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Islam and Christianity, 2006.
This paper examines the differences and similarities in both the Islamic and Christian religions.
3,365 words (approx. 13.5 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 95.95
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Abstract
This paper focuses on Christianity and Islam, which are among the major religions of the world, serving primary populations in specific areas of the world. The writer of the well-researched paper contends and explains why both of these religions differ in terms of beliefs even though they are related in some ways. This paper examines the manner in which the Catholic Church emerged as the major unifying power throughout Europe once the Roman Empire collapsed. Christianity and Judaism derive from the same roots and then diverge with the issue of the life and meaning of Christ. This paper explores how and why societies in Europe were shaped by political actions taken by Christian leaders, like Charlemagne, who established borders and a military presence along the borders, offered lands to support the Church and uses Church structures to provide a bureaucratic infrastructure. The writer contends that the Bible is made up of a number of books written by different people at different times and then gathered together later. This paper details the birth of Islam, which began with Muhammad, which is embodied in the Quran. The writer discusses the significance of the Quran as the chief foundation of Islam, which stands as the highest authority on doctrine, ethics and customs. This paper also examines the Five Pillars of Faith which constitute the practical duties of the Muslim follower. This paper discusses the various differences and similarities between Islam and Christianity. One of the key issues Christians have had regarding the Quran is the fact that the Islamic book accepts Christ as a prophet while denying his status as the leader of the Christian people. This paper examines the issue of salvation in both religions. Islam has a conception of salvation similar to that of Christianity in that there will be a final day when those who are saved are recalled. This paper also discusses the recent tensions between followers of Christianity and Islam, largely due to their conflicting opinions and views regarding Israel and the existence of Judaism.
From the Paper
"The Old Testament also touches on the history of the people of Israel and so represents the development of a community, but as a history this raises difficulties. The historical antecedents to the stories in the early section of Exodus, for instance, create problems for analysts and historians. The first reason for this derives from the fact that the stories have come down through a long process of oral and written tradition and have been shaped to confess faith in God. The beginning of Exodus also links directly with the stories of Abraham, Isaac, and Joseph as if there were a unified sense of nationhood for Israel which in fact did not then exist. The passages present an oversimplified picture of the history of Israel extending back into the ancestral period. A second reason why the story of Exodus offers difficulty for those trying a historical assessment developed from the fact that the only source for our knowledge of the ancestors of Israel comes from the biblical story itself, and this was written in a time far removed from the events."
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Racial Discrimination, 2005.
This paper is a literature review of racial discrimination in the history of the U.S., mainly against blacks, and the laws introduced to eliminate such discrimination.
3,875 words (approx. 15.5 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 105.95
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Abstract
This paper commences the history of racial discrimination laws with the Civil Rights Act of 1866, which outlawed discriminatory practices against blacks; post Civil-War legislatures desired the unification of the country and attempted to reconcile the living conditions for Black Freedmen. The author pointed out that the New Deal was important because it created a social accountability system, which had not existed and eliminated some of the social, political and economic problems, although the exclusionary zoning of this period proliferated the idea of segregation. The paper relates that the Civil Rights Movement and the Brown decision were pivotal because they set a precedence for the equal treatment of blacks at public facilities.
Table of Contents
Literature Review
Civil Rights Act of 1866
Racial Zoning Laws
The New Deal and Federal Government Discriminatory Housing Polices
Federal Policy after WWII
Events Leading to the Passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1968
Review of Key Debates and Lessons Learned
From the Paper
"Paulson goes on to state that the presidential vetoes and the overall message sent by President Johnson persuaded republicans that a constitutional amendment would be the only way to ensure the civil rights of White Unionists and Black freedmen living in the South. Furthermore, they thought the amendment was necessary to avoid a future Democratic-controlled Congress from abolishing the Civil Rights Act or other important wartime legislation. The result of these efforts was the fourteenth amendment, which the author describes as complex, disingenuous and using ambiguous language."
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Iran and Democracy, 2006.
This paper examines the serious challenges that have been confronted by America's efforts to promote democracy in Iran.
1,436 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
The writer of this paper details the basic principles of democracy, which originated with the process of Enlightenment. This paper focuses on the current Iranian government and the authoritarian leadership which require their supporters to blindly obey them. This writer contends and explains that the movement to freedom and democracy in Iran necessitates drifting away from this blind obedience. To promote freedom and democracy in Iran, several pre-conditions are required, including the separation of religion and state. This paper details the numerous obstacles standing in the way, including the fact that Iran is sandwiched between the two sub-regions of the Persian Gulf and Central/Northwest Asia, which accounts for the negative impact on Iran's political climate.
