphs.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Purpose of the Study
Importance of the Study
Rationale for the Study
Overview of the Study
Review and Analysis of the Literature
Methodology
Data Analysis
From the Paper
"Larger companies, naturally, are much more sophisticated in the ways that they analyze their capital budgets. Companies that have sales greater than 500 million often use combinations of all three of the DCF techniques that are available. Many of these companies also performed escalated dollar analyses and constant dollar analyses that depended not only on financing alternatives but also on time constraints. Companies also used even more advanced techniques in performing various valuations into mining projects, but this was not seen to be on a consistent basis. Some of these techniques included computer simulations on various investment activity similar to Monte Carlo analyses and a specific way of utilizing options pricing into valuing of copper properties."
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Accountancy, 2004.
A research proposal for a paper on British and American accounting practices.
6,158 words (approx. 24.6 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 144.95
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Abstract
This paper outlines the various methodologies of accounting practices and principles that are being followed in the United Kingdom. It provides an on-the-spot analysis of the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles followed in the UK, better known as the UK GAAP, and also looks at the various differences in accounting principles followed within the United Kingdom and the United States of America. It examines issues of key importance, with reference to both the UK GAAP and the US GAAP, and defines the role and scope of various bodies that regulate the practice and principles of accounting.
Outline
Introduction
Background
Literature Review
Aims and Objectives of the Research
Methodology
Data Analysis
Time Scale
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Accounting has gained special and a very exceptional significance in the recent past. Until now it was a mere process that involved a series of cumbersome, time consuming and ongoing activities that related to bringing to book financial transactions related to companies across the globe. A good number of prescribed methods and standards needed to be adhered so as to make the ?operation by the book? and largely acceptable. The year 2001 saw a string of nasty and well orchestrated financial scandals and trickery across the United States of America, in particular, and various other countries in general. In the light of these carefully premeditated nefarious designs being uncovered, the accountant and the bookkeeper, hitherto mere management functionaries who operated more with the pen and mind than a collection of principles and standards, were shot into the limelight and under the scanner of a few dozen investigating agencies and accounting firms."
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Ethics in Managerial Accounting, 2004.
A discussion of recent scandals in managerial accounting in the U.S.
1,761 words (approx. 7.0 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 56.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the changes needed within accounting practices in light of the recent scandals at Enron and Arthur Andersen. The writer explores the new rules, which have become standard practice in the past few years.
Contents
The Constituencies
Investors
The public
Employees
Managers and executives
CPAs
Auditors
Financial advisors
Governing Bodies
SEC
FASB
GAO
IRS
Congress
From the Paper
"There are those doing a lot about the question of ethics in managerial accounting, and those doing little or even creating more opportunities for unethical behavior. If the loopholes are shut down here, will companies go overseas to grease the wheels of commerce? Possibly. Global ethics are not quite as demanding in many parts of the world as most constituencies would like to see them here. (Bray, 2000) Or possibly not. Enron marched across India with its financial sleight-of-hand, injuring that nation?arguably?as it did this one. Perhaps there are ethics watches going on globally in the aftermath."
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Account Reporting, 2004.
A review of SEC Chairman Levitt's report on earnings management, using specific company examples.
1,224 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to provide examples of companies that engaged in some form of earnings management between 1992-2001 and identify which of Levitt?s reporting illusion categories they illustrate. The reporting illusions identified by Levitt are as follows: ?big bath restructuring charges?; creative acquisition accounting; ?cookie jar? reserves; ?immaterial? misapplications of accounting principles; and premature recognition of revenue.
From the Paper
"?Big bath restructuring? charges are when large charges associated with company restructuring occur to help companies clean up their balance sheet. Companies do this when earnings take a major hit, thinking that Wall Street will look beyond a one-time loss and focus then only on future earnings (Levitt 1998). ?Creative acquisition? accounting is when a company classifies an ever-growing portion of the acquisition price of a merger as ?in process? research and development so the amount can be written off as a one time charge removing any future earnings drag (Levitt 1998). Also done is the creation of large liabilities or future operating expenses to protect future earnings done under the mask of an acquisition (Levitt 1998). What Levitt termed as ?cookie jar reserves? is when a company uses unrealistic assumptions to estimate liabilities for things like warranty costs, loan losses or sales returns (1998). In effect, this stashes accruals into a cookie jar when can be raided when needed in the bad times."
