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Gold Mining and the Environment, 2006.
An analysis of the destructive effects that gold mining has on the environment, and an exhortation to care for the environment.
948 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 33.95
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Abstract
The paper explains the mechanisms whereby gold mining causes environmental damage. It gives examples of damage to the Amazon and in North America caused by gold mining. Finally, the writer urges us to conclude that that life is unquestionably more precious than gold.
From the Paper
"Acidic deposition causes the emissions of sulfur dioxide and nitrous oxide into our air supply, causing many problems to the atmosphere. When these chemicals get into the air supply they combine with the Earth's sunlight, moisture, and oxidants to generate sulfuric and nitric acids, which are then carried along with atmospheric circulation. The interaction of all these components in the atmosphere then come back to earth via rainfall and snowfall, also known as acid rain. Dry deposits from acid rain come in the form of dry particles and atmospheric gases. Until acid deposition is diminished, loss of aquatic life in lakes and streams will continue and the growth of wildlife and forests may also be affected. If mines continue to excrete chemical waste into our atmosphere without thought to the serious effects to the Earth, we may very well see our wildlife and vegetation vanish before us."
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The Big Bang, 2006.
An explanation of the big bang theory - how our earth was formed.
1,144 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
The paper shows the scientific progression of the creation of earth from tiny particles through to the earth we know today. The paper explains that, once enough atoms gathered together, stars were formed. The writer explains that our earth was the result of the explosion of a star which was too small to sustain the thermo nuclear reactions, so it eventually cooled and became a solid mass. The paper describes two theories of how DNA was created. The writer concludes that the seeds of life, containing DNA, from which all living creatures on earth grew, came from outer space.
From the Paper
"How life originated is one of the most debated and most sought after question. Life as we know it requires water and, until one billion years ago, the earth was too hot to sustain liquid water, so we know that life on Earth must have formed within the last one billion years. There is evidence that shows that the oldest life we can detect occurred 500 million years ago. "We now understand that all life on Earth contains DNA, which is a long complex carbon-based strand consisting of billions of molecules. Every plant and animal on Earth has DNA. This DNA contains the instructions of how to grow and replicate itself, thereby creating more life. A single strand of DNA is unbelievably complicated, even in the smallest organisms. How is it possible that such a complicated thing was created in the short span of only one billion years? "According to the "Big Bang" theory, who maintain the belief that life on Earth was created in some primordial soup. Somehow a soup formed consisting of water, carbon and other elements and by chance eventually some of these elements came together in a form, which reproduced itself. The key feature of life it is that is able to create a duplicate of itself. The problem that scientists have faced with this theory is that they have never been able to replicate this primordial soup."
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Renewable Energy and Electricity, 2006.
A look at the options for renewable energy and electricity.
1,763 words (approx. 7.1 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 56.95
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Abstract
In this paper the author examines the sources available to create power and electricity. He looks at how technology is used to take advantage of the forces of nature available. The paper highlights how up until recently only the power created by falling water has been explored and used successfully in a number of applications. Sun, wind, waves, rivers, tides and the heat from radioactive decay in the earth's core are all looked at as being renew ables, in other words they give continuous sources. The paper concludes with a look at all of the environmental aspects of using these renewable sources, the arguments for and against each one including the aesthetic issues that arise. Introduction Solar Energy Wind Energy Rivers Geothermal Relating Renewable to Base-Load Electricity Demand Environmental Aspects
From the Paper
"The main role of solar energy in the future will be that of direct heating. Much of our energy need is for heat below 60oC - e.g. in hot water systems. A lot more, particularly in industry, is for heat in the range 60 - 110oC. [2] Together these may account for a significant proportion of primary energy use in industrialized nations. The first need is readily supplied by solar power much of the time in some places and the second application commercially is probably not far off."
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Japanese Tsunamis, 2006.
An explanation of and look at the history of Japanese tsunamis.
1,207 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
In this paper the author starts with an in-depth description of what a tsunami is and how it is caused. The author clearly defines that a tsunami is not a tidal wave. He then goes on to focus on the tsunamis that have occurred off the coast of Japan and what devastation they have brought to the local population. The paper concludes with a look at modern geology and how it can be used to try and prevent further tsunami disasters or at least how populations can be pre-warned.
From the Paper
"The Okushiri tsunami demonstrates how Japan, and many other nations threatened by tsunamis, have started to try to deal with these potent natural phenomena. Survey teams, including experts from Japan and the United States, were on the scene within hours of the quake and tsunami. The American scientists were part of the U.S-Japan Cooperative Program in Natural Resources (UJNR). They took measurements and eyewitness testimony to document the exact nature and extent of the disaster"
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Volcanoes, 2006.
A book review of "Fire Mountains of the West: The Cascade and Mono Lake Volcanoes" by Stephen Harris.
