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Article Review: Why Toddlers Bite, 2008.
This paper reviews an article titled 'A New Bit on Toddler Biting- The Influence of Food, Oral Motor Development, and Sensory Activities' by Ramming, Kyger and Thompson published in "Young Children".
760 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 1 source, APA, $ 27.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that one of the most upsetting events for parents and children is when a child is bitten by another child. The author points out that the article addresses this problem from the standpoint of developmental problems including oral motor development, sensory integration and behavioral organization. The paper relates that Ramming, Kyger and Thompson believe that the best way to stop children from biting is to meet their developmental needs. The author surmises that, basically, children bite in reaction to different senses that they do not understand. The paper cites that the article suggests that the ways to prevent biting includes feeding the children foods that they can chew on and giving them oral stimulation brushes and other chewing objects.
From the Paper
"The authors believe biting is linked to oral development or the suck, swallow, and breathe synchrony. Children bite in order to change the environment. When a child feels stressed, the child bites to ease the stress. Sensory integration is related to the normal vision, hearing, taste, smell, and touch, but also proprioceptive sense, vestibular sense, and tactile sense. When any of these are threatened, a child may bite (Running, Kyger, and Thompson, 2006, 18). Children cannot understand many of the senses that they are feeling so they bite to reduce the stress. The hypothesis by the authors states centers on the belief that a child bites when he is trying to respond to a situation but lacks the ability to handle the situation."
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Family Size and Educational Attainment, 2008.
This paper explores the relationship between family size and educational attainment.
1,092 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 38.95
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Abstract
The paper looks at studies that demonstrate how family size has an adverse effect upon the educational attainment of children. The paper then discusses a study that showed that Muslim nuclear families blessed with strong extended family ties can be large ones without their size negatively impacting the educational attainment of young people. The paper concludes that while there does seem to be a correlation between family size and educational attainment, other factors clearly come into play.
From the Paper
"To begin with, it must be noted that the correlation between family size and educational attainment is a phenomenon that can be explained by some (but not all) sociological theories. Structuralism, for one, is a sociological theory (as most students of sociology well know) that holds that people are shaped by the larger society of which they are part. In short, the values, the institutions, and the culture of a society shape the roles and actions individuals will play in life (incidentally, for an interesting comparison of structuralism to individualism within sociological theory, please see Gannon & Freidheim, 877-882)."
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Educational Leadership and School Environments, 2008.
This paper researches how a focus on developing educational leadership can provide teachers with new motivation in creating the best possible classroom and learning experiences.
2,762 words (approx. 11.0 pages), 14 sources, APA, $ 82.95
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Abstract
The paper examines educational leadership as it is now pursued in the English-speaking world in relation to often trying school environments and difficult student bodies. The paper shows how teaching leadership does seem to promise support for challenging work environments, nonexistent public support, budgetary and policy constraints and rising delinquency and youth criminality. The paper reviews the literature of leadership in education that highlights the tremendous things principals and teachers can achieve that will help change their societies and the course of disadvantaged students' lives.
Outline:
Introduction
Leadership
Teachers and Principals
Learning from Tough Schools
Student Benefits
Discussion
Last Remarks
From the Paper
"Comparable attention to leadership appeared in late 20th century business administration texts to point to leaders as the answer to then uncertain organizations and industries undergoing rapid change. Rather than a staff-line or hierarchical structure, business organizations had to be flexible as management tiers disappeared with down-sizing and restructuring, stopgaps found in individual able to motivate workers and see projects through to completion. This literature borrowed from ideals of military leadership that can be poorly understood by the public, failing to see how best officers are those intensely concerned for those under them. (See Fullan:2001) Like conscientious teachers, they ensure that their decisions are sound, take responsibility for the results of their decisions, do not waver from a well-grounded plan but are also flexible and stable in the face of unexpected reversals."
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Five Principles of Quality Classroom Assessment, 2008.
This paper describes five Ontario guidelines aiding teachers in quality classroom assessment of creative writing in Grades 1-6.
