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Disaster at Three Mile Island, 2000.
A report on how nuclear reactors work, what kinds there are and what happened at Three Mile Island.
3,245 words (approx. 13.0 pages), 7 sources, $ 93.95
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Abstract
This report investigates the effects of the nuclear reaction accident at Three Mile Island. It includes a chronology, a detailed description of the after affects, and highlights ways to prevent future disasters such as Three Mile Island. The author also examines the process that nuclear reactors use to harness nuclear energy, and describes the many types of reactors out there.
From the Paper
"Three Mile Island? To many, those three words are associated with other words like ?nuclear meltdown?, ?radioactive release?, and ?damaged environment.? Many people know very little about how a nuclear reactor works, what kinds of nuclear reactors there are, exactly what happened at Three Mile Island, and how many dangers could have been prevented. The truths behind these ideas, and facts to back them up are all apparent in this paper."
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Chemical Mechanical Planarization, 2001.
A look and review at the models of chemical mechanical planarization.
2,431 words (approx. 9.7 pages), 26 sources, $ 74.95
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Abstract
This paper shows that one of the main concerns in Chemical Mechanical Planarization processing is the material removal rate (MRR). The paper also critically reviews the existing MRR models of CMP and compares the assumptions, application aspects and limitations of the two groups? models.
From the Paper
"Chemical Mechanical Planarization (CMP) is the process of surface smoothing and planing by a combination of mechanical action and chemical dissolution. This process is achieved by rubbing a work piece against a polishing pad under load in the presence of chemically active slurry containing an abrasive. CMP is one of the most effective planarization technologies for achieving smaller feature size for the integrated circuit (IC) industry. "
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Copper Electroplating, 2001.
1,380 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 18 sources, $ 46.95
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Abstract
This paper introduces the compositions and operating parameters of cyanide and acid copper plating baths. The advantages and limitations of two electroplated copper interconnection methods are compared. Furthermore, a state of the art copper electroplating technique, namely, super filling copper plating, is investigated. Finally possible research endeavors to extend this technique are rendered.
From the paper:
From the Paper
" Copper (Cu) is one of most commonly used pure metals in the electrical industry. This is because that copper has a low conduct resistivity (about 6?10-8W-m), which is fit for the low resistivity electrical connections. There are various methods to deposit Cu film; for example, ECD1 (electroplating and electroless plating), PVD2 (sputtering and evaporation) and sometimes CVD methods3 can be used. Among these techniques, electroplating is the one with the least cost and the highest deposition rate which can be controlled properly by varying the applied current. Most important of all, the thickness of the copper coating deposited by the electroplating can be as high as several centimeters (such as in the electro-forming technology). Because of these advantages, the copper electroplating attracts a lot of interests in the microelectronic fabrications in recent years."
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Cobalt-based Hard Magnetic Films, 2001.
A highly technical paper that reviews literature on the operating procedure and magnetic properties of electrochemical deposited Co-based magnetic films.
2,057 words (approx. 8.2 pages), 13 sources, $ 64.95
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Abstract
This report reviews literature on the operating procedure and magnetic properties of electrochemical deposited Co-based magnetic films. The significance and limitations of electrochemical deposit Co-based magnetic films are analyzed.
From the Paper
" Hard magnetic materials have been a focus of interest in electrical engineering for years because of their applications as media in recording and potential applications in fabricating magnetic MEMS devices due to the strong magnetic field produced by them in absence of applying magnetic field1.2. Besides the hard ferrites and Nd2Fe14 B1, Cobalt or Cobalt-RE based magnets are mostly used hard magnetic materials because of their good magnetic properties as well as their excellent mechanical properties1. Generally speaking, Cobalt based hard magnetic materials are fabricated by PVD methods such as RF sputtering or evaporation. However, it is likely to be time and money consuming to apply these procedures, especially for a relatively thick film, say, 20mm or more, is needed. Furthermore, the fabrication of the film-type magnets on silicon wafers with CMOS integrated circuits has been considered as one of the most extremely difficult tasks due to the fabrication processing incompatibility between them."
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Electroplated Cobalt-Based Films, 2001.
