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GPS Satellites, 2002.
A discussion of the development and application of the Global Positional System (GPS) in satellite technology .
2,893 words (approx. 11.6 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 85.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how satellite technology is used worldwide to provide important services in the fields of research, communications and more and how one of the most popular applications of satellite technology is the development of the Global Positional System (GPS). It provides an overview of satellites and GPS, including a brief description of the principles behind satellite technology and deployment and specifically of GPS. It also covers the origins and development of GPS as well as a synopsis of its current military and civilian uses. Finally, this paper also aims to address the future of GPS technology in the private sector.
From the Paper
"By 1972, the best characteristics of these satellite systems and the investigation of the steering group came together to result in the development of today?s system that would be known as the NAVSTAR Global Positioning System. The program was officially approved in 1973 and by February 1978, the first experimental GPS satellites (called Block I) were being launched into space. From the beginning, GPS had to meet the radio navigation requirements of all military services as well as those of civilian users and by February 1989, the second block of GPS satellites (Block II) was launched into space. Today?s GPS is now made up of twenty-four Block II and IIA satellites and one experimental satellite from Block I. (Commission 145-146)"
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Soweto, 2002.
A paper which examines how the geography and climate of the area affect the South African town of Soweto.
1,582 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 51.95
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Abstract
The paper begins with a climatic classification of South Africa and, more specifically, of the township near Johannesburg known as Soweto. It then looks at how the climate of the area has an enormous impact on the people of Soweto economically, agriculturally, and physiologically. The paper shows that the economic impact of long hot summers and mild winters is the inability to produce good crops, thus tying the people to the surrounding mines in order to make a living. The paper also examines how living in a certain geographic location can alter a person's pigmentation and facial features.
From the Paper
"Body style too is related to the climate of an area. Warmer dryer climates are associated with broader noses, where the nostrils are circular in shape. It is hypothesized that this facial feature, a feature common among the black people of South Africa, is tied to the climate. These types of noses have the least amount of surface area and would warm and moisten the air less than another type of nose would. This is an advantage in hot dry climates, like Soweto has, where the inhabitants face the challenges of draught and heat (Baker, 1974)."
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Internet Based GIS, 2002.
A paper which provides information on internet based geographic information systems (GIS).
2,477 words (approx. 9.9 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 75.95
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Abstract
Geographic Information System (GIS) is an organized collection of computer hardware, software, geographic data and personnel designed to efficiently capture, store, update, manipulate, analyze and display all forms of geographically referenced information. The paper shows that the rapid developments in computer and communication technology have changed many aspects in human life. The Internet, being one of the major developments in information technology, has a growing demand for applications such as the Internet-based GIS. This paper contains description and background of Internet-based GIS. It also examines and describes several of the techniques, applications, and approaches that can be used to develop Internet-based GIS.
From the Paper
"A direct-access GIS application is delivered through a specific software product. It enables the user to directly manipulate and retrieve data. If offline, working with locally stored data is possible. Direct-access GIS applications are installed on the user?s computer either as java applet or as a full software. ArcExplorer is an example of a direct-access GIS used especially for intranet system based data sharing. It doesn't take too much disk space and allows preparing graphics and inserting maps in word-processing documents. ArcExplorer can be installed as stand-alone application or as ActiveX plug-in to a Web browser. (Weise, Ulrike, Internet GIS)"
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Cartography, 2002.
This paper studies the early and recent developments in the science of cartography.
1,750 words (approx. 7.0 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 56.95
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Abstract
Cartography plays an instrumental role as an important source of information from a historical and geographical perspective. This paper examines the development of cartography and its significance in the study of geography. The paper also looks at how maps are playing a bigger role in our lives today, in the forms of weather maps and sattelite photography.
From the Paper
"With the expansion of education in the 19th century, more and more people were exposed to the use of maps. Maps became were fast becoming common but it was not until much later that they were found to be the best tool for getting around in unknown areas. Its odd that maps should not have been more common early on since they always had a place in the educational system and in the Bible. The apostles appeared to have had knowledge of maps and so did the ancient kingdoms of Israel.
Maps seemed to have had a place in most of history as a form of symbolization to help communicate a sense of a place. Medieval and classical maps were revolutionized during the colonial periods as exploration flourished. Even now, technological advances are still creating a revolution that is changing the mapmaking process."
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Global Positioning Satellites (GPS), 2002.
An analysis of the theory and history of global positioning satellites.