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The Impact of Distance Learning in Accounting Higher Education, 2004.
Introduces a research study on the impact distance learning has had on the teaching of accounting in higher education.
1,453 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
This paper introduces a study that is intended to analyze whether, in the field of accounting, distance learning represents the best method of teaching, as compared to more conventional modes of teaching accounting, such as full-time study with more regular contact with teachers.
From the Paper
"Distance learning has grown in popularity amongst students over recent years, for many reasons, one of which has to be the rise of the internet and its application to distance-learning implementation. In addition, people who wish to study, but who are unable to study full-time for various reasons (for example, needing to work, needing to look after a family etc.) have discovered the flexibility of distance learning, and have begun to take advantage of the potential of distance-learning. In addition, distance learning courses are also usually a great deal cheaper then full-time courses, and for this reason, they also offer an excellent opportunity for a great number of people, who had considered study in the past, but who were put off by time constraints, and also the high cost of education."
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HealthSouth Accounting Irregularities, 2004.
Oral presentation presented by an independent auditor of the HealthSouth Corporation regarding its alleged accounting irregularities.
766 words (approx. 3.1 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 27.95
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Abstract
This paper is an oral presentation of the findings of an independent auditor of the HealthSouth Corporation. The audit concerns a 300-million-dollar refund HealthSouth is seeking from the federal government on the over-inflated profits it reported on its assets. The auditor asserts that no indications of Medicare fraud were found and that the over-inflated profits reported by the company were a result of HealthSound projecting assets not truly expected to incur, as well as a refusal to take into consideration the costs of the company (reporting only money accrued, rather than actual profits. This, in turn, was facilitated by the bureaucratic nature of the medical industry, where reporting of costs, payment of bills, and administrative costs are often delayed because of the nature of health care providers. The paper concludes by stating that HealthSound has not been negatively impacted by the allegations of securities fraud and that it is, and will continue to be, a sound company because of the quality its product.
From the Paper
"As a part of this presentation, I, as an independent auditor commissioned by the committee of the firm representing the HealthSouth Corporation, wish to make clear that the company I have just audited, though tarred and feathered by the modern media, is not nearly at fault as one might initially believe, given the nature of the following components peculiar to the health services and health care industry. Although HealthSouth?s supposed irregularities may have been elided in the public imagination with corporations such as Enron, it is not an ?imaginary corporation.? Mistakes were made, but these mistakes should not cause individuals to forget the ongoing quality of care still provided by the company."
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LIFO and FIFO Accounting Methods, 2004.
This paper discusses two accounting solutions to the inventory problem: FIFO, ?First-in, first-out? and LIFO ?Last-in, first-out?.
1,255 words (approx. 5.0 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 42.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, in inflationary times, LIFO users will report higher cost of goods sold and, hence, less taxable income than if they used FIFO. The author points out that the system of LIFO has the potential to encourage merchandise to pile up in warehouses, and most countries outside the U.S. largely reject it as an option for public companies. The paper relates that Wal-Mart and Target, both year-round, discount, retail operations not subject to seasonable flux or to the dangers of perishable goods, use the LIFO accounting methodology.
Table of Contents
The Impact of the Financial Statements
The Impact on the Firm's Current Ratio
The Method Used by the Company's Major Competitor or the Industry as a Whole
Does LIFO Make Sense for this Company?
From the Paper
"When calculating an inventory under the FIFO method, the inventoried goods sold are the oldest produced or purchased by the company. LIFO uses the opposite method. Instead, the inventoried goods sold are the goods most recently produced or purchased. LIFO suggests that companies always want to sell their newest inventory, even if they still have old stock sitting around. Lofton points out that ?LIFO's a very American answer to the problem of inventory valuation,? because in times of rising prices, it can lower a firm's taxes through generating figures of lower taxable income."
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The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, 2004.
Discusses the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, which was designed as a response to the wave of corporate fraud cases that riddled the corporate landscape in America in 2002.
