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Psychology of the Holocaust, 2008.
This paper takes a look at Christopher Browning's 'Ordinary Men: Reserve Police Battalion 101 and the Final Solution in Poland', which discusses a mass killing during the Holocaust.
3,372 words (approx. 13.5 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 95.95
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Abstract
In this article the writer explores Christopher Browning's controversial 1992 text, 'Ordinary Men: Reserve Police Battalion 101 and the Final Solution in Poland'. The writer both summarizes the text's salient points as well as discusses the opinion of the academic community as to its veracity and merit. Every bit as importantly, this paper examines the methodology employed and looks at why Browning's text, if not a great book, can at least be described as an important one. In the end, by looking at the psychology of the killers as he does, the writer maintains that Browning forces the reader to confront "the banality of evil" which made the Holocaust possible on such an unimaginable scale.
From the Paper
"The book is, simply put, a vivid portrayal of a horrifying event. It begins with the first mass-killing at Jozefow in the early morning hours of July 13, 1942. On that day, the members of Reserve Force Battalion 101 were roused from their bunks - they were effectively sequestered in a school building in the town of Bilgoraj - and ordered into waiting trucks. After a short time, they stopped at the small, aforementioned town of Jozefow and were ordered into a semi-circle around their 53-year old commander, Major Wilhelm Trapp. At this point, the first bit of horror in Browning's narrative unfolds. As he describes it, a tearful and badly-shaken Trapp tells his troops that the 1800 Jews in the small community were to be rounded up and separated into two groups - males of working age and everybody else."
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Derek Gregory's "The Colonial Present", 2007.
This paper reviews Derek Gregory's book "The Colonial Present: Afghanistan, Palestine, Iraq", which examines the war on terror based on the history of U.S. and British involvement in the region going back decades.
1,735 words (approx. 6.9 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 56.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Derek Gregory, in "The Colonial Present", spends much of the book describing the actions of Britain and the U.S. in trying to impose control over the peoples of the region. The author points out that former colonial regions of the world are virtually all encumbered today by tensions and state failures because of the condition these regions were left in when the colonial powers withdrew. The paper states that the Middle East, which has been of strategic importance to both countries for some time, often served as a staging ground for conflicts with the Soviet Union; however, the way the West has related to the Middle East has changed since 9-11. The author criticizes that Gregory, a geographer, does not delve deeply into the internal divisions now causing the factional war in Iraq.
From the Paper
"Many of the states in the Middle East are marked by repressive policies, violations of human rights, and non-democratic cultures. The irony is that most of these regimes were set up or propped up by Britain, France, and the United States in decades past, a fact which Gregory says means that the U.S. and the other nations area not innocent, which also helps explain the anger now directed at the West by the Arab world. Gregory notes how many people are asking questions about the guilt of the West and the response of the Middle East, and he says he does not intend to decide which view is correct but only to note the dichotomy they produce."
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Culture, Society and Gender in 17th Century England, 2008.
An analysis of the letters between Henry More and Anne Conway and what they reveal about the characteristics of seventeenth century English society.
2,280 words (approx. 9.1 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 70.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at what the personal correspondence between noblewoman Anne Conway and intellectual Henry More - as well as at least one letter from her brother - reveal about the characteristics of seventeenth century English society. More specifically, the paper looks at the social ramifications of the age, the religious predilections of the period, the preferred consumption patterns of upper-class women, and the proximity of death to those alive during the period as all of these items are touched upon by the private letters exchanged between friends and family. Ultimately, the paper argues that Anne Conway was saddled with a variety of social conventions and burdens that even her social status could not help her evade.
From the Paper
"Moving onward, the correspondence between Henry More and Anne Conway is marked (in many, but not all, instances) by an abiding interest in religion - one very good example of this occurring in one of the early letters sent by More to Conway shortly after she had been married (More, "21: Henry More to Anne Conway," 53-55). In any case, it should be borne in mind that the seventeenth century was an age of high religiosity - not unlike the century before it which produced the Reformation and then Counter-Reformation - and More's religious sentiments are extraordinary manifestations not only of his own interest in, and believe in, the Christian faith, but of the extent to which the thought of the age among even the most lettered persons was informed by Christian sensibilities. "
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The Progressive Era, 2008.