1,587 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 51.95
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Abstract
The paper addresses (1) quality assessment of what and how students learn; (2) assessments serving students who are learning the language of instruction; (3) assessment towards clear instructions; (4) the ability of students to assess their own learning and (5) samples of students' work as evidence of achievement. These five sections are examined in relation to messages for the classroom teacher, steps towards implementation, signs of being on the right track and finally, how technology might assist in a task or project.
Outline:
Quality Assessment of What Students Learn and How They Learn.
Assessment Serving Students Learning the Language of Instruction
Quality Classroom Assessment Ensuring Clear Instructions
Quality Classroom Assessment and Student Self-Assessment
Samples of Student Work as Evidence of Achievement
Conclusion
From the Paper
"A: The key message for the classroom teacher is to develop an ability to observe students' different ways of expressing themselves, remembering that some students are able to learn from watching others, or listening to the teacher's views, whereas other students must perform an exercise practically, and from which such students often tend to learn quickly and concretely.
"B: The teacher should give instructions in different ways as in description, a demonstration of how she might perform the task, and when a task is underway, encouraging students. Work is not simply assigned and monitored for the class enters into a dynamic with the teacher involved."
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Popularization of Scientific Data Regarding Forms of Praise, 2007.
A review of various articles on learning theories and forms of praise by Carol Dweck.
791 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 28.95
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Abstract
This paper examines Carol Dweck's research on learning theories and forms of praise. The paper explains that Carol Dweck's research presents one of the earliest statements of a theory of "learned helplessness" as an impediment to learning in children. The paper looks at how Dr. Dweck asserts that praise along the lines of "Gee, you're really smart!" could actually teach a child learned helplessness, while praise phrased in terms of "Gee, you must have worked really hard to do that!" could encourage the children to develop creative thinking and problem-solving skills. The paper points out that Dr. Dweck adopts a tone that is clearly intended for a general audience, and especially for parents seeking to enhance their children's educational success.
From the Paper
"In current American culture, with its tremendous emphasis on success in education, Dr. Dweck's research has been widely popularized. Recently, a prominent article in New York relied heavily on her theories in presenting an account of a young boy whose IQ ranks him in the top 100th of the top 1% of all students. Yet this child, who had the trappings of a genius, did poorly in school. Reviewing Dweck's research and tracking her reasoning very closely, author Po Bronson explained how this research has shown that children are very sensitive to this sort of categorization, and very responsive to the "Gee, you must have worked very hard!" sort of praise, and very vulnerable to the "you're smart" mis-praise."
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Hong Kong Students in Toronto, 2008.
A discussion of the challenges facing Hong Kong students studying in Toronto.
1,695 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 13 sources, MLA, $ 54.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the challenges facing Hong Kong students studying in Toronto. The paper explains that these students face social and cultural problems because Chinese people have experienced a great deal of discrimination in Canada and this has resulted in a high degree of isolation from mainstream Canadian culture for many of these students.
The paper further points out that in order to examine the experiences of international students from Hong Kong in Toronto it is necessary to look at these experiences from a social and cultural perspective, as well as an educational perspective. The paper shows that differences between Hong Kong and Canada cause challenges for Hong Kong students studying in Toronto because they come from a very mixed system and then have to learn a totally new way of doing things that is very different from either of the systems with which they are familiar.
Outline:
Introduction
Hong Kong: A Special Case In China
Hong Kong Students In Toronto Universities
Social and Cultural Challenges
Educational Difficulties
Conclusions
From the Paper
"The number of students from Hong Kong in Toronto Universities is extremely difficult to determine. This is mainly due to the fact that statistics are largely deal with the national level. There are very few statistics available for individual cities. However, universities obtain data on how many students they obtain for given countries. York University had approximately 115 students from Hong Kong in 2002. The University of Toronto had approximately 280 students from Hong Kong is 2007. There are also approximately 80 students from Hong Kong at Ryerson. These figures indicate that there are approximately 475 students from Hong Kong studying in Toronto.
"Chinese people in Canada seem to experience a wide range of social and cultural challenges. Probably one of the largest challenges faced by most Chinese students in Toronto is the difficulty that many English speaking Canadians have with certain aspects of Chinese culture. Many Chinese students use English names so that English speaking Canadians will not struggle with their Chinese names. "
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School Computer Costs, 2008.
