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How Children Learn Language, 2007.
A review of a book on the language of infants and toddlers by Roberta Golinkoff and Kathy Hirsch-Pasek, entitled "How Babies Talk: The Magic and Mystery of Language in the First Three Years of Life".
994 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the book "How Babies Talk: The Magic and Mystery of Language in the First Three Years of Life" by Roberta Golinkoff and Kathy Hirsch-Pasek." It explains that the book is geared toward parents with infants who are interested in tracking how their children learn language. The paper looks at a portion of this book which is devoted to "experiments" that parents can do with their children. This also paper examines the style in which the book is written, the language used and the use of humour. Overall the writer was not impressed with this book and feels that it adds very little to the study of language development.
Outline:
Overview
In Utero
Tactile Learning
Babbling and Other Things
Toddlers
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The authors of this book, Roberta Golinkoff and Kathy Hirsch-Pasek, claim that the fetus is being prepared to hear "the contours of our voice and the cadences of speech without ever hearing words the way that we do" (13). The words that the fetus hears, the authors state, is like the swimming pool game of guessing words spoken underwater.It is possible to hear the syllables and pitch of those words, but in most cases the words are indistinct at best. Using an experiment that monitored fetal heart rate, which declines initially before rising again when the fetus is exposed to a new experience, researchers found that babies can even differentiate between new sounds even in the uterus (14-15). Other experiments revealed that the fetus could determine differences in music and in poetry as well."
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The California English Language Development Test, 2008.
This paper is a review of the literature on the California English Language Development Test (CELDT) and student achievement when learning English as a second language.
1,580 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 14 sources, APA, $ 51.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the California English Language Development Test (CELDT) is used as a means of evaluating language proficiency among students learning English as a second language to identify students who are learning English as a second language. The author points out that the CELDT also is used to monitor the performance of these students at regular intervals and to reclassify students from limited English proficiency to fluent English proficiency. The paper stresses that CELDT is a monitoring system, not a pedagogical approach; therefore, its use will never directly improve or diminish the scores of second language learners. The paper concludes that administrators and educators may have unwittingly created a setting in which the CELDT is given more credibility than it deserves in terms of its significance as a testing apparatus.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
CELDT in Application
Implications
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The test was used for the first time in 2001, suggesting that data pertaining to its use is insufficient to judge long-term outcomes based on the use of the test. The CELDT was developed by the professional for-profit test organization, "CTB-McGraw Hill" and is "designed to assess English learners in grades 1 through 12 on reading, writing, comprehension, and oral English along a continuum of five levels, from Beginning (1) to Advanced (5)" The test has been praised in California by educators and administrators who were forced to rely on a variety of different tests but now can evaluate a student's performance even when he or she has moved from one school to another."
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High Stakes Testing, 2008.
This paper reviews an online article by the American Psychological Association titled "Appropriate Use of High-Stakes Testing in Our Nation's Schools".
750 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 26.95
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Abstract
The paper relates that the article, "Appropriate Use of High-Stakes Testing in Our Nation's Schools", states that standardized, "high-risk" tests should not be the sole determinant for promotion to the next grade level, should accommodate English second language students and test-takers who have disabilities and should be evaluated themselves with an explicit break-down of test results according to specific demographics such as socio-economic factors. The author points out that the article seems to reflect accurately the concerns that high-stakes evaluations lead to "teaching to the test" pedagogical approaches that stifle active learning and creative inquiry. The paper criticizes that the article provides no guidelines, which might disclose how comity between the test's putative objectives and its actual content can be achieved.
From the Paper
"Likewise, the article sagely raises the question of how - and certainly to what extent - high-stakes testing impacts school drop-out rates, course content changes, student anxiety and the long-term achievement rates of students. In some respects, this sort of musing actually reveals another shortcoming of the article insofar as scholarly research exists that actually goes into greater detail about the linkage between high-stakes multiple-choice testing and the reluctance of many pedagogues to embrace constructivist teaching practices."
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Dirty Washrooms at Ryerson, 2006.
An examination of the dirty women's washrooms at Ryerson University in Canada.
947 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 33.95
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Abstract
This report examines a very specific problem that developed at Ryerson University. The problem that is examined is the dirty women's washrooms around campus. The paper explains the methodology used for the report and then looks at the organization structure of the cleaning department. The writer attempts to analyze the extent of the problem based on the data received from a survey handed out to female students. The writer also offers possible solutions to this problem. A copy of the survey is attached to this report as Appendix 1 and a
copy of the results of the survey is attached as Appendix 2.
Outline:
Introduction
Methodology
Results
Organizational Structural Issues
Discussion of Results
Call to Action
From the Paper
"Social life in most societies is organized along institutional lines. An institution is defined as, "A society or corporation especially of a public character" (Anonymous 272). Institutions include families, marriages, schools and churches. The fact that institutions are so common in our society means that we largely take them for granted. People often fail to realize that institutions are composed of people and that the activities of these people determine how an institution will operate. The way that an institution operates is often referred to as organization culture."
