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Electrostatics, 2005.
An insight to the theory of electrostatics.
1,700 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 55.95
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Abstract
This paper introduces some of fundamental concepts of electrostatics including: electric surface charge density, electric flux density, Coulomb's Law and the Gauss's Theorem.
Paper Outline:
Electric Charge
Electric Surface Charge Density
Electric Flux and Electric Flux Density
Fields and Potential
Electric Potential
Electric Field Strength
Coulomb's Law
The E Field for a Point of Change
Electric Potential in a Field Due to a Single Point Charge
Surface Charge Density and Curvature
Electric Field as the (Negative) Gradient of Potential
Gauss's Theorem
References
From the Paper
"In some substances, particularly metals, negatively charged particles (electrons) can move easily. Such substances are called electrical conductors. Other substances, in which electrons do not move freely, are called electrical insulators. There is another group of substances which are neither good conductors nor good insulators but which have become increasingly important in the last 50 years; these are called semiconductors."
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Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) Networks, 2005.
An examination of different aspects of Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) networks and switches.
4,830 words (approx. 19.3 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 123.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) networks and switches including the problems associated with the old existing networks and the introduction of Broadband Integrated Networks. The paper also compares ATM networks with the traditional circuit and packet switching systems as well as discussing different categories of ATM switches and buffering schemes.
Outline
Origins of ATM
Evolution to a Broadband Integrated Network
Service Characteristics
Information Rate and Burstiness
Service Examples
Transfer Modes
Extreme Transfer Modes
Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)
Benefits of ATM
ATM Cell Structure
Cell Size
BISDN Protocol Stack
Transmission Delay
Header Functionality
Virtual Paths
Statistical Multiplexing
Making an ATM Call
ATM Switching
Classification of Switch Fabrics
Time Division Switch Fabrics
Shared Medium Single Bus Structure
Space Division Fabrics
Single Path Self Routing Switch
Switch Problems
Buffering
From the Paper
"Asynchronous Transfer Mode is a digital technique for high speed switching. The unit of multiplexing and switching is a cell which comprises a short fixed length information packet with a fixed length header to carry signalling information. By offering access at the cell level, information from many sources with widely differing activity patterns and transmission rates can be interleaved on a single transmission link or switched through an ATM node. As in other packet switching environments capacity is used only when it is needed."
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IEEE 802.11 Wireless LANs, 2005.
Examines different aspects of IEEE 802.11 Wireless LANs by using analytical methods and simulation.
13,943 words (approx. 55.8 pages), 14 sources, MLA, $ 249.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the efficiency of the access algorithms in IEEE 802.11 infrastructure wireless LANs. The first part of the paper provides an overview of the access algorithms that are in used in IEEE 802.11 implementations. A mathematical model of the carrier sense protocols is introduced and analyzed through the second part. The main part of the paper is devoted to simulation of IEEE 802.11 infrastructure networks. For this purpose a discrete event simulator has been designed and implemented. Finally the results are presented and discussed.
Table of Contents
IEEE 802.11 Wireless LANS
IEEE 802.11 Access Algorithms
Mathematical Analysis of the Carrier Sense Protocols
Non-Slotted Non-Persistent CSMA
Slotted Non-Persistent CSMA
Simulation of IEEE 802.11 Infrastructure WLANS
Traffic Modeling
The Simulation Model
Simulation Results
Summary
References
The Simulator Source Codes
From the Paper
"Nowadays, wireless LANs, also known as WLANs, are used widely as an alternative for the wired LANs. In Comparison with the traditional wired LANs, WLANs provide more flexibility and higher ROI (Return On Investment) for both providers and customers. Also in some cases (such as disaster discovery), it is impossible to set up a wired LAN. Since setting up a WLAN does not need a great starting investment (especially in the case of ad hoc operation), it is considered to be an ideal choice for any temporary network connectivity requirement in local scales. For these reasons, the WLAN's productivity has increased rapidly during recent years."
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Pulse Code Modulation (PCM), 2005.
An examination of different aspects of Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) by using analytical methods and simulation.
5,755 words (approx. 23.0 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 138.95
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Abstract
The main purpose of this paper is to analyze different aspects of Pulse Code Modulation including sampling theory, aliasing, quantizing and effect of non-uniform quantization. Each part of the paper begins with the theoretical analysis; then the simulation results are presented. Finally the practical measurement results are demonstrated and discussed. For better analysis and subjective evaluation of quantization process, a Java-MATLAB application is developed (the source codes are included). Finally in the conclusion, the main points of each part are summarized.
