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The Origins of World War II, 2008.
A comparison of popular public opinion regarding the origins of World War II with that scholarly opinion on the subject.
3,318 words (approx. 13.3 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 94.95
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Abstract
This paper compares the popular beliefs regarding the origins of World War II with scholarly books and journal articles on the subject. The paper reveals that public interpretations of the causes of the war tend to be based upon an inadequate awareness of the complex factors which combined to produce a second world war only twenty-one years after the first one ended. The paper demonstrates that the public often misunderstands why a historical event occurred and tends to form beliefs that are only partially accurate. The paper includes the full text of some of the sources at the end.
From the Paper
"In conclusion, it is the consensus of scholars and historians that the origins of World War II can be traced to the disastrous Treaty of Versailles. This Treaty incited bitter resentment throughout Germany and enabled Hitler to rise to power because it placed sole blame for World War I on Germany, imposed draconian war reparations payments, and turned the German military into a feeble militia. In contrast, popular belief regarding the origins of World War II is based upon vague notions that Hitler and the Nazis wanted to conquer the world because Germans considered themselves to be the master race."
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"Samuel Adams: America's Revolutionary Politician", 2008.
An analysis and review of John K. Alexander's book, "Samuel Adams: America's Revolutionary Politician."
926 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 32.95
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Abstract
This paper briefly reviews John K. Alexander's book, "Samuel Adams: America's Revolutionary Politician." It illuminates Alexander's thesis and explores the evidence presented by John K. Alexander in his work. The paper suggests that Alexander's work is not objective enough to be an invaluable resource, however it commends the number of sources that are used and suggests that the book is well written.
From the Paper
"There are two other items of considerable interest which must be discussed when examining Alexander's work: his use of resources and his ability to contextualize the characters he discusses. To begin with the former, a quick glance at the selected bibliography found at the back of the book indicates an impressive mix of primary and secondary resources. In that regard, Alexander has made a concerted effort to review as much of the material available on the life and times of Samuel Adams, as possible - albeit the way in which this material has been used is an open question. Proceeding further, Alexander has done a commendable job of placing Adams and other principals within the proper historical context; to wit, whenever quoting eighteenth century correspondence, every effort is undertaken to adhere to the grammatical and spelling conventions of Adams' time, and Alexander also sees to it that those contemporaries of Adams have "ample opportunity to speak for themselves" (xi). In the end, this sort of reliance upon primary correspondence gives the book an authenticity it might not have otherwise."
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The History and Development of the UNIVAC, 2008.
An examination of the history of the UNIVAC (universal automatic computer) and its role in the development of the world of technology.
1,541 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the history and development of the universal automatic computer, the UNIVAC. It describes the new possibilities that were opened up with the UNIVAC for companies and organizations in the US and shows how the UNIVAC paved the way for further funding and development of computers that have led to the modern digital age.
From the Paper
"The UNIVAC entered the public spotlight when CBS used it to cover the 1952 presidential election. Reports vary, but UNIVAC predicted the outcome of the election at around 8:30 PM the night of the election after only 1-5% of the votes had been officially counted (Cho, 2004; Deagon, 2001). Onlookers, even at Remington Rand, were dubious that the computer could produce accurate results with such a limited amount of data so quickly. Despite this skepticism, the programming and computational prowess of the UNIVAC ultimately proved accurate. The prediction it made was based on the available counted votes, the history of returns in presidential elections, and past voting habits of people throughout the nation. UNIVAC's original prediction was that Eisenhower would best Adlai Stevenson in the election by a significant margin. UNIVAC predicted 438 electoral votes would go to Eisenhower and only 93 for Stevenson, with 100 to 1 odds in favor of Eisenhower (Cho, 2004)."
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The Dynamics of Christianity around the World, 2008.
This paper discusses the patterns by which twenty-five countries experienced the arrival of Christianity.