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Children and Language, 2006.
A review of Paul Bloom's book, "How Children Learn the Meanings of Words", on language acquisition in children.
1,045 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
In this book review of "How Children Learn the Meanings of Words", author Paul Bloom's theory of language acquisition in small children is explained. The paper discusses the primary theory called the "theory of mind," which is also called naive psychology. The paper explains that the book presents this theory on language acquisition through descriptions of research, presented in a clear and largely conversational manner. The writer of the review recommends this book to both students and to parents interested in helping their children acquire language.
Outline:
Theory of Mind
Fast Mapping
Objects and Concepts
Context Learning
About this Book
Conclusion
From the Paper
"This book describes the process of language acquisition through syntactic cues that are present in the child's environment. Such a process is not just a part of language acquisition, but is also part of other forms of reasoning as well. The capacity to learn language in such a way belongs to human beings alone. Although other mammals are capable of communicating in what could be considered to be a limited language, only humans have the capability to acquire abstract concepts."
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The Myers Briggs Type Indicator Assessment, 2008.
This paper describes and evaluates the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI).
1,240 words (approx. 5.0 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 42.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the format of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI), which is based on the Jungian theory that there are 16 personality types, is an assessment tool that explores an individual's personality by using 94 questions. The author points out that the MBTI has been used by individuals and groups of all ages for such tasks as assisting people in understanding themselves and choosing careers and assisting teachers and counselors in understanding their students' learning styles and group matching. The paper states that research indicates that the MBTI is useful as a tool that evaluates the person's personality at the time that the assessment is given but that the results of the assessment may change over time. The paper includes a chart and quotation.
From the Paper
"Gibson (2001) discusses the use of the MBTI by teachers and counselors to determine the students that will most effectively work together in groups. Gibson (2001) suggests that group work in the classroom is often ignored or avoided by teachers because it is found to be both frustrating and time consuming for students. The inability of some students to work with one another causes difficulties within the group and ultimately hinders the progress of the group in completing the assignment."
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Bullying, 2008.
This paper is a literature review of the effects of bullying and its impact on psychosocial development across the lifespan.
2,285 words (approx. 9.1 pages), 16 sources, APA, $ 70.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, although it is difficult to prove causation, bullying has a variety of outcomes, including physiological symptoms and potential contribution to psychological conditions, such as depression and ideas of suicide and self-harm. The author points out that the best approach to studying the problem of bullying is to consider it within the context of normal social behavior where often both the bully and the victim have become enmeshed in a process of maladaptive social interactions. The paper relates that empowering the students to communicate with peers reduces bullying by enhancing conflict resolution and facilitates an environment in which more positive outcomes can occur.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Understanding Bullying
Bullying and Appropriate Psychosocial Development
Curriculum Deign and Bullying
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The outcomes of bullying tend to be studied in terms of their short-term impact on the individual. Williams et al. (1996) studied primary school children and sought to identify whether physiological health conditions could be attributed to being the target of bullying in a school. The researchers surveyed approximately 2850 school children within a school district outside of London for health problems and compared these results with whether the child had been the target of bullying. Among the health problems surveyed were bed wetting, headaches, feelings of sadness, problems sleeping, and stomach aches."
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Spread of HIV/AIDS in Uganda, 2006.
An examination of the problem of the continuing spread of HIV/AIDS within communities in Uganda.
1,131 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper attempts to address the problem of the spread of HIV/AIDS within in Uganda through the use of a grassroots level preventive intervention aimed at high-risk individuals in geographically proximal villages and small towns. Seronegative individuals at high-risk for acquiring HIV are the target participants towards which the intervention is aimed.
Outline:
Project Overview
Summary of the Research Project: Background, Hypotheses, General Objectives, Specific Objectives, Research Design.
Training Expectations
From the Paper
"According to UNAIDS (2006) "people living with HIV, women, young people and other most-at-risk populations, such as sex workers, men who have sex with men, drug users and prisoners, should play a major role in the setting of national targets" (p. 9). This is an unambiguous call for aggressive stances to be taken in the fight to quell the HIV/AIDS epidemic in Uganda and other afflicted countries. Furthermore, one must take a pragmatic approach to the problem in question, as resources such as drugs are not always affordable, if not consistently available. This would entail implementing cost-effective measures such as primary prevention that was specific in targeting reservoirs and "vectors" for the transmission of disease.
In particular, inconsistent behavioral responses to HIV/AIDS are particularly notorious for impeding the progress of HIV/AIDS prevention. "
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No Child Left Behind Act, 2008.
A critical analysis of the No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Act of 2002.
702 words (approx. 2.8 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 25.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Act, which was signed into law in 2002 by President George W. Bush. The paper describes the rationale governing the Act as well as the desired outcomes. It also describes criticism of the Act by various parties, both before and after its passage and then briefly describes the success of the Act in achieving its desired outcomes.
