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Occupational/Industrial Health Concerns, 2005.
Looks at the health problems caused by prolonged exposure to selenium compounds and makes recommendations for reducing exposure risks.
1,100 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 12 sources, APA, $ 38.95
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Abstract
This paper presents an overview of industrial hygiene concerns and makes recommendations for the reduction of the risks associated with selenium in the workplace.
Outline
Statement of the Problem
Summary of Toxic Properties of Selenium
Summary of Industrial Hygiene Concerns
Recommendations to Management to Reduce the Risk to Workers
From the Paper
"Selenium is a chemical element in the oxygen family (Group VIa) of the periodic table; the element is closely allied in chemical and physical properties with the elements sulfur and tellurium (Selenium, 2004). Selenium was first recognized as an element in 1818 by Jacob Berzelius, a Swedish chemist. The element is a metalloid (this is an element that exhibits properties that are intermediate between the metals and the nonmetals); it is widely distributed throughout the world; however, such distribution only occurs in small quantities (Selenium, 2004). Prolonged exposure to certain metals such as cadmium, copper, lead, nickel, selenium compounds and zinc can cause deleterious health effects in humans (Reilly 1991). At low levels, selenium is considered a nutrient; however, it is being increasingly shown that at higher levels, the element and many of its compounds are toxic in humans (Dunning, 1993). Furthermore, Harris (1991) believes that numerous undiagnosed situations exist where people are suffering from selenium poisoning and physicians simply do not recognize it."
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Geothermal Energy, 2005.
A paper on the concepts and applications of geothermal energy.
1,145 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at the uses of geothermal energy, how it is harnessed, which countries presently use this form of energy, the different types of geothermal reservoirs, and the different processes used for generating power through geothermal energy.
From the Paper
"According to Godfrey Boyle, geothermal energy "is the natural, internal heat of the earth that is trapped in rock formations deep within the crust, but only a fraction of this vast storehouse of energy can be extracted" (1996, 128), meaning that the sources for this type of renewable energy are not found widely on the earth. Historically, geothermal energy has been used by various cultures and countries for hundreds or perhaps thousands of years, especially in areas where hot springs, geysers and other volcanic activity is widespread. One such country that uses geothermal energy on a daily basis is Iceland, located on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and just south of the Arctic Circle. In Reykjavik, the capital city of Iceland, many modern buildings, such as schools, factories and private homes, are heated by geothermal energy which rises to the surface through hot springs which can be found scattered all over the island."
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Oil Spills, 2004.
An analysis of the environmental problem of oil spills.
2,238 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 69.95
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Abstract
This paper claims that environmental oil spills are one of the most hazardous and preventable accidents that occur. The paper explains that, although there are a number of agencies that support the ongoing transport of oil via major waterways, by and large, such transport often leads to devastating consequences. The paper describes the importance of the establishment of stringent protocols for the safe transport of oil across waterways. The paper contends that environmental protection agencies need to work in collaboration with tanking and shipping organizations to ensure that every measure is taken to protect the environment from the hazardous effects of oil spills.
From the Paper
"Many oil tanker companies and major corporations such as Exxon have adopted protective measures to help guard against spills in the future. Despite these efforts however spills, small or large in nature continue to occur. Exxon even had another oil spill that was much smaller, but a spill nonetheless a few years after the Valdez disaster. Most of the companies involved in spills argue that the environment and ecosystems affected can recovery quickly and efficiently, and that most environments can return to a normal state of existence as they were before a spill. It is according to Dicks (1998) unrealistic to define recovery as a return to pre-spill conditions but rather recovery is defined as the re-establishment of a healthy biological community in which the plants and animals characteristic of that community are present and functioning normally (Dicks, 1998:2). Generally the area will not have the same composition or structure that was present prior to a spill and continues to change over time."
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Sugar and Salt, 2004.
An analysis of the nutritional problems caused by salt and sugar.
2,706 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 81.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses and analyzes the condiments salt and sugar. Specifically, it compares and contrasts cultural views on sugar and salt. The paper examines the historical roots for those views and discusses how they have changed over time. The paper explains that sugar and salt are two of the basic foods in most of the world's diets; in modern times, these two very different foods cause fear, and many people limit them for health reasons. The paper contends that, while sugar and salt are building blocks of diet and nutrition, too much of them can go a long way in ruining a healthy diet.