1,343 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the theory of global positioning satellites, illustrating the technology behind the system. The history of global positioning satellites is outlined, describing the first global positioning system, the transmission functions and the reception of information from global positioning satellites. The paper presents the advantages of the global positioning satellites system.
From the Paper
"As the name suggests, the global positioning satellite system is based on satellites. It is a navigational system that comprises of a complex arrangement of satellites that orbit round the earth. Twenty-four in all, these satellites are eleven thousand nautical miles far in space. There are six dissimilar orbits wherein the satellites continually keep revolving. It takes these satellites twenty-four hours to complete two orbital revolutions round the Earth. Upon calculation, the revolutionary speed of these satellites is computed to be around 2,600 meters per second (JA-GPS.com)."
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Suburbia, 2002.
A study of the evolution of American suburbia.
1,775 words (approx. 7.1 pages), 5 sources, $ 57.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the social and environmental aspects of the historical growth of the American suburb. It describes the great success of the first suburb, Llewellyn Park in West Orange, New Jersey. The paper illustrates that the materialist suburbs were originally intended for nature loving people.
From the Paper
"?Build therefore, your own world,? (Emerson, 46). It is as if these words, written by Emerson in his 1836 publication of ?Nature? were written in specific reference to the creation of Llewellyn Park in West Orange, New Jersey. The park, the first American garden suburb, was built on the principles of just that, creating a new reality in the already existing hustle and bustle of the real world. This park, in its essence, was the beginning of the erection of ?suburbia? in that it had a snowballing effect which started people moving from the reality of the cities to a more quiet enclave of suburban life. Following in the steps of Llewellyn Park, suburbs began popping up all over the nation in an attempt to recreate a habitat within the serene wilderness in the fad and preoccupation of the time to return to nature."
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An Analysis of Poverty in Panama City, Panama, 2002.
A discussion of poverty in urban areas in general, using Panama City as a case study.
1,605 words (approx. 6.4 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 52.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the issue of poverty in cities following recent mass urbanization. It uses Panama City as an example and looks at the social ramifications of poverty, its effects on the wider population of the city and what the authorities are doing to prevent its spread. The issues of crime, drugs, prostitution and child abuse are discussed.
From the Paper
"Just like other capitals and major cities in Latin America and other developing countries, Panama City is the destination for urbanization from the surrounding areas. Forming new communities and enlarging suburban areas, the urban people have added burden to the city sustainable area and deteriorate the whole condition with more social problems as the effect of the urbanization. The poverty level increases as indicated by the number of unemployment, low wages, job cuts, inability to adapt to the fare hike, increasing number of street children from time to time, and the rising social riots and demonstration fashion as well as the crime rate. There is an unbalanced condition caused by social gap, excessive urbanization, poor city planning, corruption, and deteriorating environmental support on the Panama Canal that possibly had caused the poverty."
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The Development of Las Vagas, 2002.
A discussion about the history and development of Las Vagas and the people involved in its establishment.
1,870 words (approx. 7.5 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 59.95
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Abstract
This paper introduces and discusses the creation of Las Vegas. Specifically, it looks at how Bugsy Segal, Meyer Lansky and the Teamsters Union figured in the development of Las Vegas, and how the city has prospered and changed since it was first created.
From the Paper
"Before there was Bugsy Siegel, the underworld, the Strip, and the bright lights, there were the Mormons. The first Mormon party set out to colonize lands in 1855. They arrived at an area known as "Las Vegas Spring" in mid-June. They began to build a permanent settlement, but in 1857, Brigham Young called them back to Salt Lake City. An O.D. Gass, acquired the area, and created the Las Vegas Ranch. Thus, Las Vegas was born. Politically and economically, Las Vegas added almost nothing to Nevada's coffers until the beginning of the twentieth century. Northern Nevada developed first, and this was where the state capital and most of the population lived. (Elliott). The mob would change all that."
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Urban Planning, 2002.
An examination of how urban planning influences poverty, using Nashville as an example.
3,910 words (approx. 15.6 pages), 13 sources, MLA, $ 106.95
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Abstract
This paper provides statistics which define the problem of poverty in Nashville. The paper shows how the government of Nashville has been trying to put a quantitative gauge on economic deprivation and so determining who is eligible for social assistance. This paper provides background information on poverty in Nashville and looks at factors such as food, daycare and medical care which are controlled to attempt to assist those in need. The paper also discusses the factors which effected poverty in the 1990's and the effects of welfare reform on poverty. It then compares the state of poverty in Memphis to that of Nashville.