This paper looks at the issue of computer-based technology and discusses the hidden costs of school computers.
1,885 words (approx. 7.5 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 60.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that computer literacy is a necessity in the world today, especially in the business world and one of the roles of the school is to prepare students for entering that world. Many students are familiar with computers from their use at home, but one of the divides developing is between those who have a computer and access to the Internet and those who do not. The classroom is one place where this divide can be alleviated. The writer points out that school districts recognize the need and have been purchasing computers and the needed software and have been making the computer part of the classroom experience. The writer notes that the cost of this can be high and discusses that there are also hidden costs to implementing such a system that districts may not recognize. The writer maintains that there may be costs to the students as well in terms of developing a different relationship with the classroom and adapting to the instructional methods. The writer concludes that the added costs for the school district are the major concern and that the district has to recognize some of these costs and be prepared to pay them. The bibliography includes a brief description of each source.
From the Paper
"Technology assists in these methods by providing projects to be developed, aiding in the process of inquiry, and developing and solving problems. Computer-based technology is particularly well-suited to the needs of students in these types of learning environment, answering many of the questions raised and shaping the way the student approaches material. For the most part, however, K-12 schools in the United States have not felt the expected positive impact of technology as they should, as Norris and Soloway note as they cite reports from different parts of the country showing that while American schools have more technology than any other country's schools, student achievement does not show that this has increased learning to the degree predicted. The authors find that one reason for this is because the six conditions cited above have not been fulfilled, with problems with access being one of the major failures .."
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Article Critique: The Community Nurse and Learning Disabilities, 2008.
A critique of the research reported by O. Barr in the article "The Evolving Role of Community Nurses for People with Learning Disabilities; Change over an 11-Year-Period".
1,965 words (approx. 7.9 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 62.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews and critiques O. Barr's article "'The Evolving Role of Community Nurses for People with Learning Disabilities; Change over an 11-Year-Period", found in the "Journal of Clinical Nursing". The paper describes the intention of the study, the study's literature review, and the data collection process for the study. The paper further notes that the sample for Barr's study was based on a community of nurses involved directly with people with disabilities and that this sample was very appropriate to address the research problem and the stated objectives of the study. In addition, the paper explains that the research design was quantitative and then examines the results, findings, strengths and weaknesses of the study.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Article Critique
Problem, Purpose, Research Question
Literature Review
Ethical and Legal Issues
Sample- Sampling Design
Research Design
Data Collection: Methods and Strategies
Results and Findings
Strengths and Weaknesses
From the Paper
"The literature review includes a definition of the concept of learning disabilities as being made up of three aspects. These are a reduce ability to understand new or complex information; a reduced ability for independent coping; and these problems have to be present before the age of 18 years and produce a lasting effect on development. The way that learning abilities are defined will later become one of the variables because the definition determines the nurses' approach and role for these clients. The aspect of coping, for example, means that the nurses do not look upon learning disabilities as simply a matter of cognitive impairments."
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Reading Comprehension and Fluency, 2008.
An analysis of four articles with regards to students reading comprehension and fluency.
1,359 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews four scholarly articles which address reading comprehension and reading fluency. The paper looks at the main considerations of each paper, the key ideas, the essential methodologies and the final conclusions. Further, the writer discusses what he has learned from reviewing the aforementioned materials and how this will impact upcoming research projects.
From the Paper
"Turning to Jenkins and Fuchs, they are aided by the fact that their sample size of 113 students is considerably larger than the relatively puny sample sizes offered by Calhoon and by Yurick et al. Furthermore, Jenkins and Fuchs employ correlation and hierarchical regression analysis to determine the accuracy and validity of their findings; Yurick et al do not employ anything approximating this. Finally, Calhoon does use the WJ-III Compu-score and Profiles Program in addition to ANOVA - but her sample size is so tiny (only 38 students) that one is left to wonder how truly reflective it really is."
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Learning and Development, 2008.
This paper discusses the interaction between learning and development.