From the Paper
"The liberal democracy indicates to a system that signifies voting by people for free elections to fill the top administrative ranks in legislative and executive branches, while the rights of those holding a minority perspective is safeguarded. Mores, ethos and other values among the population are quite prevalent for enduring democracy and freedom. In some cases the democratic set up has been established but the democratic system failed to establish itself. One of the element which functions as a basis for the rise and consolidation of democracy is the link between the people and the leadership which can be perceived in two respects of absolutism and pluralism. The absolutist concept is associated with the blind adherence to the related utilization of force to suppress those who disagree."
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Cyprus, 2005.
This paper analyzes the invasion of Turkey into Cyprus from the perspective of its impact on the lives of the two ethnic groups residing in Cyprus.
2,940 words (approx. 11.8 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 86.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Turkey invaded Cyprus in 1974 and had been successful in occupying approximately 40% of the territory. The author points out that today the ethnic division of Cyprus is (1) approximately 75% Greek Cypriots and (2) Turkish Cypriots, who are Sunni Muslims. This paper relates that both communities express their love for Cyprus but are unwillingness to aspire to a united Cyprus.
Table of Contents
Introduction
The Lives of the People before the Invasion
The Ethnic background
Religion
Language
Culture
Allegiance
Traditions
Literature
Unity
Equality
Patriotism
The Lives of the People after the Invasion
Summary and Conclusion
From the Paper
"The invasion also allowed the Turks to establish their authority on the Greeks. They disallowed the Greek refugees from entering the lands that they had occupied. This is because the Greeks had threatened to wage war against not only the Turkish Cypriots, but also Turkey. Furthermore, both communities of Cyprus started looking up to the Americans for political rewards and punishments. Halil Ibrahim Salih (1978) writes, "The Turks thus hope that the strain of caring for 180,000 refugees will weaken Greek resolve and that Greece will be forced to accept establishment of a bizonal federation on Cyprus ... .""
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Culture Differences in Management Styles, 2006.
This well-researched paper focuses on cultural conflicts in the global business community, as well as strategies and solutions to overcome these same conflicts.
2,686 words (approx. 10.7 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 80.95
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Abstract
The writer of this paper examines the various cultural differences, as they pertain to business in Germany, the United States and Japan. This paper analyzes how miscommunication between management and employees, due to lack of cultural awareness, leads to or exacerbates problems. This paper cites the views and opinions of various experts who contend that multinational corporations must adapt to a host country's cultural and business practices, in order to meet local needs. While the U.S., Germany and Japan are unlike each other, this paper discusses the fact that each country has aspects in common with its neighbors. This paper delves into the results of various investigations regarding the handling of cultural conflicts in a business setting, while presenting several strategies and solutions for conflict resolution.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Literature Review
Discussion
Limitations
Conclusion
Works Cited
From the Paper
"In order to identify the major bases of conflicts as well as the major means that can be used to solve them, three cultures were chosen. The United States, Germany and Japan are very unlike each other, but each has aspects in common with its neighbors. The United States, for example, conducts its corporate life similarly to Canada. Germany can be said in many ways to be similar to the Netherlands and Scandinavia in its cultural background. Japan is somewhat representative of most of Asia. Therefore, using those three nations to investigate the best practices in conflict resolution may result in a less limited range of recommendations than, for instance, considering Spain and Venezuela, both of which share some aspects in common with each other, and even with the large Latino population of the United States which has, arguably, influenced American corporate culture at least to a small degree."
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Taiwan, 2006.
Provides political, geographical, economic and cultural information about the island of Taiwan.
1,457 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
This essay provides information about Taiwan's geography, politics, religion, industry, languages, and family life. The paper compares that information with corresponding information about the U.S. and looks at how the two countries differ as well as how they are similar. The paper explains that the one area that the U.S. and Taiwan are virtually identical is that of recreation where both countries enjoy theater, cinema, picnics, listening to music and a number of different sports activities.
From the Paper
"In the United States, English is the unofficial language, however, roughly ten percent of the population speak Spanish (United pp). While the majority of the population are of European descent, Hispanics comprise 13.4 percent, 12.9 percent are African Americans, 4.2 percent are Asian American, and the aboriginal population of Native Americans make up about 1.5 percent of the population (United pp). According to the 2000 census, there are thirty-one ethnic groups with at least one million people living in the United States (United pp).
While in Taiwan, Han Chinese makes up roughly ninety-eight percent of the population, while most of the rest are Aborigines of Malay origins (People pp). The population density is 1,528 persons per square mile, making Taiwan one of the ten most densely populated countries in the world (People pp). The official language is Mandarin Chinese, however, the majority of the people also speak Taiwanese, the language of the first Chinese immigrants (People pp). Another Chinese dialect is Hakka, and some older people speak Japanese, and the Aborigines speak their own languages (People pp). English is generally a popular second or third language for students and is widely understood in urban areas (People pp)."
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Post-Soviet Era, 2006.