This paper studies the progressive era and looks at the United States and Latin America, labor and nationalism in this regard.
2,900 words (approx. 11.6 pages), 13 sources, APA, $ 85.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that the progressive era in the United States meant that there would be regulations that controlled industry and that no one industry would be capable of driving up prices or negatively impacting the common consumer. The writer notes that the chief proponent of the progressive movement was President Theodore Roosevelt. The writer then points out that Roosevelt felt, as many Americans of the time did, that large industries were beginning to control the lives of citizens and that unless some form of control was placed on these industries people would not be capable of having any hope of achieving success. The writer concludes that ultimately the impact of the American progressive era on Latin American countries was felt in the labor force, as well as in the nationalism that began to arise.
Outline:
United States Impact Abroad
Latin America: Labor and Nationalism
From the Paper
"President Roosevelt further believed that the manner in which many industries were operating would eventually cause environmental concerns throughout the United States. Because of this, Roosevelt moved to limit the amount of land that could be used by businesses and protect the natural environment in the country. This meant the creation of national parks and preserves, as well as the protection of national forests. By 1902 Roosevelt was also focusing on the protection of rivers and waterways within the country to protect the natural habitat of wildlife and ensure that there was adequate irrigation. This was because it was evident that industries were failing to comprehend the impact that their mining, oil drilling, use of timber and use of waterways was contaminating the environment. Roosevelt felt that the only way to ensure that these natural areas were safe in that time and in the future was to forcibly make industries to comply with federal laws."
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The Atomic Bomb, 2008.
This paper discusses the atomic bomb and provides an analysis of its
moral implications.
1,359 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
This paper relates that the atomic bomb has dramatically changed the world we live in and will continue to strike fear into the every day lives of civilians. The paper asserts that the making of the atomic bomb was inevitable, but the use of the atomic bomb was a mistake that will never be forgotten. The paper goes on to say that the atomic bombings of the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945 ended the bloodiest war in human history, but Japan was on the verge of surrendering anyway, so there was no military justification for the use of these horrific weapons. The writer concludes that if humanity fails to break free from the vicious cycle of wars, atomic bombs will be used again, life on earth will end someday in one final conflagration and the final page of human history will never be written because no one will be left alive to write it.
From the Paper
"Despite the fact that most Americans in 1945 considered these atomic attacks fully justified and felt no remorse for the massive death and destruction inflicted upon Hiroshima and Nagasaki, most Americans today have very different attitudes about the atomic bombings, and feel regret, shame, and revulsion when they think about the atomic attacks. Most of them believe that although the making of the atomic bomb was inevitable, it was a mistake to use atomic bombs against Japan."
"The Manhattan Project was established early in World War II because it was learned that Nazi Germany was intent upon building an atomic bomb. This political factor, combined with the relentless advance of scientific discoveries, made the development of atomic weapons inevitable. Consequently, a race to develop atomic bombs began, for they would be the ultimate weapon and whichever nation possessed them would be impossible to defeat."
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Prince Henry the Navigator, 2008.
This paper discusses Prince Henry the Navigator and his investment in expeditions to Africa.
957 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 33.95
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Abstract
The paper relates that Prince Henry the Navigator never traveled on an expedition himself, but he sponsored many. The paper then looks at the history of Prince Henry's birth and heritage and discusses the reasons behind his sponsored expeditions. The paper relates that Prince Henry wanted to spread Christianity and he was able to do this with his expeditions.