Outline
Introduction
Pulse Modulations
Pulse Code Modulation
Sampling
Nyquist Sampling Theorem and the Aliasing Distortion
Zero Order Hold (ZOH)
Effect of Output Pulse Width
Aliasing Distortion
Variation of the Output Filter Bandwidth
Quantization
PCM Quantization Analysis: Java-MATLAB Software Application
Peak clipping
Quantization Distortion
Spectrum of Quantization Noise
Non-Uniform Quantization
The i law
Quantization Distortion for a Companded System
Conclusion
References
Appendix A: Java Software Source code
From the Paper
"Sampling is the first step in any pulse modulation system. In fact by sampling, a signal is represented by set of discrete samples. If the frequency of the sampling is high enough, the original signal can be recovered from the samples. This concept will be examined with more details later. From the mathematical point of view, the sampling process can be considered as the multiplication of the message signal by a train of Dirac impulses. "
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Frequency Modulation: Analysis and Simulation, 2005.
Examines different aspects of Frequency Modulation by using analytical methods and simulation. Both techniques are fully described through the paper.
4,105 words (approx. 16.4 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 110.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes and simulates the performance of the frequency modulation (FM). The paper begins with an introduction to FM modulation and provides a full mathematical background information in regards with the FM. (This includes FM spectral analysis and introducing and simulating the role of the Bessel function and the frequency sidebands). The FM bandwidth requirements is discussed and simulated by using the MATLAB/Simulink. The simulation model and initialization steps are completely demonstrated and the results are discussed. The effect of adding noise to a FM modulated signal is analyzed and the results are presented. (This includes analysis of threshold effect and the mathematical relationship between signal to noise and carrier to noise.) The results of practical measurements are presented at the end of each part. The paper includes figures and graphs.
Contents:
1. Abstract
2. Frequency Modulation
A. Description:
B. Why Modulation?
C. Modulation Types
D. FM Modulation
E. FM Spectral analysis
3. Determining Kf (the deviation constant)
A. DC Method
B. Time Domain method
C. The Spectrum Analyzer Method
D. FSK Method
4. Effect of Band-pass Filtering
Simulating the Effect of Band-pass Filtering using SIMULINK
5. Effect of Adding Noise to an FM Signal
6. Conclusion
7. References
From the Paper
"As explained before, in FM modulation, there is a linear relation between frequency deviation and voltage variation. (At the receiver site, demodulator use this property to extract the message from the modulated signal). In other word, this means that if we sketch the graph of modulated signal frequency versus message signal's voltage for an arbitrary FM system, the slope of the graph would be a constant value and would be equal to Kf (deviation constant)."
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A New Football Stadium for Guildford, 2005.
A contemporary planning issue for Guildford, England and a proposal for a new football stadium.
2,421 words (approx. 9.7 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 74.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the wider issues of interaction between public, planning and politics and views the interaction of the three within the context a controversial development proposal - plans for a new football stadium in Guildford. The main inputs from politicians, the people and the planning system are discussed at various stages at the planning process.
From the Paper
"Guildford is a town that has seen the relative decline of its football abilities. The application was made as a direct response to the wish of AFC Guildford to progress to the Nationwide Conference League. The club currently play on the pitch at the centre of the running track at the Spectrum Leisure Centre. The track however is not capable of being upgraded to the requirements of the Conference football league. There is an area of green land adjacent to the Spectrum Leisure Centre, which it was felt could possibly accommodate better facilities. With these historical and practical issues in mind the planning application for a new stadium was submitted in February 2004. The stadium would be built by the Trinity Investment Co. Ltd on behalf of AFC Guildford. Such a large scale and controversial issue could not be decided within the normal eight week deadline. The application was concluded in January 2005."
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Genetic Engineering, 2004.
An analysis of the principles, uses and ethics of genetic engineering.
2,863 words (approx. 11.5 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 85.95
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Abstract
This paper explains, starting from the basics, what genetic engineering actually is, and how it is carried out. It details its uses in society and explains the risks involved and how to overcome them. Ethics and social values are included in the discussion.
Outline
Introduction
Principles of Genetic Engineering
Applications of Genetic Engineering
Hazards and Ethical and Social Implications of Genetic Engineering
From the Paper
"Restrictions have become less severe over the years, and genetic engineering is being applied more and more as public approval is constantly being sought. Nevertheless, this does not diminish the potential dangers of creating transgenic organisms. For example, consider the use of genetically modified organisms - GMO's - in the general environment, such as crop plants. Can such organisms be used safely? Suppose the pollen of these plants are transferred to wild relatives, thus injecting the gene into a different species. These plants may now act as weeds, and if the crop plants were engineered to be herbicide-resistant, then the weed will be similarly so. When a new type of oilseed rape resistant to the herbicide Basta was produced by the Belgian company 'Plant Genetic Systems' in 1994, there were concerns that rapeseed would act as a weed in hedgerows and would be impossible to control with Basta."
