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The Narmada Dam Project, 2005.
This paper discusses India's Narmada Dam Project including details of the project such as its location, general description and the ecological and human implications of the dam.
1,730 words (approx. 6.9 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 55.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, while the Narmada Dam Project represents modernity and a source of national prestige, it also poses a risk to the environment, economy and way of life for people in the region and has come under fire from environmentalists, politicians, human rights activists and local citizens. The author points out that proponents of the dam project, which has been in existence for over 20 years, claim the cost-benefit of power drawn from the dam system outweighs potential environmental and human rights issues. The paper relates that people have been displaced by this project resulting in a mass exodus within and outside the region of western India especially to Bangladesh, which has placed a burden on this country and international aid resources. This paper includes a map and two pictures of the area.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Project Details and Issues
Implications
Ecological
Human
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Barclay's (2005), a large bank in England and financier of the project, is concerned by the controversy embroiled in this this issue and is showing growing concern for their involvement when it was found that, "the dam reservoir will submerge up to 5800 hectares of forest" endangering preserved forests and peoples. The bank is concerned what kind of image this project will reflect toward theirs. There is concern for the instability of the land not only just environmentally but also geophysical. Still while the bank is concerned over the public relations issues of the project as it violates its own "green: policy, it has not pulled its funding but changed its involvement to an advisory basis."
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Drilling in Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, 2006.
The paper examines the debate regarding drilling in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge.
2,563 words (approx. 10.3 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 77.95
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Abstract
The Arctic National Wildlife Refuge is the most promising onshore area for oil exploration and one of the wildest areas remaining in the United States. Therefore, the conflict between the need to develop energy resources and the desire to preserve wild areas has led to the prolonged debate over the merits of programs to lease the region for oil exploration and development. According to the paper, drilling in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge would cause environmental costs that include some elements that are essentially certain, as well as elements that are uncertain, such as the unpredictable effects on the number and health of certain important species. The paper concludes that development is environmentally damaging no matter the cautions, because it alters the wild state of the region forever.
From the Paper
"When Alaska entered the Union in 1958, Congress transferred an exceptionally large amount of land to the new state, and at the same time, the Department of the Interior used its authority to administratively reserve land for federal use, resulting to decades of controversy and disputes (Grover). Since 1957, the United States Department of the Interior has exercised primary administrative authority over most of the land comprising modern-day ANWR Grover). This fact has meant that a great deal to people who care about the Refuge (Grover). Federal management has produced a land that is valued as much for its unique wilderness character as it is prized for its suspected mineral wealth, and in particular, it has precluded significant petroleum exploration and development of the Refuge (Grover)."
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The Influence of Environmental Organizations on U.S. Policy, 2006.
An in-depth discussion on the influence of three environmental organizations on U.S. Federal Government environmental policy.
3,399 words (approx. 13.6 pages), 15 sources, APA, $ 96.95
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Abstract
There are many environmental groups which have a tremendous effect on the policy of the United States with regards to the environment. This paper explores how three of these groups, the Sierra Club, Environmental Defense, and the National Audubon Society have exerted their power to effect federal governmental policy. The paper gives the background and mission of these organizations as well as some notable accomplishments and further goes on to explore their sources of power in exerting their influence as well as the claims that they have too much undue influence over federal government policy.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
Sierra Club
Environmental Defense
National Audubon Society
Influence of Environmental Groups
Conclusion
From the Paper
"These are some heavy charges to be levied against the environmental groups and those who the Center for the Defense of Free enterprise feels are in concert with it. One of the reasons this group might feel this way is because groups such as the Sierra Club, Environmental defense, and the national Audubon Society have pushed for years to keep the rainforests from being cut down which hurts the interest of lumber group. They have also pushed for tougher standards for car emissions hurting the interests of car makers, and they have pushed for standards on how companies can dispose of their waste products which often costs companies millions to comply."
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Environmental Toxins, 2006.
A discussion on the effects of environmental toxins on children.