From the Paper
"First, it is important to look at the history of Prince Henry's birth and heritage. Prince Henry was born in 1394 as a son of King John I. "Henry was born in 1394 as one of the sons of the Portuguese King John I, founder of the Aviz dynasty" (Engels 2006). In fact, he was the third son of King Joao. "His mother, the Queen, was Philippa of Lancaster, the daughter of John of Gaunt" (Henry the Navigator 2006). Henry persuaded his father to take part in an expedition against the Muslims. When Henry was involved with his brothers in this movement to stop the Muslim stronghold in Morrocco, Henry learned about riches in Africa. Henry wanted part of these riches, but he knew the only way this was going to happen was if he could travel directly to these lands where he hoped to find gold (Engels 2006). Therefore, he allowed different expeditions in order to try to find wealth. However, he never actually went on an expedition. "Truth is, Prince Henry of Portugal never set sail on voyages of discovery" (Africans in America 2006). While he never participated in the expeditions, he did sponsor many expeditions."
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1960 Chinese Propaganda, 2007.
This paper discuses two Chinese media articles about the agricultural situation in 1960 as examples of the Chinese Communist Party's (CCP) use of propaganda.
3,175 words (approx. 12.7 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 91.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, until the 1970s, sinologists and others studied the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) media for clues as to what might be occurring in Mainland China of which there was much conjecture. The author compares the reports from two 1960 CCP media releases, which were prepared for the national Chinese audience by the People's Republic of China (PRC), with what is now known about the terrible Communist planning error in the agricultural sector during the late 1950s and early 1960s. The paper concludes that all media materials from Beijing were expected to be propaganda; therefore, the Chinese public became adept at discerning what really might be happening. The author stresses that this reflective habit is still practiced in the PRC, despite much liberalization of the mass media.
Table of Contents
Introduction
'Go to the First Line of Agriculture!'
'Advance Payment of Wages Every Month Stimulates Enthusiasm of the CCP'
Mao's Famine
Concluding Discussion
From the Paper
"The article seems to fit with a great deal that appeared through the month of September 1960 to do with agricultural gains, work still to be done, the potential for China to become a kind of agrarian paradise, and general applause for the rural laborer. In the article discussed, rural toil is said to be very good for cadres who may still be bureaucrats or people otherwise not yet exposed to the soil. Readers in the cities, or for that matter in Hong Kong or Taiwan or wherever else refugees from the Communist state had fled, had reason to wonder what was meant by the "transfer of large numbers of cadres ..."
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California During World War II, 2008.
An analysis of how the Japanese were treated and how California prospered during World War II.
1,115 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 38.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how California was affected by World War II. It discusses the concentration camps that were set up for the Japanese living in America and how their businesses were taken from them. It describes the fear of the Japanese that was felt by the American public. The paper also looks at how the production of war products increased and how the production of different industries prospered in California.
Table of Contents:
Fear and the American People during World War II
Removal of Japanese to Concentration Camps
Businesses during World War II Prospered
From the Paper
"Before discussing why the American people wanted the Japanese removed from California, it is important to grasp the fear they had during this time. "Fear gripped the country and a wave of hysterical antipathy against the Japanese engulfed the Pacific Coast" (Weber). Not only did California and people on the West Coast develop hatred toward the Japanese after the bombing on Pearl Harbor, but people throughout the country were afraid the Japanese might be spies or they might turn against them. John Rankin, a Mississippi Congressman, stated, "I'm for catching every Japanese in America, Alaska and Hawaii now and putting them in concentration camps and shipping them back to Asia as soon as possible ... This is a race war, as far as the Pacific side of the conflict is concerned" (Weber). Quite clearly, they wanted the Japanese removed from their homes and put into concentration camps even if they were American citizens."
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Confucianism Across Chinese History, 2008.
An analysis of the changing nature of Confucianism from the time of the Warring States to the Ming Dynasty.
2,005 words (approx. 8.0 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 63.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the evolution of Confucianism and how it was adapted to serve the changing needs of the Chinese state with which it came to be so identified. It looks at the changes in Confucianism from the time of the Warring States to the Ming Dynasty. The paper also describes the importance of Confucianism in Chinese history and the fundamental disagreements about Confucianism that extend throughout Chinese history.