5,095 words (approx. 20.4 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 128.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the Sarbanes-Oxley Act that was enacted in order to rectify the constant corporate scandals, fraud, and failures sweeping across the United States. The paper discusses the purpose of the Act, outlines its contents, explains exceptions to the Act that apply to foreign companies, and includes a timetable chart for its implementation. Issues such as independence and corporate responsibility, independence within the accounting profession, accountability and disclosure, and how the Act affects banking organizations that are non-public are also discussed in this paper.
From the Paper
"The Sarbanes-Oxley Act is aimed at private companies by definition, as Section 108 on Accounting Standards implies. However, despite this seemingly straightforward definition, non-public banking companies are finding themselves under the jurisdiction of the Act based on their former standing with regard to SEC and FDIC regulations."
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Activity-Based Cost in the Department of Defense, 2004.
This paper discusses the ABC accounting process, which evaluates and determines ways to improve the quality of financial decisions at the Department of Defense (DoD).
2,505 words (approx. 10.0 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 76.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the Department of Defense (DoD), with more than $1 trillion in assets and a budget that accounts for about half of the federal government?s discretionary funding, has a need for accurate accounting processes. The author points out that ABC captures quantified cost and time data and translates it into information for making decisions by measuring process and activity performance, by determining the cost of business process outputs, and by identifying opportunities to improve process efficiency and effectiveness. The paper concludes that the ultimate decision will be based on a blended action that minimizes cost and time, while creating a better outcome.
Table of Contents
Big Need for Accurate Accounting
ABC in the Military
Process Decision Example
Success Stories
NASA
Fleet and Industrial Supply Center (FISC)
Military Resistance to ABC?
Who Might Benefit in the DoD?
From the Paper
"In the 1990s, the RAND Corporation, including its defense-oriented federally funded research and development organizations, offered a better way for the DoD to pay for its purchases, one it thought would improve the interactions; after all, if a unit overspent in one year, then the next year it would be looking for lower prices. That meant that the organization it purchased from would experience a loss, or potentially could, which in turn could affect the service or product quality or delivery. However, the WCF arrangement bore the stamp of approval of the DoD Comptroller?s office, which suggested that the WCF approach has saved ?billions of dollars by providing managers with greater visibility into the costs of DoD support operations.?"
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Leadership and Management, 2004.
A study of the needs of a company in terms of good leadership and management.
2,105 words (approx. 8.4 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 66.95
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Abstract
This paper attempts to explain that the key components responsible for the success or failure of an organization are the organizational goals and objectives. The paper looks at businesses since the Industrial Revolution and explores what characteristics have made one business succeed over another, with particular reference to the management of the entity. As an example, the paper uses the automobile industry in the U.S. and studies the major car makers.
From the Paper
"In addition, Toyota also practiced the Just in time (JIT) system. They preferred when their suppliers were closer to their manufacturing their sites and both raw materials and semi finished did not have to add value in transportation and storage cost. Toyota tried to achieve excellence in the manufacturing process there by decreasing and completely eliminating waste (muda). Any process or operation that did not add value to the product and the material waste generated during production was considered wasteful. Acceptable quality limit (AQL) was practiced in the mass production sector in the United States and therefore Toyota?s policy of complete waste elimination and 100% quality was novel."
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K-Mart, 2004.
An analysis of the K-Mart chain, using a fictitious store, presenting the business history, and potential of the company.
2,404 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 73.95
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Abstract
This research examines the methodology of conducting a performance analysis and subsequent suggestions for strategic analysis. The subject of this research is a fictitious K-Mart store. This research is based, in part, on actual situations faced by K-Mart and its subsequent bankruptcy. A plan of intervention, implementation of that plan, and possible resolution of the current crises of the fictitious K-Mart are also offered. An historical analysis of the past four years of performance data is used to gain insight into possible strategic solutions to the company?s problems.
From the Paper
"K-mart is one of the largest retailers in the nation with over 600 stores nationwide. The financial success of K-Mart not only has an impact on the corporation itself, but K-mart is an imbedded icon in many local economies, both as an employer and as tax revenue. In Nashville, alone, the K-Mart corporation plans to close four stores in 2003 (Nashville Business Journal, 2002). This is expected to have a negative effect on the local Nashville economy. This same scenario is being played out in many cities across the United States. Because of this effect on many local economies K-mart has been under tremendous pressure to re-evaluate their strategies and to develop plans that are effective and than will quickly place them in a positive strategic position."
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