780 words (approx. 3.1 pages), 0 sources, $ 27.95
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Abstract
The paper explains that volcanoes are not just a distant phenomenon; they are common in the American Northwest, too. The writer finds the author's explanations of technical geoscience topics lucid and understandable, and is impressed with the overall tone of the book. In conclusion, the paper shows the book by Harris to be one that lives up to its promise.
From the Paper
"Contrary to popular and widespread belief, volcanoes have erupted practically everywhere in the world, including America. What is even more disturbing is that there are several areas in the U.S. Pacific Coast where volcanoes have the potential to violently erupt and trigger widespread devastation throughout the region. "In his book, Harris provides readers with a powerful and persuasive argument that the entire Cascade Range and other parts of the U.S. Pacific Coast are vulnerable to volcanic eruptions that besides unspeakable destruction, could result in darkened and polluted skies wreaking havoc on our respiratory systems - and much more."
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Geography and Weather, 2006.
An overview of the weather conditions known as El Nino and La Nina.
3,465 words (approx. 13.9 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 97.95
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Abstract
The writer explains the causes and effects of the El Nino, which has an ocean warming effect, and the La Nina, which creates unusually cold ocean temperatures. The paper describes how the winds, the ocean surface temperatures and atmospheric circulation affect the natural climatic conditions in the Pacific region. The writer explains the impact these effects have on weather and climate in the United States. The paper examines the effect that climatic changes have on the economy. In conclusion, the paper states that the effects of the El Nino and La Nina create significant changes to the weather patterns, which are naturally created and affected, by changes in sea temperatures.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Causes
Ocean Surface Temperature and Atmospheric Circulations
- During Normal Conditions
- Conditions During El Ni?o
- Conditions During La Ni?a
Effects of El Nino and La Nina
Impact on Weather and Climatic Changes
Impact on Economy
Ecological Impact
Conclusion
Bibliography
References
From the Paper
"Under "normal" conditions, the tropical trade winds blow from east to west, collecting warm water in the western Pacific. In the eastern Pacific, the trade winds pull up cold, deep, nutrient-rich waters down the equator from the Ecuadorian coast to the central Pacific. The warmth of the western Pacific results in a predominantly vigorous hydrologic cycle there with towering cumulus clouds and tropical storms that "radiate" atmospheric waves and disturbances across vast area of the globe. Heat and moisture lofted into the upper atmosphere by the clouds and storms are dispersed by high-altitude winds across vast regions of the globe.
During an El Ni?o, this situation is interrupted and the trade winds weaken, thus reducing the upwelling of cool waters in the eastern Pacific and permits the pool of warm water in the west to drift eastward toward South America. As the central and eastern Pacific warms, atmospheric pressure gradients along the equator decline, and the trade winds lessen even more."
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Global Warming: History and Effect, 2005.
This paper discusses the history and effect of the concept of global warming.
3,430 words (approx. 13.7 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 97.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the concept of global warming caused by the elevation of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere was first issued in 1896, again in the 1970s and, by the 1980s, global warming again became the rage. The author points out that there are still individuals who claim that there is no reliable scientific data to support the global warming theory and state that scientists have only based their assessment on computer models; yet, scientific evidence shows that since 1860 the earth is warming. The paper relates that, despite this evidence of global warming, there remains uncertainty and debate among environmental groups, scientists and policymakers on its specific impact on the atmosphere; there is not one commonly known way to reduce carbon in the atmosphere.
From the Paper
"The 1990s were probably the warmest decade in the last 1,000 years, and much of the increase of the last millennium took place in the past 30 years. Scientists believe that greenhouse gas emissions from human sources are contributing to this worldwide warming trend. If greenhouse gas emissions continue unchecked, they predict that Earth, on average, will warm 2 to 6 degrees Fahrenheit by the year 2100. This could result in increased heat waves, droughts, forest fires, disease and sea-level rise leading to flooding of coastal areas."
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Water Pollution in China, 2006.
A look at the problem of water pollution in Shenzhen, China.
2,336 words (approx. 9.3 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 71.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the problem of water pollution and its effects on the economy and personal lives of China's citizens. In particular, the paper focuses on the water pollution problem in the city of Shenzhen in the Guangdong province. The paper explains how the process of urbanization has contributed to the water pollution problem, looks at how water pollution can undermine an entire city by affecting the economy, environment, and people of the area and discusses what will happen if the problem is not addressed as well as what measures can be undertaken to reduce the amount of water pollution in the region.
Table of Contents
Introduction
The City of Zhenzhen
The Problem
Polluted Water Sources
Causes of Water Pollution
Outlooks
Conclusion
From the Paper
"In China, urbanization has been occurring at a rapid pace; in the year 1986 China's state council officially designated 29 new cities. This addition of new cities, many located in rural areas away from the largest metropolitan areas of China has resulted in major urbanization of the country in the last thirty years. The province of Guandong is undergoing major growth and change; the city of Shenzhen is one example of this rapid growth."
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Arctic Global Warming, 2006.