1,131 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper gives a brief overview of the subject of environmental toxins so that we can better understand the dangerous effects that these toxins pose to children and the need for active intervention. The paper discusses the contribution of industrialization and rapid development over the years, to the dangerous levels of contamination. It also discusses the effects that these toxins have on the population.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Children and Their Vulnerability
Permanent Damage
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Further, it is important to realize that young children are still at a developmental stage. Their organ systems are still undergoing growth. In particular, their immune system and the nervous system are in the progress of development and at this stage any damage would seriously affect their cognitive development. The structural disorders that occur during this period may not be rectifiable because the nervous system is not sufficiently developed to recondition the affected pathways. Thus, environmental toxins can result in severe and permanent neurobehavioral dysfunctions. The child may be crippled with severe cognitive deficits, loss of intelligence and associated behavioral problems. Another important factor is that many of the toxic substances take years together to effect their damage. Examples include mesothelioma linked with asbestos, leukemia caused by benzene, Parkinson's disease caused by neurotoxins, etc. So naturally, children, because of their long life have increased risk of manifesting these degenerative diseases from their early exposure. [The Future Of Children]"
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Global Warming, 2005.
This paper argues that global warming is the single major environmental problem of the 21st century and should be a major concern.
1,170 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 40.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, as a by-product of the industrial revolution, the natural equilibrium of earth is being altered by man-made conditions resulting in global warming or the heating up of the earth's surface. The author points out that the greenhouse effect is a natural phenomenon; however, the burning of fossil fuels has contributed to a huge increase in CO2, methane, nitrous oxide and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, which now trap more heat and thereby increase the temperature of earth more than usual. The paper relates that there is still a minority of scientists who are hesitant to accept the fact that global warming is a man-induced condition; nonetheless, their notions are silenced by the observed climatic facts that the eleven hottest years of the previous century occurred between 1983 and 2000 while 1991-95 are the five consecutive hottest years of the century.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Global Warming (A Real Problem)
Undeniable Facts
Conclusion
From the Paper
"At this rate of increase, the atmospheric CO2 concentrations are projected to increase the average global temperature by around 3 to 7 degrees F by the end of this century. This increase over a hundred-year period represents a huge shift compared against the entire time scale of the planet. Those who argue that global warming is a natural happening have to explain why nature would shift gears all of a sudden? Also, how could increased CO2 levels also be part of the claimed natural process? These questions and the true facts make it unambiguous that global warming is definitely a man-induced phenomenon. These arguments can be buttressed with the recently documented drastic climatic shifts."
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Oil Prices, 2006.
A discussion on the inflation of oil prices.
1,177 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 40.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the different factors which together influence and effect changes in oil prices in the global market. It explains that natural calamities that are an ever-present danger for the rich oil shores along the Gulf of Mexico, the volatility of the Middle East, swelling domestic consumption and natural disasters together contribute to the high oil prices in the nation.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Increase in Oil Price (Different reasons)
Oil Refineries
Natural Disasters
Conclusion
Bibliography
From the Paper
"As mentioned above, different political and economic reasons affect oil prices. First of these is the political unrest in Iraq. As a huge oil-producing nation, Iraq has a considerable effect on the global oil economy. The 1978 revolution in Iran affected oil production. [LSA] During the 1980'war between Iraq and Iran, we saw the drastic increase in oil prices. Then again during the first gulf war between Iraq and Kuwait, we witnessed the shooting up of oil prices. So the political instability of these nations that come under the oil belt have a direct influence on production capacity and consequently affect the price. Currently, American invasion of Iraq has created a volatile situation with increasing terrorist activities. The insurgents are targeting the oil fields and the important pipelines. Monitoring the complete stretch of pipelines is practically impossible."
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In the Wilderness, 2006.
This paper looks at the writings of Henry David Thoreau with regard to the concept of wilderness.