From the Paper
"This passage is interesting for its emphasis on how the Confucian focus on ritual can be oriented towards the individual and the individuals local relationships, with the broader implications for the state clearly being secondary. Clearly, this represents a profound shift from the heavy emphasis of Confucianism since the Han upon how Confucianism is useful to the state and government. Now, with Neo-Confucianism, Zhu Xi seems to suggest that the Chinese people have different needs that must be met in new ways through an adaptation of traditional Confucian thinking. In this adaptation, it may be argued, Zhu Xi is continuing int he practice of continual revision of Confucianism(s) that have defined the evolution of this philosophy in theory and practice throughout Chinese imperial history."
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Herbert Reaver and Chiropractic Medicine, 2008.
This paper explores the history of chiropractic medicine and Herbert Reaver's accomplishments.
1,589 words (approx. 6.4 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 51.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the history of chiropractic medicine in general. The paper then looks at Herbert Reaver's career and describes his singular willingness to stand up against the established medical community and assert the legitimacy of chiropractic. The paper details how Reaver fought both for the legitimacy of chiropractic and against the legal practices that actively discriminated against his profession.
From the Paper
"Like many medical pioneers, Herbert Ross Reaver was persecuted, reviled, and harassed by the public, the press, and the medical establishment. Indeed, he even holds the distinction as the most arrested and jailed chiropractic doctor in the history of the practice. What marks Reaver's career as unique was his singular willingness to stand up against the established medical community and assert the legitimacy of chiropractic. While the history of chiropractic medicine extends to slightly before Dr. Reaver's time, his strident position, his challenges and assertions, and his constant championing of chiropractic throughout his entire life and career map nearly directly with the ascendancy and recognized legitimacy of the practice. Indeed, Herbert Reaver's history is that of chiropractic."
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The World Order: 1945-1970, 2007.
This paper discuses the world order, especially the U.S., from 1945 after the end of WWII to 1970 and Vietnam.
2,370 words (approx. 9.5 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 72.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the years from 1945 to 1970 witnessed the transformation of the world order, which had been characterized by the emergence of the nation-states of the 19th century and their imperialistic colonization of countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America. The author points out that, after WWII, with the power of England, France and Germany destroyed, the U.S. was the only major power unscathed in its territory. The paper relates that, when the Soviet Union tested its first atomic bomb and imposed its constricting net over Eastern Europe, the two super powers aggressively opposed each other on either side of the Cold War. The author concludes that the state of the world in 1970 found a radically altered American society where, for the first time in its history, its Vietnam War policy was politicized and polarized.
From the Paper
"It is possible and perhaps necessary to view this strategic impasse less as a function of monolithic state policy than as actions motivated and implemented by government sectors, interest groups, or ministries. The arms race, with its high stakes in profits, needed a protagonist and an adversary; certain elements within the burgeoning military-industrial context also benefited quite well from the ostensibly anti-U.S. policy of Charles de Gaulle who "suspended military assistance to Israel" leaving the U.S. to become Israel's main arms supplier."
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The Historical Roots of Modern Terrorism, 2007.
An examination of historical manifestation of terrorism in society.
1,772 words (approx. 7.1 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 57.95
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Abstract
This paper explains where terrorism has come from and examines the ideological foundations upon which it rests. The writer discusses how, historically, terrorism has always had political roots, where as modern terrorism has emerged as something that is somewhat divorced from this political context. The writer points out that understanding terrorism will provide modern scholars with the resources needed to understand the motivations and future actions of terrorist organizations.
From the Paper
"The threat of terrorism has been bandied about in the West since the 2001 attacks on the United States as the preeminent security issue for modern nations. While this may be something of a hyperbole, it is nonetheless true that terrorism does represent a threat to the Western world in at least some instances. But to understand the modern form that terrorism has taken and the real or imagined threat it poses, it is important to have a sense of the historical roots of terrorism."
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