From the Paper
"Salt is one of the most basic minerals in the world, and yet it is one of the most mysterious. Today, it is trendy to keep "designer" salts in the kitchen - sea salts, French Fleur de Sel, Kosher salt - gray, pink, black, and white salts, all for different cooking purposes. However, salt has a much longer history. Today salt is trendy, but in the past, salt was life, and because of that, it played a monumental part in the history of the world. Writer Kurlansky notes, "Without both water and salt, cells could not get nourishment and would die of dehydration" (Kurlansky 5). Another historian states, "The essential function of salt is to maintain the equilibrium of the liquids or serum in the body; it must remain constant" (Toussaint-Samat 457). Salt is necessary for survival, but it has been used for centuries as a flavoring, and even as currency."
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Storage Tanks, 2004.
An analysis of two types of tanks used for storage of liquids, above-ground storage tanks (AST) and underground storage tanks (UST), with a focus on the need for maintenance.
1,500 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 49.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the maintenance required for the upkeep of liquid storage tanks. The paper explains that these tanks need to be inspected, repaired, and tested prior to usage. In the U.S. for example, the Department of Environmental Protection (DEP) and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), along with the American Petroleum Institute (API), determine the guidelines by which tank farms have to be managed. The paper contends that fear of leaks and contamination of the ground water and the subsequent ground water, oil clean-up has resulted in the creation of extensive and detailed guidelines by which these tanks have to be maintained to prevent any failures.
From the Paper
"Ever since crude oil was first successfully drilled in the U.S. in Titusville, Pennsylvania, in 1859, the demand for oil has only been increasing over the years in countries all over the world. (Camden, 1883) Crude oil is not used in the extracted form; but it is refined to obtained products such as gasoline, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), naphtha, kerosene, gas-oil and fuel oil. Secondary products during the purification of crude oil are obtained are lubricants, asphalt, perfumes and insecticides. There are, approximately, more than 4,000 different petrochemical products obtained from refining of crude oil that have commercial value. All these products have to be stored for consumption. (DOE, 2000)"
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The National Weather Service, 2004.
An analysis of the history and development of the National Weather Service.
1,821 words (approx. 7.3 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 58.95
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Abstract
This paper describes the important role played by the National Weather Service (NWS) and the crucial information it provides, not only to residents of the United States, but also to the airline industry, cruise industry, and major national concerns, such as NASA. The paper examines the different methods employed to forecast extreme weather conditions.
From the Paper
"The National Weather Service (NWS) is a government agency that affects every resident of the United States in important ways. Because of its skill in predicting extreme weather such as hurricanes and tornadoes, potentially thousands of lives have been saved. However, most people don't realize that the NWS has a somewhat checkered history. Government leaders have been interested in predicting and recording the weather since shortly after the first colonists arrived in what would become the United States. A Swedish military chaplain living in what is present-day Delaware started keeping a weather diary in 1644. Such diaries were the main source of information about weather through the early 19th century (Waite, 2004). Many of the early Founding Fathers, including Franklin, Washington and Jefferson, recorded weather conditions (Waite, 2004). It wasn't until 1814, however, that the United States Government began to systematically gather weather data, a job assigned to the U. S. Army Surgeon General and his medical corps assigned to barracks and forts across the country (Waite, 2004)."
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Hurricane Andrew, 2004.
An analysis of Hurricane Andrew, by far one of the costliest natural disasters in this nation's history.
1,861 words (approx. 7.4 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 59.95
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Abstract
This report presents a summary of hurricanes in general. The paper discusses the path of Hurricane Andrew. The paper explains that Hurricane Andrew was a small, but extremely ferocious hurricane that inflicted an unprecedented economic devastation all along its path through the northwestern Bahamas, the southern Florida peninsula, and south-central Louisiana. The paper contends that record amount of damage has been updated to well over forty billion dollars, making Hurricane Andrew one of the most expensive natural disasters in the history of the United States.
From the Paper
"A hurricane is basically a very big tropical cyclone like weather system that develops in the tropics. There are certain storm classifications that distinguish types of storms: Tropical Depression, Tropical Storm and a Hurricane. One major distinction between these different types of storms is the speed of the associated winds. A Tropical Depression usually has all of the makings of a storm such as persistent clouds and thunderstorms but the maximum sustained winds are at most thirty eight miles per hour. A Tropical Storm also has strong thunderstorms and winds blowing between thirty nine to seventy three miles per hour. In the case of a Hurricane, the tropical weather system's winds range from seventy four miles per hour and up."
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Geothermal Energy, 2005.
A definition of geothermal energy and its uses today.
1,354 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
Geothermal energy is described as the natural, internal heat of the earth that is trapped in rock formations deep within the crust, but only a fraction of this vast storehouse of energy can be extracted. The paper looks at the way this energy source is used and the limitations of its widespread use.