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Data Mining, 2005.
The paper is about data mining, which is the process of finding trends and patterns in data, often within a database.
3,546 words (approx. 14.2 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 99.95
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Abstract
Data mining has become a very important concept today and is used by companies all over the world to increase their profits and target the right market. The paper talks about the different aspects of data mining, tools used, and future trends in data mining. Data mining benefits are discussed in detail, and an entire discussion related to the trends in data mining is presented.
1-Background
2-Introduction
3-Data Mining Growth and Tools
4-The Data Mining Process
5-Data Mining Market Place Trends
6-The Data in Data Mining and Meta Data
7-Types of Data Mining Problems
8-Privacy and Ethical Sensitivity in Data Mining Results
9-Future Prospects of Data Mining
10-Works Cited
From the Paper
"Data, particularly in the vast diversity and immense quantity that it is available to modern business, was till recently almost very hard to find and understand. Yet, the comprehension of data is the most crucial step to extracting the knowledge that it contains. The scenario has drastically changed today where data is much more easily available and has become more "meaningful" with the utilization of Data Mining. Today, technology offers business managers powerful new tools for gleaning knowledge from data-the essentials of data mining. Data mining has become increasingly important to mainstream companies to become more competitive both in their workings and their customer based relationships. Data mining, as such is of great interest because it is imperative for organizations to grasp the competitive value of information contained within their data repositories. There are a number of pertinent benefits of data mining. First of all, data mining provides the tools and techniques that are essential for optimization of customer relationships. Secondly, data mining provides an automatic method of discovering patterns in data. Thirdly, but not the least, data mining tools can identify the relationships that are actually present in historical data."
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Green Cars, 2005.
This paper discusses how "green" cars are designed to reduce emissions, thereby lessening problems of ever-increasing air pollution, which causes asthma and lung cancer.
2,910 words (approx. 11.6 pages), 12 sources, APA, $ 86.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that "green" cars are vehicles that drive just like any other vehicle, except they are at least 90% cleaner-burning than the standard vehicle on the road, thereby emitting a lower amount of pollutants into the air. The author points out that the most popular models, which are mass-produced on the market right now, are called 'hybrids' because these vehicles have hybrid motors that use a mix of a gasoline engine and electric motor with a large battery that keeps energy flowing to the electric motor with no need to "plug" it in to recharge; when the cars get to "cruising" speed, they switch to the electric motor, letting it do most of the work. The paper stresses the financial benefits, which add to the environmental and health reasons to buying a "green" car; the actual purchase price does not vary too much from the regular gas-burning model, and the savings annually in gas can be tremendous. Tables.
Table of Contents
Introduction
The Current Quality of the Air We Breathe
Health Consequences of the Deteriorating Environment
Explaining the Need
Future Predictions of our Environmental Destruction
Identifying Those at Risk
"Green" Cars
What They Are
How These Vehicles Can Help "Clear the Air"
Financial Benefits from These Vehicles
Where Can They Be Found
Different Makes and Models Available
Concept Cars on the Way
Other Solutions
From the Paper
"While companies like Honda and Toyota are more aggressively bringing hybrids to market, GM decided last year to focus its most advanced hybrid technology on its largest, least-fuel-efficient, high-volume vehicles models. It plans for them to reach showrooms in 2007. The Toyota Prius and Honda Civic Hybrids have been rated at averaging 60 miles per gallon, which has captured the attention of many producers, designers, engineers and consumers. This is encouraging because automakers are taking notice of the problems with our environment and actually coming up with ways to help fight for the cause."
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The Evolution of Electrical Engineering, 2005.
A comprehensive analysis of the history of electrical engineering and current and future trends in the field.
2,321 words (approx. 9.3 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 71.95
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Abstract
This paper provides an overview and background of the history of electrical engineering. The paper discusses some of its key contributors and examines the primary functions of electrical and electronic engineers today. The paper explores the future trends in employment in this field. A summary of the research is presented in the conclusion.
From the Paper
"Knowledge of electricity is certainly not new. The fact that amber ("electra" in Greek) when rubbed will attract light objects has been well established for more than 2,000 years. Likewise, the unique properties of the lodestone or magnet have been widely known and used by mankind for a wide variety of purposes for over 1,000 years; however, it was not until the eighteenth century, that significant progress was made in the understanding and use of electrical energy (Electronics 1). Today, electrical engineering embraces a wide range of sciences and disciplines, and the applications for such processes continue to be identified and expanded."