A look at the natural and anthropogenic factors that have contributed to the global warming phenomenon.
2,040 words (approx. 8.2 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 64.95
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Abstract
This paper describes the causes of the global warming phenomenon that have been a part of earth's geological history since the dawn of geological time. The paper also looks at the effects that global warming has on the earth and in particular its effects in the Arctic Circle.
From the Paper
"Climate change in general, and global warming in specific, are by no means new phenomena. Since the dawn of geological time, surface and atmospheric temperatures on Earth have fluctuated enormously. In some cases, worldwide climate change has led to actual shifts in land masses, leading to changes in the ways human beings and societies evolved. For example, global climate change caused the so-called Ice Age: "During the Quaternary period (the past million years) the ice cap has repeatedly spread to middle latitudes over the sea, with corresponding glaciation on the continents," (Gribbin Forecasts 73). The disappearance of the dinosaurs and other prehistoric creatures may in fact be due to climatic changes. Global warming has also been intense in our geological history: between ice ages, it is possible that no portion of the earth was covered with glaciation whatsoever (Gribbin Forecasts 73). Moreover, such massive temperature and climate transformations probably did not occur as a result of human intervention, but rather were a result of complex environmental, meteorological, and astronomical influences. Climatic fluctuations are indeed natural and inevitable."
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The Ogallala Aquifer, 2005.
A geological analysis of this underground reservoir in the Rocky Mountains region.
833 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 29.95
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Abstract
Created millions of years of ago through geologic action, the Ogallala aquifer is a vast underground reservoir that runs west of the Mississippi River and east of the Rocky Mountains. This paper examines the evolution and deposition of the aquifer and discusses problems facing it today.
From the Paper
"The main concern for the Ogallala is the fact that the aquifer has been cut off from most of its natural recharging sources (Ogallala pp). The Rocky Mountains have not supplied the aquifer for more than a thousand years, and the High Plains climate today is classified as semi-arid, receiving only fifteen to twenty inches of rainfall annually, most of which is subject to a high rate of evaporation due to the dry air and high winds (Ogallala pp). Moreover, many of the rivers, such as the Platte, Canadian, and Arkansas, actually drain the aquifer since they have water tables below that of the aquifer (Ogallala pp)."
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Tsunamis, 2005.
This paper discusses tsunamis, its tremendous destructive powers, which also leaves affected areas with serious health problems, and efforts to develop early warnings.
1,415 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that one of the things making tsunamis so hard to cope with is that, while scientists can often predict a tsunami will occur, they can't predict how severe it will be. The author points out that, since one of the greatest concerns after a tsunami is disease, world organizations should make more effort to make sure people all over the world, but especially along the oceans, are vaccinated against such common diseases. The paper stresses that tsunamis are devastating events, but part of the problem is mankind's false sense of security, that they are safe wherever they go and that they have conquered Mother Nature.
Table of Contents
The Problem
What Causes Tsunamis?
Current Status of Problem
Efforts to Solve Problem
Personal Opinion
From the Paper
"Two events can trigger tsunamis: earthquakes and landslides, which can occur under water or along the coast. In each of these cases, the event displaces water upward, creating a rapidly-moving wave that may be barely visible on the open ocean but which swells, sometimes to 20 feet or more, as it approaches the sloping shore. Traveling rapidly, it destroys nearly all buildings in its wake and batters those who try to ride it out with debris from the destroyed buildings Tsunamis usually consist of several waves."
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The Cambrian System, 2004.
An analysis of the Cambrian System of the Grand Canyon.
974 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 34.95
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Abstract
This paper researches and examines the relevant information available in relation to the Cambrian System of the Grand Canyon. The paper explains that the lower middle and upper series in the stratigraphic scale of the Cambrian is a duration of over 50 million years but the three facies of the Tonto group deposited simultaneously appear super and juxtaposed which could be explained due to a varying velocity of the water flow in the different zones while sedimentation was still in its formation process.
Outline
Objective
Introduction
The Cambrian System
Stratigraphy of the Grand Canyon
The Tonto Group Formations and Layers
Zones in the Tonto Group Strata
Summary
From the Paper
" The stratigraphy of the Grand Canyon is illustrated in the chart below: Precambrian sedimentological layer is a "complex group of highly metamorphic and intensively folded rock of the "Vishnu Group", inclusive of chlorite-mica schist, with minor amount of amphibolites, gneiss and calc-silicate rocks. Occurrences of Zoroaster pink feldspars granite is noted with intrusion of Vishnu rocks vertically and pegmatic veins that are as thick as multiples of ten meters. The Zoroaster and Vishnu rocks the compositional materials of the Lower Proterozoic. These rocks are laid over by tilted Upper Proterozoic volcanic0sedimentary Grand Canyon Supergroup in some tectonic depressions with the Tonto Group of the Cambrian System overlaying the Vishnu and the Zoroaster rocks. (Grand Canyon, 1989) "
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