From the Paper
"In recent years, the use of geothermal or natural steam power has greatly advanced. Deep wells have been driven at the Geysers region in northern California where the capacity has been estimated to be over 400,000 kilowatts. In addition, the use of geothermal steam power has been used to some extent in New Zealand, Japan, Mexico and Italy where recent efforts have been made to develop geothermal power as an alternative to burning fossil fuels, due to the fact that geothermal power is extremely clean and moderately cheap to harness."
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Phylum Arthropoda, 2005.
A look at the family of organisms made up of animals with multiple legs, like spiders, crustaceans, scorpions, etc.
980 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 34.95
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Abstract
This paper introduces, discusses, and analyzes the phylum of arthropoda. Specifically, the paper introduces this phylum to the reader, including general characteristics of the phylum, an overview of the taxonomy within the phylum, the number of organisms within the phylum, where these organisms live, their ecological or economic importance, and any interesting facts about organisms within the phylum.
From the Paper
"The arrangement of animals in this phylum is quite varied. These creatures are usually divided into four classes: Trilobita (trilobites, which are now extinct, but the fossils look like flat beetles or sea creatures), Chelicerata, (which include spiders and scorpions, mites and ticks, horseshoe crabs, daddy-longlegs, and other animals with eight legs), Crustacea, (which include crabs, lobsters, shrimp, and other sea creatures), and Uniramia, (which include insects, millipedes, centipedes, and insects like these). These four main classes hold literally millions of insects and members. Since there are so many diverse insects and spiders on the planet, and scientist know they have not all been discovered, many people believe there are thousands that are not yet classified, and the entire class holds many millions of animals. Estimates place arthropods at about 80 percent of all known animals on Earth (Tatner). Within these four classes, the animals are broken down even further into numerous sub-classes."
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Geothermal Energy, 2004.
An analysis of the earth's geothermal energy.
867 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 30.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the earth's geothermal energy. The paper contends that geothermal energy cannot be trusted to supply all of the world's energy needs as there are simply not enough geothermal reservoirs near the surface of the earth. The paper explores the optimism expressed by some geologists who believe that, as drilling technology improves, humans will be able to reach enough geothermal reservoirs to accommodate a large percentage of the world's energy demands.
From the Paper
"The earth formed approximately 4.5 billion years ago. Our planet's geothermal heat originates from the energetic remnants of that coalescence. Over time, the interior of the earth "became differentiated into several distinct compositional zones: a large, iron rich core; a thick surrounding mantle; and at the surface, a thin, low density crust." (Montgomery 10). This fact contributed to a number of important attributes of the earth, including the formation of the atmosphere-which came into existence thanks to gases escaping from the hot interior."
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The 1906 San Francisco Earthquake, 2004.
This paper discusses the human tragedy and economic loss of the massive 1906 San Francisco earthquake.
1,245 words (approx. 5.0 pages), 11 sources, APA, $ 42.95
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Abstract
This paper on April 18, 1906, San Francisco, California was hit by one of the most devastating earthquakes recognized by man, affecting 430 kilometers of the famous San Andreas fault ranging from northwest of San Juan Bautista to Cape Mendocino, reducing the city into a pile of rubble. The author points out that casualties from the earthquake were severe, with almost 500 deaths in San Francisco and 166 deaths reported in surrounding areas; people wandered about in a state of devastation, shock, helplessness, and sorrow, and thousands were evacuated by the Navy from the city in what was one of the largest evacuations in history. The paper reports that seismology has led to predictions about earthquakes in other areas in the U.S., including Boston and other regions of the East Coast and middle America.
Table of Contents
Geology of the Earthquake
The Human Toll and Economy
Rebuilding a Great City
From the Paper
"The total length of the earthquake was felt for about 290 miles, the largest ever recorded. The magnitude of the earthquake was estimated between 7.7 and 7.9. Because seismology and the study of earthquakes were limited during the early 1900s, an accurate assessment of the magnitude is not possible. There are some accounts that suggest that the earthquake was as great as 8.3, but these are largely unproven. Before this earthquake, little scientific effort was dedicated to seismic research. After the earthquake however scientists took an active interest in the area of seismography and government issued investigations into earthquakes became quite commonplace."
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Beginnings of Life on Early Earth, 2005.
A look at different life origin theories.
1,320 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper presents a brief overview of different theories of the origins of life on earth. The paper explains the naturalistic approach, the chemical evolution theory, and the comet theory. The paper also examines some of the weaknesses in these theories and concludes with the author's opinion that the comet theory is the most plausible theory for explaining the origins of life on earth.
From the Paper
"Questions related to the origins of life on Earth have always been a cause for scientific investigation and suppositions. If we refer to the naturalistic approach, than the evolutionary process is a justified explanation of changes and transformations that have occurred. This is a theory that we can successfully apply to the appearance of life on Earth and to the chemical processes that have made it possible."
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