1,676 words (approx. 6.7 pages), 11 sources, $ 54.95
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Abstract
This report reviews literature on magnetic properties of electroplated Co-based magnetic films. The significance and limitations of electroplating Co-based magnetic films are analyzed. Complete with diagrams and charts.
From the Paper
"Hard magnetic materials (permanent magnets) are suitable for use as media in recording and to fabricate magnetic MEMS devices because they can produce strong fields without having to apply a current to a coil; hence, they attracted more attentions in the electrical engineering recently [1-2]. Besides the hard ferrites and Nd2Fe14 B1, Cobalt or Cobalt-RE based magnets are mostly used hard magnetic materials. [1] Because of their good magnetic properties as well as their excellent mechanical properties. General speaking, Cobalt based hard magnetic materials can be fabricate by CVD or PVD such as RF sputtering, which will take pretty long time and cost much if one want to make relatively thick film that is around 20 mm or even thicker. Also, the fabrication of the film-type magnets on silicon wafers with CMOS integrated circuits has been considered as one of the most extremely difficult tasks due to the fabrication processing incompatibility between them [3]."
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Engineering Disaster, 2001.
A detailed look at the dangers associated with the genetic engineering of food.
1,440 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 7 sources, $ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper gives some background on the genetic engineering of food. The author focuses on the dangers that stem from genetically engineered food such as possible medical side effects and repercussions to the environment. The author advocates mandatory labeling of foods with genetically engineered ingredients and looks at regulations in other countries.
From the Paper
"By far the most severe environmental repercussion of GE crops is that they are a Pandora?s box, once they are planted, there is no way to control or recall them. Pollen from GE plants is spread in exactly the same manner as regular pollen, and, therefore, their genetic material will quickly spread to any surrounding fields. This is one of the main reasons why is truly impossible for people to know what they are eating. An organic tomato grown a mile away from a farm that grows GE tomatoes may or may not be infected. Scientists have no way of determining what kind of effects the release of all this genetic pollution will have on the ecosystem (Davis)."
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Models for Bipolar Junction Transistors, 2001.
This paper discusses modeling of bipolar junction transistors, specifically using the Ebers-Moll Model; included are graphs/charts/mathematical formulae.
1,041 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 0 sources, $ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses modeling of bipolar junction transistors, specifically using the Ebers-Moll Model. The author includes charts and graphs in support of the paper, as well as mathematical formulae and calculations.
From the Paper
"The purpose of this lab was to understand how models of transistor voltage and current relationships are used to explain the behavior of bipolar junction transistor (BJT) circuits.BJT circuits are used to amplify small fluctuations in input voltage or current into larger, more easily observed fluctuations in output voltage or current taken from another part of the circuit. The transistor voltages and currents are characterized by small fluctuations about their steady state, or quiescent, values."
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Bridging The Gap, 2000.
This is a background research paper on the history and advancements in bridges.
2,855 words (approx. 11.4 pages), 9 sources, $ 84.95
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Abstract
This is a paper about bridges. The author examines their function, history and design. Much attention is paid to different types of bridges such as arch, suspension, move-able bridges and floating bridges.
From the Paper
" A bridge is a structure designed to provide continuous passage over an obstacle. Bridges commonly carry highways, railroad lines, and pathways over obstacles such as waterways, deep valleys, and other transportation routes. Bridges may also carry water, support power cables, or house telecommunications lines.(1)
Some special types of bridges are defined according to function. An overpass allows one transportation route, such as a highway or railroad line, to cross over another without traffic interference between the two routes. The overpass elevates one route to provide clearance to traffic on the lower level while still letting the higher level flow easily. An aqueduct transports water. Aqueducts have historically been used to supply drinking water to densely populated areas. A viaduct carries a railroad or highway over a land obstruction, such as a valley.(1)"
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Genetic Engineering: Benefits Toward Society, 2001.
A persuasive paper describing the popular uneasiness revolving around genetic engineering. The paper provides counter examples to argue that genetic engineering causes more good than harm and that genetic engineering will lead society into the future.
1,845 words (approx. 7.4 pages), 15 sources, $ 59.95
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Analysis of the Permissibility of Human Cloning, 2001.
A look at the moral questions around human cloning and public opinion about the issue.
