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Importance of Wetlands, 2004.
A paper that explains the ecological importance of wetlands.
1,323 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper examines why wetlands are essential for correct balance in an ecosystem. It discusses the dangers of wetlands disappearing and how this may affect the wildlife in those specific areas.
From the Paper
""Wetlands" is the collective term for marshes, swamps, bogs, and similar areas found in generally flat vegetated areas, in depressions in the landscape, and between dry land and water along the edges of streams, rivers, lakes, and coastlines. Because they are so varied, wetlands can be difficult to recognize. Many have been altered by human activities such as farming, ranching, and the building of roads, dams, and towns. Yet their importance is critical."
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Earthquake Hazards in Western British Columbia, 2003.
Discusses potential hazards of a northern West Coast earthquake and its impacts on urban populations.
1,747 words (approx. 7.0 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 56.95
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Abstract
Western British Columbia is situated near an active subduction zone. The most densely populated part, the Lower Mainland, is actually sitting on the subduction zone. This paper explains that this dynamic geological setting subjects the region to frequent seismic activity and is, in large part, responsible for a higher risk of destructive earthquakes in comparison to other parts of Canada. While the principal city of Vancouver and its surroundings have not experienced a damaging earthquake so far, large earthquakes with nearby epicenters have been strongly felt, and there is paleoseismic evidence for very large earthquakes in the late Holocene. Hazards associated with earthquakes are discussed in detail, and recommendations are given on how to minimize the impacts of a megathrust earthquake and its accompanying hazards. Paper contains 6 figures and charts.
From the Paper
"Western British Columbia is situated at a dynamic geological setting which causes it to be the most seismically active in Canada and makes it one of the few sites around the world capable of producing a megaquake of a magnitude of ~9. While such a quake has not hit the region in settled time, paleoseismic evidence, oral history traditions and Japanese records date such a quake as having occurred in 1700. There is also evidence which point to these megathrust events as happening at irregular intervals which range from 200 to 800 years. Vancouver lies at the north end of a seismically active region which extends down into Washington State and has its end south of the Puget Sound. Areas directly off the coast of Vancouver Island and all along the Juan de Fuca plate and Cascadia Subduction Zone are very seismically active. The impact of an earthquake over 6 in magnitude with an epicenter near the Lower Mainland would be devastating on the region, if it occurs off the coast of Vancouver Island, even greater damages would be incurred by tsunami. While new building codes to increase safety structures are due to be released in 2005, it may be too late, as a large quake could hit the region any time, and we have no way to predict such quakes."
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Madison and Waycross Geography, 2004.
Examines the climate, soil, and vegetation patterns of Madison, Wisconsin, and Waycross, Georgia.
1,400 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 46.95
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Abstract
In the states of Wisconsin and Georgia, geographical studies have helped experts gain better knowledge of the vegetation, soil, and climate in the regions tested. In order to give an idea of the specific approach that studies have adopted, this paper considers Waycross in Georgia and Madison in Wisconsin. In assessing the climate, soil, and vegetation in these areas, the paper deciphers the similarities and differences between the two regions.
From the Paper
"Roadways that are constructed or repaired in urban and suburban activity experience loss of resource at much higher rates. Research reveals that without vegetative protection erosion takes place much quicker. It is estimated that without proper vegetative cover, erosion may exceed 350 tons per acre annually in this region. Erosion at Madison isn?t as much as it is at Waycross, and hence agriculture isn?t affected negatively. Employment in the agricultural industry does not suffer the way that it does at Waycross (Arnalds, 1995)."
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Synthetic Diamonds, 2004.
This paper discusses the industrial and gemstone capacities of synthetic diamonds.
1,675 words (approx. 6.7 pages), 20 sources, MLA, $ 54.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that synthetic diamonds have the same unique qualities as natural diamonds, hardness, density, superlative strength, and thermal conductivity. The author points out that synthetic diamonds are created in a laboratory, avoiding the high costs of mining, transportation, foreign taxes, and tariff issues. The paper relates that the future of synthetic diamonds is limitless, especially their use as radiation sensors, light emitters, and unwettable coatings.