This paper analyzes the social, cultural, economical and political problems that arose in Russia, after the fall of the Soviet Union.
1,361 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
The writer of this paper contends and proves that the fall of the Soviet Union did not solve the pre-existing economical and political problems of the U.S.S.R. This paper examines how different moral and cultural values, compared to those of other western countries, contributed to Russia's downfall, in the Post-Soviet era. The writer discusses the fact that former Soviet Union countries are currently rife with poverty, poor social infrastructure and corruption. While democracy reigns in Russia at present, this paper delves into the current situation of former republics of the U.S.S.R., which are considered to be on par with third-world countries. This paper focuses on the growth of nationalism and religious extremism, which has become prevalent in Russia, in recent years. This paper also examines the lack of democratic institutions, along with no experience of actual democracy, which has resulted in a shift towards totalitarianism, in many post-Soviet republics.
From the Paper
"Foreigners who visit former Soviet Union countries are often shocked by existing poverty, poor social infrastructure and corruption which erodes society from inside. It may be explained taking into consideration different historical factors: Soviet Union was based on strict dictatorship, where the interests of individual were not taken into consideration. Individual got basic facilities for living: in 1930's it was a great progress as USSR turned into a quickly developing industrial economy from a conservative and outdated agricultural one. Formal equality of all citizens created favorable conditions for unavoidable corruptions which made citizens to exploit their positions illegally in order to improve the living. There is an ethical explanation too: several generations of Soviet people didn't know what religion and morality are, as the official religion of the USSR was atheism."
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"Race, Crime and the Law", 2006.
This paper analyzes Randall Kennedy's book "Race, Crime and the Law," which presents an in-depth look at how issues of race link to crime and law enforcement.
2,728 words (approx. 10.9 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 81.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the views and opinions of author Randall Kennedy, a Harvard law professor, regarding the correlation between crime and race. This paper explores Kennedy's argument which states that the field of law enforcement in America is largely considered racist, especially by the African-American community. This paper analyzes the results of an investigation carried out by the author, which focuses on the issue of racial inequality in the justice system, which is largely overlooked. Kennedy's in-depth book details the numerous problems in the justice system, while also suggesting solutions. This paper delves into Kennedy's assertion that officials in law enforcement must be forced to respect the rules prohibiting racial misconduct, while also stating that police and prosecutors engaged in illegitimate racial practices must be deterred from continuing to do so. The writer of this paper also reviews the author's particular style of writing, which, in the case of this book, appeals mainly to a white audience.
From the Paper
"It must also be noted that Kennedy does not ignore serious issues of racial discrimination. However, he does frame them so the problems seem to be a result of a system or of the individuals in that system, rather than of society itself. A good example is seen where Kennedy describes abuse of power. Kennedy describes how police officers and judges can abuse their power and engage in racial misconduct. The abuse of power occurs because they are able to engage in this behavior unchecked. The emphasis is placed on controlling the behavior of those in power and maintaining standards. Kennedy argues that if standards and control are not maintained, then people can abuse their power without consequence of any action being taken. This creates a situation where complete control is lost, with this extending to problems greater than just racist behavior."
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Ethnic Diversity, 2003.
This paper examines the topic of immigration, while focusing primarily on the difficulties encountered by the elderly that immigrate to America.
706 words (approx. 2.8 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 25.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the important differences in social customs between former communist countries and the U.S., that impact on immigration as well as immigrants. The writer of this paper contends and explains that although many nationalities have established support systems already in place, many support networks geared towards elderly immigrants continue to remain weak. This paper discusses the many challenges faced by elderly immigrants to America. This paper shows why younger immigrants have a distinct advantage over their elderly counterparts, in terms of coping ability and a diminished need for a support system. In this regard, elderly immigrants from the formerly communist nations of Eastern Europe in general and the Czech Republic, in particular, are faced with various profound changes in their lives upon their arrival in America, which are discussed in this paper.
From the Paper
"While many nationalities have such established support systems already in place, many such immigrant support networks remain weak today. Furthermore, these elderly citizens will likely be accustomed to a level of respect and honor that may be missing from the cultural setting upon their arrival in the United States, further contributing to the potential for "culture shock." According to Haskins, culture shock is "a feeling of impotence that results from the inability to deal with the environment because of unfamiliarity with cognitive aspects and role-playing skills; we usually think of culture shock when we imagine immigrant groups visiting or moving to a new country." There are opportunities for culture shock across all measures for new immigrant, many of them unperceived and unexpected from the host nation's perspective."
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Ethnocentrism and Cultural Relativity, 2006.
This paper analyzes the problems and misunderstandings that arise due to ethnocentric views of other cultures while also examining cultural relativity, a theoretical stance which opposes that of ethnocentrism.