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Whitewater Parks, 2005.
A discussion about the benefit of man-made, whitewater parks.
1,241 words (approx. 5.0 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 42.95
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Abstract
This paper argues that whitewater parks can transform a dull, slow-moving river into a whitewater haven that is a kayaker's dream and an engineering feat. It looks at the economic, environmental, and recreational benefits of such a creation and concludes that these man-made water parks are to everyone's benefit.
From the Paper
"In 1972 a whitewater park was built in Augsburg, Germany for the Munich Olympic Games. Since then whitewater parks have become very popular in the United States and other countries (7). There are already over 40 whitewater parks built all over the world. There are almost 20 proposed whitewater parks in the building or planning stages currently in the U.S. Internationally there are at least four parks currently in the same stages (2). Gary Lacy, a pioneer whitewater engineer said "I'm just as surprised as anyone else at how popular these parks are in the community in general and the whitewater community," (1). There are two proposed whitewater parks in Pennsylvania, one in Johnstown, and another in Williamsport (2). Although no information could be obtained pertaining to the Williamsport project, through a discussion with Ben Faas the design engineer for the Johnstown Greenhouse Park and Stonycreek River Whitewater Improvement Project some design questions were answered. Mr. Faas said, "Whitewater sports are growing and growing now a days and kayakers especially need a place to play in the summer months, and a whitewater park is just the answer!", "This is the first whitewater park that I have ever worked so I am coming up with the preliminary designs and Gary Lacy, an experienced whitewater engineer from Boulder, CO is making all of the refinements." Mr. Faas spoke of the benefits that will follow the completion of the whitewater park (5)."
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Engineering for Tropical Hazard Mitigation, 2005.
A case study of hazard mitigation, which describes the technology and design that should be used to make a storm-proof house.
2,785 words (approx. 11.1 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 83.95
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Abstract
This paper explains how and why hazard mitigation is our best defense against the power of tropical storms. The paper also describes and explains the technology and design used for hazard mitigation and that the use of technology and engineering are the best ways to integrate mitigation into buildings.
From the Paper
"On August 24th, 1992, Hurricane Andrew appeared on the horizon, off of Florida's south eastern coastline. Winds of over 170 miles per hour blasted through Florida's peninsula while a seventeen foot storm surge caused severe coastal flooding to many of the major roadways and utilities (Provenzo, 2002). Figure 1 shows the pressure that can be created, per foot, by blowing winds. Florida would bear the brunt of the storm as it moved due west bisecting much of southern Florida, on August 25th, the storm finished movement over the peninsula, and turned north to Louisiana, a low lying area (Provenzo, 2002). The hurricane then would move north, and slowly dissipate as it reached the interior of the United States of America. When the storm was over, many families were in shock to see most of their houses destroyed, and many of the roadways inundated with standing water. The cost of the Hurricane in the United States was $26.5 billion in damage in the United States, of which $1 billion occurred in Louisiana and the rest in south Florida (Provenzo, 2002). The cost in human lives would also be high for the United States, twenty three people would die the day the hurricane first hit land, and thirty one people would die in the days after the hurricane initially made landfall. Eighteen of the 54 direct deaths attributed to Hurricane Andrew occurred during the recovery phase (Cook, 1995). Of those identified, eight were stress-induced heart attacks, three were either people falling in damaged buildings or hit by debris while cleaning up, and two were children who died in fires in damaged homes. This large number is placed into perspective when also confronted with the fact that nationwide, hurricanes annually account for an average of 17 deaths. The vast majority of the damage in Florida was due to the winds. Many of the house designs at the time overlooked the additional costs of adapted the most up to date techniques of home construction, which have a chance to mitigate the threat of a hurricane (Cook,1995). Those that did utilize construction techniques capable of coping with high winds returned to find many of their homes destroyed. Debris that reached over 85 miles an hour crashed into the house, puncturing the sides and allowing high pressures of wind to enter destroying the main structure by applying pressure from the inside out. Many people believed there seemed to be no way to cope with the power of the hurricane after hurricane Andrew. The aftermath of Hurricane Andrew jumpstarted the industry of engineering a home to survive the high powered winds, devastating storm surge, and heavy weighted debris that can accompany a hurricane. Many of the newest home designs would be tested, not in a computer, or in a wind tunnel, but in the middle of four hurricanes. One of the worst hurricane seasons ever recorded would occur twelve years after Hurricane Andrew, in September of 2004. Mitigation represents our best defense against the power of tropical storms, and the use of technology and engineering are the best ways to integrate mitigation into buildings."
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