2,564 words (approx. 10.3 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 77.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that teaching school-aged children is an involved and psychological process, involving a variety of problems that must be overcome in order to ensure success. The writer discusses that the underlying principles of this issue were initially expressed in three simple yet specific theoretical positions: the assumption that processes of child development are independent of learning; that learning is development; and that the relationship between learning and development subdues the conflicts of the other two principles by joining with them. However, the writer notes that more recent thinking has trended in a different direction - toward the notion of various levels of development relative to learning. The writer concludes with the opinion that no schoolchild can adequately be taught unless the curriculum focuses on zones of proximal development.
Outline:
Introduction
Early Thinking on Child Learning
Theoretical Position 1: Child Development Processes are Independent of Learning
Theoretical Position 2: Learning Is Development
Theoretical Position 3: The Relationship Between Learning and Development Counters the Extremities of the Former Two Principles by Joining Them
The Zone of Proximal Development Position
Conclusion
Reference List
From the Paper
"Such thinking seems to suggest that the human mind is not, as was once thought, a complex combination of general capabilities including observation, attention, judgment, memory and so on, but rather an extensive, largely independent set of separate capabilities. Learning does not affect one's overall ability to focus attention on subject matter, but rather it improves ones ability to focus better on the learnt matter.
"This thinking, made famous by Thorndike, has been opposed by both Koffka and the Gestalt School, proponents of the third theoretical position. Rather, these latter critics propose that learning is never specific, but is interactive and general. Learning of a specific operation, the researchers attest, stimulates a structural network of a kind that can be applied to other forms of learning. Learning is not simply the process of habit, acquiring skills, nor based on simple identity: it is complex."
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Working Mothers and Child Care, 2008.
This paper explores whether leaving children in a child care facility is detrimental to a baby's attachment to its mother.
1,892 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 60.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the concern of new mothers that leaving a baby in a child care facility will diminish its ability to recognize its mother. The paper explains that those who select a good child care facility have little reason for concern about attachment. The paper looks at the sociological research that has proven that high-quality child care is beneficial for babies and young children and does not diminish attachment to the mother.
From the Paper
"Many new mothers have deep concerns that returning to work shortly after giving birth and leaving their baby in a child care facility every day could have a detrimental effect on the baby's ability to recognize its mother. They have a tendency to believe that frequent contact with their baby is necessary in order for a mother-child bond to form, develop, and be maintained. Consequently, they wonder if child care is always bad for babies and young children.
"I can offer reassurance in response to these concerns, for many sociological studies have been conducted in order to identify the influence of childcare on babies and young children, and most of these studies indicate that there are no negative effects. For example, Bengt-Erik Andersson's (1992) research and analysis of this issue indicates
that child-care is beneficial for babies. He studied socioemotional behavior such as attentiveness versus distractibility, impulsivity and short temper, assertiveness, and interactions with others, and none of his study results "indicated negative effects of day-care during infancy.""
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"Criticism and the Public Arts", 2008.
This paper defends the course "Criticism and the Public Arts" as a beginning point in understanding how to apply academic methods of study to all aspects of art and communication.
2,140 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 66.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that "Criticism and the Public Arts" is a course that talks about art in society and about what is and is not accepted in society. The author points out that these issues need to be given a stronger academic treatment because the subject matter is not what decides whether a course of study is sufficiently rigorous but rather the methodology applied. The paper relates that a critique of public art is not merely a compendium of what one likes or does not like but instead necessarily includes an assessment of the appropriateness of the public art and of the complexities of communication. The author stresses that public art involves a number of decisions that can be characterized in theoretical terms and analyzed empirically as part of the process of developing an applicable theory.
From the Paper
"Critic Ruth Slavin begins by considering the writing that supports public art, noting that it stresses two different but complementary ideas: 1) public art is considered to stand in a direct, unmediated relationship with the audience; and 2) public art is seen as an exercise in cultural democracy. Slavin is clear about the supposed result of this as she writes that "the placement of art outside the normal venues of the gallery and the museum becomes an important tool for enlarging the possibilities for participation in the fine arts." However, Slavin further finds these to be "liberal good intentions" often faced with "public incomprehension and hostility."
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