From the Paper
"Who is poor in America? The federal administration answered that question, beginning in the late 1960s, with a yearly poverty count. Now imprinted each September, politicians and pundits alike await the government?s numbers. The figure of the September statistics and the interpretive stories accompanying their release often influences the election discussion in November.
The Government of Nashville has been trying to put a quantitative gauge on economic deprivation, ever since Lyndon Johnson?s ?War on Poverty,? even though most people recognize that poverty measurement is subjective and not entirely scientific. The administration poverty line is used to conclude eligibility in Medicaid, food stamps, cash welfare and numerous other means-tested support programs (8). The poverty counts are used to measure the efficiency of government anti-poverty programs and the economic well being of at-risk groups of families and individuals. In proposals to set minimum wages or living wage mandates, poverty income thresholds are being used increasingly."
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The Search for Longitude, 2002.
An insight into the discovery by John Harrison of how to measure longitude using a clock.
1,450 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
This paper gives a history of the invention of longitude measurement through the review of a book and a program: Dava Sobel?s book "Longitude: The True Story of a Lone Genius Who Solved the Greatest Scientific Problem of His Time" and the NOVA program ?Lost at Sea: The Search for Longitude? . It examines why it was that longitude was so difficult to measure to begin with and the different theories put forward it the time of how it could be measured.
From the Paper
"Other inventors believed that more accurate stellar and lunar charts were the key to accurately measuring longitude. Sobel?s book is in some ways the recounting of the contest not just amongst different individuals desirous of the acclaim and wealth that would accrue to the winner of the prize for discovering how to measure longitude but also a recounting of the struggle between two different ways of thinking. Both Sobel in her book and the contributors to the NOVA program (which of course includes comments by Sobel) suggest that Harrison was victorious not only because he was both smart and incredibly persistent but also because he was the most forward-thinking of those seeking to understand the technical problem of longitude. Those trying to come up with ever-more accurate stellar and lunar charts were in many ways clinging to the past: They were trying to fine-tune the ancient technology of navigating by the skies. Harrison, on the other hand, understood that any given technology can only be improved to a certain extent, and beyond that one has to develop an entirely new technology. This is what he set out to do."
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An Overview of the Republic of Costa Rica, 2002.
An in-depth look at the country considered a success story for achieving a relatively high standard of living while remaining a largely agricultural society.
3,725 words (approx. 14.9 pages), 7 sources, $ 102.95
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Abstract
This paper presents an analysis of Costa Rica. Beginning with a demographic overview, it continues on to examine the economy, dependent on tourism, agriculture and electronic exports. Standard of living, transportation, government, immigration, labor, and urbanization are also considered in this analysis.
From the Paper
"The Republic of Costa Rica in Central America lies between Nicaragua and Panama and has the Caribbean Sea and the North Pacific Ocean on its borders. Its total area is 51,100 square kilometers where 50,660 square kilometers are land. It is considered a success story for achieving a relatively high standard of living within the last two decades, although remaining a largely agricultural society. (The CIA World Factbook 2001)
This year, Costa Rica?s population is estimated to be only 3,834,934 at an average yearly natural increase of only 1.6%; a birth rate of 19.8 per thousand and an infant mortality rate of 10.9 per thousand. Its population density is 194 per square mile and net migration rate is .53 per thousand, as of 2001 (The Learning Network 2002) San Jose is its capital."
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Nicaragua, 2002.
A look at the history of this country with focus on U.S. foreign policy towards it during Reagan's period.
1,960 words (approx. 7.8 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 62.95
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Abstract
This paper examines President Ronald Reagan's foreign policy and how he began a program of destabilization in Nicaragua, serving the 'Contra' guerrilla forces in Honduras and Costa Rica and mounting an economic boycott. The history of Nicaragua is presented and how this ongoing foreign policy of destabilization is taking its toll on the country economically, socially and politically.
From the Paper
"From the 16th century, Nicaragua was ruled by Spain. On 15 September 1821, the country became independent from Spain. US troops were call into the country in 1912, but remove in 1933, following a six-year guerrilla struggle to evict them, led by Augusto C?sar Sandino. The role of the US forces was taken up by the National Guard, led by General Anastasio Somoza Garcia, who detained power in 1935 and whose family ruled Nicaragua in an increasingly brutal, despotic and corrupt manner until 1979. After a 17-year guerrilla war, the last Somoza was defeat by the Frente Sandinista de Liberaci?n Nacional (FSLN). The 'Sandinistas' established a Junta of National Reconstruction, and began a program of agrarian reform, nationalization of industry, and massive health and literacy schemes."
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