1,491 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 49.95
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Abstract
The writer of this paper defines the term ethnocentrism as a means to make assumptions or judgments about other cultures from one's own point of view. This paper details the various problems that an ethnocentric view presents when dealing with different cultures. The writer describes one particular example relating to the Hopi Indians. The ethnocentric view was prevalent that the language of the Hopi Indians was inferior to English as it did not have any words for time. This led to the assumption that the Hopi Indians were primitive and less advanced as a civilization, which resulted in the treatment of the Indians on the basis of an assumed inferiority. This paper also examines more serious examples of ethnocentrism, which can be seen in Africa, in which ethnic assumptions of inferiority or superiority led to the horrific genocide in Rwanda. The writer of this paper discusses the ethnocentric views that were prevalent in Nazi Germany. This paper also examines cultural relativity, which is a theoretical stance in direct opposition to that of ethnocentrism. This view emphasizes that cultures are a product of different historical experiences and that these differences should be respected.
From the Paper
"Examples of the problems and misunderstandings that ethnocentric attitudes can engender are numerous in recent history. For example, the view was prevalent that the language of the Hopi Indians was inferior to English as it did not have any tenses or words for time. This led to the assumption that the Hopi Indians were somewhat primitive and less advanced as a civilization. Subsequently, this led to the treatment of the Indians on the basis of an assumed inferiority. Later the cultural assumption that the Hopi did not have words for time was proven to be incorrect. Another example refers to the differences in perception, which are seen from an ethnocentric point of view as a sign of inferiority. An example is the different perceptions of color by the Intuit Indians."
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Chinese Migration to the United States, 2006.
This paper examines the Chinese migration to the U.S. using the push-pull theory, as it relates to the topic of immigration.
2,075 words (approx. 8.3 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 65.95
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Abstract
The writer of this paper attempts to justify why many Chinese citizens chose to immigrate to America as opposed to other nations, such as England or Germany. This paper utilizes the push-pull theory to provide insights into the Chinese migration to the U.S. The pull-factor represents the attraction to a receiving country, often a major industrialized nation of the first world, by some perceived offering or opportunity. The push-factor entails impelling reasons such as low living standards, lack of economic opportunities, political repression or war, which made the people choose to leave their country of origin. This paper examines the various reasons Chinese citizens chose to leave their country, including China's feudal society that was controlled through traditional roles and responsibilities that were based on age, sex, birth order and social class. Chinese migration to the U.S. started during the 1840s. This paper explains how the American gold rush of the 1850s served as the pull factor, while the economically depressed area of south China served as the push. This paper examines the difficulties the immigrants faced in America, including the inherent cultural differences that led to conflicts between the new immigrants and the Americans. The writer also discusses the various reasons many Chinese immigrated to Hawaii and the Pacific West Coast, in which Chinese immigrants made up a large portion of the labor force.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Immigration History
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The Hawaiian government felt it was right to use the workers in the fields but one the contracts were up they did everything in power to keep the Chinese from becoming g full fledged members of the island. This included bringing Japanese to substitute for Chinese as well as using Filipinos for the same purpose. In 1903, Hawaii literally created a law that stipulated that only United States citizens or anyone who was eligible to become a citizen which meant non Asians could become employed in the Hawaiian territory. Metropolitan areas became the sanctuaries for the masses of Chinese immigrants. In San Francisco for example, the notion of a 'Chinatown' implied that Chinese in America were in charge of a world within a world."
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The Indigenous People.
This paper discusses the relationship of indigenous people to non-natives especially the value of shamanism.
1,860 words (approx. 7.4 pages), 0 sources, $ 59.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, historically, integration of non-native and indigenous peoples, such as the exploits of Christopher Columbus, the people of the South American Rainforest, the native American and the Canadian indigenous population, has been sad. The author points out that insights into the economic and political ways of modern day indigenous people show that they can expect upheaval and turmoil when the western ways are forced on them. The paper relates that there is value in preserving native beliefs such as the shaman, which is the indigenous equivalent to medicine men and women, because, today, there is clear evidence that the basic principles of shamanism are a universal phenomenon with similar methods and beliefs, which can contribute to modern psychology and medicine.
From the Paper
"At no other time in our history have there been as many technological advances available to bring the indigenous world into the modern world so seamlessly. For example, through technological advances like the internet, an indigenous aboriginal Australian can email an Eskimo friend in Northern Alaska to discuss their common friend who resides in the rainforest of South America and later in the same day, each of these indigenous people can see their respective shaman for an exorcism. But cultivating the ancient natives is a costly process. Present day Mexico for example is struggling to find itself and once great nations of Aztecs, Mayans and Toltecs has been immersed into a state of continuous economic and political upheaval. These transformations have indigenous people around the world exposed to the whims of the industrialized nations and ideologies like capitalism, socialism and communism."
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