2,295 words (approx. 9.2 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 70.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses author Henry David Thoreau's writings relating to the American idea (and ideal) of the wilderness. The writer explains that Thoreau wrote about the spiritual bond between humans and the natural world and that Thoreau's work ranged widely from writings on nature to justice and truth. In addition, the writer looks at how Thoreau combines the ideas of the study of nature as well as the more transcendental approach of contemplation and unconscious attachment. The writer also looks and compares Thoreau's ideas to the beliefs of John Muir regarding wilderness. Further, the writer discusses the development of Thoreau's ideas in his works.
From the Paper
"In fact, adds Oeschlaeger, Muir does not only go beyond transcendentalism, but includes dimensions that even Thoreau's idea wilderness did not attain. Why is it, then, that Muir does not always have the recognition he deserved? The first reason is that he wrote significantly much more as a naturalistic essayist in the tradition of Gilbert White than a systematic philosopher. Although there is philosophical prose in his work, he does not push his arguments but is discrete in his approach. There is a relentless questioning of anthropocentric viewpoints on nature and a regular acceptance of a biocentric perspective where humans have developed into an empathetic part of nature instead of a scientific observer separate from it.
Secondly, Muir's approach is more theological than philosophical. His love for nature is so great, that he can not divorce his ideas about God from what he sees around him."
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Oceanography, 2006.
An in-depth discussion on oceanography.
2,140 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 66.95
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Abstract
This paper begins with a general definition of oceanography. It continues to paint a more realistic picture of the work of an oceanographer. The paper offers details on different focuses of oceanography,like climatological, palaeoceanographic and physical to name a few. In conclusion, the author highlights the importance of the information derived from this particular science. It also includes graphic representation to qualify points made.
From the Paper
"Long Bay in California is a heavily populated coastal region that has many tourists visiting it at all times. Sand resources are here for recreational purposes, as well as for coastal habitat. It must be noted that earlier studies of the same have revealed a large amount of sand deposits, which are situated oblique tot eh existing shoreline. This is oriented clockwise in the offshore direction, and the sand feature is about ten kilometers long, two kilometers wide, and more than three meters thick. It is assumed that these sand deposits are providing a rich source of beach nourishment material. This study was undertaken in order to, at the outset, measure and models the oceanographic circulation in the area, and secondly, to identify and recognize the various processes that maintain the presence of this particular sand feature."
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Pesticide Laws and the Judicial Process, 2006.
An in-depth look at pesticide laws and cases that were brought before the Supreme Court to change the laws.
3,935 words (approx. 15.7 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 107.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the judicial process as applied to pesticide court cases, which have seemingly not resulted in any significant changes in pesticide law. The paper analyzes how the most consistent feature of the decisions in the court cases was that when harm was caused to a business or the livelihood of farmers, the U.S. Supreme Court generally agreed to hear the case, and found in favor of the plaintiffs against the chemical manufacturers. The paper further discusses that when the case was brought by an individual, and it was a matter of personal injury resulting from incidental contact with the substance in question, the U.S. Supreme Court refused to hear the case, in some cases, a settlement was negotiated. The paper further analyzes a case that succeeded where the suit brought on the basis that the chemical companies were unreasonably withholding information that should be made available to the public.
Table of Contents:
Bates et al v. Dow AgroSciences LLC and Citizen Right to Sue
Precursor Legal Battle: Cipollone v. Liggett Group, Inc.
Three Additional FIFRA Suits
League of Wilderness Defenders v. Forsgren (2002) Raises Timber Issues
Guzman v. Amvac Chemical Corporation Won Workers' Rights
Judicial Process in Two Related Lawsuits
Endangered Species and Pesticides
The Court Refused to Hear a Pesticide Case
Roundup
Discussion
Findings
References
From the Paper
"While manufacturers were required to disclose all ingredients to the EPA, even inert ingredient, the EPA "routinely withholds this information from the public because of industry claims that the information is subject to trade secrecy laws. The plaintiffs argued that EPA wrongfully accepted manufacturers' blanket claims of confidentiality without first ascertaining that the inerts in the six pesticide products qualified as trade secrets" (Daily Environment Reporter)."