From the Paper
"Others, however, maintain that NCLB does precisely what it is designed to do. Representatives from the U.S. Department of Education stress NCLB's successes, noting that the fourth anniversary of NCLB has come with increased student performance in all domains assessed by the testing process. Schools and teachers are also conforming to the increased emphasis on certification and are engaged in improving student performance. The criticisms of funding are dismissed on the grounds that the money has come in different venues to the states, or that it will be reimbursed in the future. Finally, the testing process continues to be refined and doing so is a work in process: the initial phase of NCLB is concluding and after this point, the previously-stated beneficial outcomes of the testing process can be realized (Hess & Petrilli, 2006)."
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Educational Providers and Internet Delivery, 2007.
Argues that educational providers must focus on online usage patterns in order to anticipate their clients' needs and capitalize on growth prospects of online educational programming.
1,445 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 11 sources, APA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper addresses the need to place Internet usage and potential at the center of marketing research done by educational providers going forward. The paper provides data on usage patterns, publics which are served through online programming, growth rates of online programs, and the need of providers to be opportunistic in developing programs.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Arguments
Internet Usage Patterns and Other Media Forms
Internet Access and Learning Opportunities
Opportunistic Educational Marketing
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Before considering how Internet usage is affecting the role that other media forms play in the delivery of information, it is important first to briefly consider general Internet usage patterns and the role that education information plays in Internet usage. Dickinson and Ellison (1999) wrote that at the turn of the century, 36% of Canadian households had "frequent users" of the Internet. By 2005, 64% of Canadians aged 18 or over indicated that they used the Internet "at least once a day." These findings show that Internet usage is growing in frequency as a forum for media delivery generally."
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Second Language Acquisition, 2007.
This paper evaluates Marcel Danesi's "Adesso! A Functional Introduction to Italian, Second Edition" as a second language acquisition (SLA) textbook.
1,593 words (approx. 6.4 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 52.95
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Abstract
This paper examines Marcel Danesi's "Adesso! A Functional Introduction to Italian, Second Edition" in light of current theories in second language acquisition (SLA). The paper also analyzes how the text would function in a general classroom context. The paper relates that if "Adesso!" is evaluated in terms of meeting its stated objectives and in terms of the current theoretical models regarding SLA, then it clearly passes evaluation as a useful classroom textbook. The paper concludes that it can be highly recommended as a textbook for teaching Italian.
Outline:
Introduction
Organization Based on Interesting Topics and Cultural Contexts
Provide Activities for Students to Talk in Open-Ended Exercises
Inputs, Strategies and Tasks
Grammar and Vocabulary
The Question of Culture
Comparison of English and Italian Languages and Cultures
Opportunities for Further Exploration and Assessment
Cumulative Evaluation and Recommendation
From the Paper
"The organization of chapters and themes around their frequency of usage in everyday Italian speech is, admittedly, a rather arbitrary way of designing a text. After all, it is unclear how Danesi has determined what situations will be most frequent or functional. This being said, the range of everyday situations explored in the text is diverse and there is a level of progression through the text with succeeding chapters building upon, and referencing, previous ones."
"The text does contain some dialogues that allow students to converse with each other. These are sometimes open-ended, comprising of "interviews" in which one student may ask another student questions with no fixed answers (Danesi 82)."
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Sleep Deprivation at College, 2008.
This paper discusses poor sleeping habits as a college epidemic.
946 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 33.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that college students all over the world spend many hours completing assignments and maintaining their social life. The writer points out that these long hours often require the student to borrow time from sleep in order to complete all their tasks and continue their social life. The writer maintains that this is unfortunate for the student, community and university because this borrowed time from sleep reduces a student's awareness and productivity. The writer discusses that what many students do not realize is that sleep deprivation can lead to serious medical issues, failing grades, mental issues and in some extreme case, even death. The writer argues that that education about sleep deprivation should be offered in universities and should also be monitored by peers and families.
From the Paper
"First and foremost, it must be determined that the student is not suffering from a sleep related disorder. There is a difference between choosing to forego sleep the inability to sleep. If a student has trouble falling asleep or staying asleep without outside interruptions on a consistent basis they should seek medical treatment. There are other symptoms of sleep disorders such as headaches upon waking, loud snoring and feeling of tiredness even though a full eight hours of sleep was obtained. If the student chooses to stay at a party until 3 AM and is exhausted the next morning it can safely be assumed that the cause is not a sleep disorder but any inflicted measure. On the other hand if the student went to bed at a descendant time and woke the next morning feeling tired and un-rested the student could be suffering from a sleep disorder. There are a number of medications and treatments that can alleviate the symptoms of sleep disorders. A visit to a medical physician can confirm whether or not the student may have a sleep disorder and they can begin treatment accordingly."
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