From the Paper
"In addition to the time saved, there is also a cost issue. Natural diamonds are produced in a limited number of countries, including Australia, Botswana, Russia, and Congo Republic. There is only one mine found in the United States. Since Americans are the consumers of over 50 percent of the world?s diamonds, this produces a costly problem. The costs of mining in foreign countries are high. According to De Beers mine, a leading producer of natural diamonds in South America, 250 tons of ore would need to be excavated to find one stone that would be large enough to equal a one-carat diamond."
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The World's Oceans and Climate, 2004.
Discusses the role the oceans have in climate control.
890 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 31.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the vital role that the oceans play regarding the regulation and control of the world's temperature, winds, and precipitation.
From the Paper
"Through the agency of ocean currents, heat and cold may be distributed over thousands of miles, for it is possible to follow the course of a mass of warm water that originates in the trade wind belt of the southern hemisphere, where a good portion of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans can be found. This redistributing function of the ocean tends to compensate for the uneven heating of the globe by the sun. As it is, ocean currents carry hot equatorial water toward the poles and return cold water equatorward by surface drifts, such as the Labrador Current, and other deep water currents."
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Seafloor Spreading and Earthquake Activity, 2004.
An assessment of the relative contribution that geoscience has made to our contemporary understanding of physical oceanography.
3,072 words (approx. 12.3 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 89.95
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Abstract
This paper purports to investigate our greater understanding of the unified theory of plate tectonics and seafloor spreading. The structure of the earth and the traditional theory of continental drift is examined, followed by a look at the more unified theory of plate tectonics. The global ramifications of this theory is investigated by examining the damaging tectonic activity caused by seafloor spreading, specifically earthquakes as well as the hazards these earthquakes in turn generate, namely tsunamis. Case studies are provided to illustrate the damaging nature of these natural forces. Finally the paper examines whether these hazards can be predicted or prepared for given our greater understanding of their causes.
From the Paper
"The Earth is a layered planet consisting of the crust, mantel and core as illustrated in Figure 1 below. Due to the intense heat during the formation of the planet, Earth was mostly molten. The more dense materials sank to the centre forming the core while the lighter materials floated to the surface and gradually formed a rigid layer called the lithosphere (Byatt 2001:18). The upper part of this lithosphere is called the crust, a layer about 80km to 40km thick (Strahler & Strahler 1989:254). The lithosphere also includes the upper part of the mantle called the asthenosphere, which is highly heated to a state that is semi plastic. The rigid, brittle lithosphere, which is broken into large fragments called lithospheric plates, has the capability of moving over the soft, plastic asthenosphere."
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Gasoline Prices and the Economy, 2004.
An overview of the changing prices of gasoline over the years and the effect on the American economy.
12,955 words (approx. 51.8 pages), 26 sources, MLA, $ 246.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how crude oil has proved to be one of the most versatile forms of energy and how man has used this fundamental law of energy conversation to make life easier for himself and the community at large. It explores the topic of gasoline from its refining to its conservation and, in particular, the factors affecting its ever-changing price and the economy.
Outline
Introduction
Information About Crude Oil
Refining of Crude Oil in the United States and Worldwide
Workforce in the Petroleum Industry
The History of International Petroleum Pricing
The Achnacarry Agreement
The Rise of OPEC Power in the 70?s
Effect of Oil Price Increase on the U.S. Economy
Variables Affecting the Cost of Petroleum Products
Impact of Price Increase on the U.S. Economy
Impact of Petroleum Price Increase on the World Economy
Political Influence on Price Increase
Petroleum Product Transportation and Distribution
Petroleum and the Transportation Industry
Types of Fuel Used in the Transportation Industry
Fluctuating Fuel Prices in Recent Times
Impact of Prolonged Petroleum Use on the Economy
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The high cost of oil production in the U.S. would also be impacted by the price decrease as a result of the additional capacity in Iraq. The U.S. producers would become uncompetitive and may eventually have to stop production of oil in current oil and gas-producing states of Alaska, Louisiana, Oklahoma, Texas and Wyoming. The U.S. government may have to impose tariffs and taxes on imported oil in order to keep the local U.S. producers competitive. (Bartis, 2003) Oil exploration and distribution channels can cost billions of dollars to develop. This includes the location and identifying of oil wells, the size and capacity of the well, the type of geography of the area and the long-term potential of the oil well are all-important factors in the cost of the oil production set up for any oil well site. It takes time and effort from the identification of the oil well to the actual production of crude oil."