5,385 words (approx. 21.5 pages), 7 sources, $ 132.95
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Abstract
A look at the moral questions around human cloning. The author discusses the effects of mass media on views of cloning, the the religious and scientific questions centered around the topic and the influence that cloning has on society as a whole.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction
Media Representation of Cloning
Uniqueness and Individuality
Motivations Behind Cloning
The Mad Scientist
Religion on Cloning
Is Cloning Permissible
Crossing the Line
Science and Religion
Unstoppable Science
Who is the Parent
The Dangers in Cloning.
Cellular Problems
A Twist on Creation
Medical OK Human-Cloning No Way
Government Regulations
Anti-abortionists
Clone Animals Benefits Human.
The Human Factor
Being Human ? A Life Worth Living
Expectations
Immortality
Author?s Opinions
Paradigms
Act/Result-based
Conclusions
Work Cited
From the Paper
"In the near future, we will have to face the fact that the course of science will always win and inevitability cloning of human or at least the cloning of organs will be performed. The question is ?is cloning human beings acceptable and where do we draw the line?? Cloning has sparked controversies over the past few years. With the race to map the DNA and its completion, it has steered up the imagination of our society of what to come. In this paper, we will discus how the mass media has influenced our views and values associated with a human life and the possibility of it being cloned. We will also look at the religious point of view as well as the science on this issue. We will take a quick look on how cloning has and will affect society along with what it is to be human. This technology is still new and a lot the following will be opinions, ideas and reflections on this issue. One must take them into consideration. If one simply jumps to a conclusion, then one is fool hearted and naive since it is still too early to make such a decision whether it is permissible to clone to clone human beings. There is simply no right or wrong answer, just a matter of moral, ethics and what you believe in. For decades, cloning has been a novelty of science fiction movies but with the resent development in biotechnology and the arrival of Dolly the cloned sheep, the possibility of cloning a human being came ever so close to reality."
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The Science of Life: How Discarded Embryos may be the Key to Medical Advance, 2001.
Discussion of the topic of embryonic stem cell research which looks at the advantages and critical arguments centered around the approach.
1,655 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 4 sources, $ 53.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at stem cell research using embryos. The author discusses the benefits of this type of research such as combating disease in the future. The author argues in favor of this type of research as he believes that this is a breaking step for medicine and provides counter-active arguments for the immorality and illegitimacy that is attached to embryo research.
From the Paper
"Since the dawn of mankind, humans have struggled to understand how and when life begins. Through countless developments in science and medicine, a much clearer understanding of the origin of life exists, as well as how the body itself works. Scientists of today have observed, in test tubes, the very first stages of life. And now scientists have discovered a new way to harness their knowledge of the origins of life in a way that promises to revolutionize medicine forever. Stem cell research is itself still in its infancy. In 1998, scientists at the University of Wisconsin and at Johns Hopkins University isolated and successfully cultured human pluripotent stem cells for the first time ever (?Fact Sheet?). These cells possess the potential to develop into nearly any type of cell in the body, including muscle, nervous, bone, blood, or skin."
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The Erector Set: An Engineering Toy, 2000.
A look at the influence of a toy that captures the child's imagination.
1,870 words (approx. 7.5 pages), 5 sources, $ 59.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at the engineering toy, the Erector Set. It explains the advantages to a child's development of a creative toy that captures the imagination. It looks at Froebal blocks and the Meccano Set, which ultimately lead to the development of the Erector Set.
From the Paper
"In the search to occupy time and provide amusement, parents go out of their way to buy children the toys they prefer. Toys serve many purposes for children: they give knowledge, they entertain, they instruct, and most importantly certain toys develop analyzing and creative skills that resurface throughout life. With the change towards mechanization that took place in society during the early twentieth century it is logical that a new type of toy was invented to fit the public?s desire. With the advent of the assembly line, interchangeable parts and the new concept of efficiency people of this era accepted new ideas, until these ideas were undeniably proven wrong. The freedom to construct without limits obtained by children playing with such toys as the Erector Set, created by A.C. Gilbert in 1913, is directly related to the high regard that engineers were viewed and to everyone?s wish to become engineers during that era."
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