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Air Pollution, 2006.
An overview of the definition and effect of air pollution and what can be done to prevent it.
1,484 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 49.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at how the major sources of air pollution are transportation engines, power and heat generation, industrial processes, and the burning of solid waste. It discusses how it has been been a growing problem since the advent of the Industrial Revolution and how the health problems from particulates and other pollutants in the air can be severe. In particular, it looks at how, since the passage of the Clean Air Act in 1970, the United States has made significant strides in the control of air pollution.
Outline:
What Is Air Pollution?
History of Air Pollution
What Substances Pollute Our Air?
Health Problems
Status of Air Pollution in the U. S. Today
Future Directions
Conclusion
From the Paper
"By many accounts, ozone presents the most serious air quality problem in the United States. Ozone is not a particulate. However, particulates released into the atmosphere help create excess ozone. Ozone is formed by the interaction of ultraviolet rays of the sun and nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), sometimes called hydrocarbons. This reaction is called "phytochemical" and cannot occur without polluting emissions from power plants, industrial plants, and internal combustion engines from cars, trucks, and construction machinery (Whitman, 2005). Other sources include commonly used chemical compounds such as those used in paint or in dry cleaning plants (Whitman, 2005). These problems are often aggravated by summer's heat, and contribute to thousands of deaths every year in the United States (Whitman, 2005). "
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Alaskan Oil Drilling, 2006.
A look at the Alaskan oil reserves and the affect on business and consumers.
1,884 words (approx. 7.5 pages), 13 sources, MLA, $ 60.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how the issue of the Alaskan oil reserves and their potential for the economy of the United States has become extremely contentious. The Bush Administration and the corporate sector are of the opinion that the Alaskan oil reserve offers a potentially large resource and a possible solution to the energy needs of the country. However, there are also contending voices which see the usage of the reserves as ecologically unsound. Another perspective, which is explored in this paper, is that the Alaskan reserves will make very little difference to the overall energy problems and economy over the next decade.
From the Paper
"The National Petroleum Reserve of Alaska (NPR-A), is situated between the foothills of the Brooks Range and the Arctic coastline, and is about 120 miles from the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR). (Rosen, Y. 2003. ) The Bureau of Land Management ( BLM) estimates the area will"... supplement production from the Alpine fields, which hold 429 million barrels and have a daily oil output of about 100,000 barrels." (US OKs Commercial Drilling in Alaska Oil Reserve) In terms of geography the oil in the petroleum reserve" lies in reservoirs only about 50 feet thick, stretched across an area 300 miles wide and 200 miles from the coast inland to the Brooks Range. In ANWR, the oil is largely concentrated in reservoirs as thick as 300 feet." "
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Appalachia, 2006.
This paper discusses the Appalachian mountain region and its natural resources.
1,826 words (approx. 7.3 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 58.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses the Appalachian mountain region. The writer notes that today the region has a reputation that is rich in resources with a notoriously poor economy and people. The writer maintains that this is no doubt the legacy of the exploitative nature of early industrialization in the Appalachia area. The writer concludes that as infrastructure is developed there is less and less need for some of the region's riches and conversely as the resources available are depleted, industry looks elsewhere for a point of need, leaving behind the generations of workers dependant upon this type of development. The writer contends that it is for this reason that the future of the Appalachian region is yet unknown, and will continue to be a region of flux for many years to come.
From the Paper
"The Appalachian mountain region was the first American frontier, sought after as a place to romantically recreate the American dream of idealistic frontiersmanship. The mountains were the back door to many of the original American colonies and within them to the settlers of the nation lay unknown riches and exotic cultures, yet to be experienced or some would say exploited by the Europeans and the American settlers. They were the first areas to be traversed and eventually developed. The name of the area is a result of the goals of the Spanish to find wealth through gold mining as the area is named for the first group of Native Americans to point toward the forests and claim them rich in gold, the Appalachee. It is thought that they may have done so to send their unwanted guests away from them but none the less the name stuck."
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