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Magnesium Chloride, 2004.
A discussion of the pros and cons of the use of magnesium chloride as a de-icing agent.
1,228 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how magnesium chloride has become the de-icer of choice in snowy regions such as Colorado and how supporters of the product claim that magnesium chloride is an environmentally safer option for de-icing than some of its predecessors, namely, sodium chloride. It examines how the use of magnesium chloride in liquid and modified cold-pressed form has been shown to be highly effective as a tool for de-icing in Colorado. It also looks at how supporters of the use of magnesium chloride in Colorado have stated that the de-icer has proven beneficial to the environment, while others claim the use of magnesium chloride has been shown to possibly increase electrical outages and pole fires, as well as corrosion.
From the Paper
"Another environmental issue facing Coloradoans resulting from the use of magnesium chloride is corrosion. The use of sodium chloride or rock salt in the past presented a much greater problem in this respect. Magnesium chloride however, is also by nature corrosive; however proponents of its use point out those chemical agents are added to it to minimize the corrosive effects (Pavek, 2002). Highway departments in the state of Colorado have noticed that the use of magnesium chloride as a de-icer has reduced much of the major corrosion on trucks and equipment, as well as steel enforced bridges compared to sodium chloride (Pavek, 2002). However, some reports are also indicating that aluminum components and electrical components in their vehicles are actually showing increased evidence of corrosion at a more rapid rate (Pavek, 2002)."
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Asteroid Impacts, 2003.
Discusses research efforts to find physical evidence to prove that asteroid impacts caused great catastrophes.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 1 source, $ 23.95
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Abstract
The paper looks at the role of asteroid impact on the extinction of the dinosaurs and the Great Dying of the Permian period. It looks at direct and indirect physical evidence.
From the Paper
"he article under review is titled "Repeated Blows: Did Extraterrestrial Collisions Capable of Causing Widespread Extinctions Pound the Earth Not Once, But Twice-Or Even Several Times." It was published in the March 2002 issue of the Scientific American...."
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Anoka Sandplain, 2003.
Discusses land use.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 4 sources, $ 23.95
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Abstract
Discusses geological and environmental aspects of the Minnesota sandy, glacial outwash plain. Cites land management concerns and strategies to make the sandplain a sustainable environment. Examines residential and commercial development of the area.
From the Paper
"The Anoka Sandplain is a large sandy glacial outwash plain covering approximately 2200 square kilometers to the north of the Twin Cities Area in Minnesota...."
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Russian Oil Industry, 2003.
Discusses the high level of oil production.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 12 sources, $ 79.95
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Abstract
Discusses Russia as the world's single, largest non-OPEC oil exporter. Examines privatization since the mid-1990s and U.S. investment for exploration, equipment, and rehabilitation of oil fields. Includes the planned Caspian Sea Pipeline.
From the Paper
" Russia is currently the world's single-largest non-OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) oil exporter, with 10 percent of currently known reserves and 9 percent of world output (Aron, 2002). For about a ..."
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El Nino and Southern Oscillation (ENSO), 2002.
The effects of ENSO on the Northern Hemisphere weather.
1,650 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 7 sources, $ 62.95
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Abstract
This seven-page undergraduate paper seeks to explain how El Nino and Southern Oscillation (ENSO) are such Perturbations in general circulation of the atmosphere, which are produced by marked changes in sea-surface temperatures (SST) of the oceans, in particular in the Pacific. The paper briefly compares El Nino with its counterpart La Nina and discussed the impacts of El Nino on the Northern Hemisphere weather.
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