4,295 words (approx. 17.2 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 113.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, whether a person's experience of Christianity is evangelical or just awareness of ancestors who long ago adopted the religion, there is often the idea of Christianity as a catalyst for positive change. The author points out that the theme of monotheism as superior and as a marker of civilization combines well with other stabilizing projects wherever Christianity is taken. The paper relates that, if a religion favors one god that values humble efforts at getting along with others, a powerful personal philosophy for dignity can be found in situations of poverty and perhaps extreme oppression. The author underscores that, in the early 21st century, the same cycle of Christian myths and allegories continues even in a world that seems more secular, devoted to a religion of consumerism. The paper states that the early 21st century is dramatized as a time of Muslim and Christian activism, including theories of colliding civilizations, religions and cultures; however, this situation has become merely as politicized as they were in the Middle Ages. The paper describes Christianity in several countries.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
In the Beginning
One God Better
Underdogs, Again
Christian Myths
Christian Beginnings
Into the Present
Concluding Remarks
From the Paper
"The New Testament repeats the message of God preferring the humble of the earth, forgiving every kind of human sin if an individual, of any kind, makes a genuine effort to turn over a new leaf. The New Testament appends the letters of Paul, a reprobate turned Christian, who went to tell Gentiles of the good news, the divine nature of the departed Jesus and the hope that he offered to ordinary people. A favorite Christian theme, in keeping with its roots in Judaism and what came later in Islam, is the superiority of one god above polytheistic religions."
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The Cultural Evolution of Aboriginal Marriage, 2008.
A comparison of historical and modern day Aboriginal marriages in Australia.
1,089 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 37.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the early historical origins of Aboriginal marriages, in their practices and ceremonies, that are found in what is now modern day Australia. In particular, the paper presents an historical overview of the ancient practices of these Aboriginal marriages and shows how they are used within the modern context of marriages of Aboriginal Australians today.
From the Paper
"In conclusion, the history of the marriage ceremonies and practices of the Australian Aborigines is one that has stayed true with the ancient customs that were initiated through a creationist religious mythology. The binding essence of the firestick provides a sexual and legally binding ceremony that is provided though family members, uniting the man and the woman within the tribe. The evolution of these marriage rites include a multi-cultural integration with other ethnic or racial groups, which provides a foundation for the relevancy and survival of these ceremonies. In this manner, this study has provided a historical evaluation of the marriage ceremonies and practices of the Aboriginal peoples of Australia from the early past to the present tense."
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The Age of McCarthyism, 2008.
This paper analyzes the actual threat to American institutions and values posed by the Communist party during the age of McCarthyism.
2,810 words (approx. 11.2 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 83.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the era of McCarthyism, from the late 1940s to the late 1950s, was characterized by an anti-Communist fervor that was closely associated with investigations engineered by Senator Joseph McCarthy. The author points out that one of the primary claims of anti-Communists, such as Senator McCarthy, was that Communist agents had infiltrated many important American institutions in the service of the interests of the Soviet Union. The paper relates that, while historians dismiss McCarthy's allegations as wildly exaggerated and politically self-serving, it is generally acknowledged that Soviet espionage in the United States was a reality. The author underscores that it is clear that the majority of party members at the end of the 1930s were not interested in the destruction of the United States as a fifth column for foreign interests but instead were interested in furthering social justice in the United States.
Table of Contents:
The Need for Critical Analysis
The Threat of American Communist Espionage
The American Communist Party
The Question of Proportionality
From the Paper
"This is an important document as it reveals a broader understanding of the Communist Party than the McCarthyism hysteria would suggest. Far from being a threat to "American institutions and values" it would appear, from Howard Johnson's words, that the Communist Party seemed to represented the ideal of American values. Note, in particular, how Johnson addresses the issue of subversion. As students of history, we must recognize that many Communist Party members joined as it offered an organized means of challenging aspects of American society - such as racial segregation - that were both legal and supported by powerful political interests, but nonetheless immoral and inhumane."
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Canadian Bush Pilots and Air Medical Services, 2008.
A discussion of bush pilots and the advent of air medical services in Canada.
2,290 words (approx. 9.2 pages), 13 sources, MLA, $ 70.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the rise of air medical and evacuation services in northern and remote areas of Canada after the 1920s, noting the continuing need for air ambulance services for Canadians living beyond road or rail networks. The paper points out that a great array of popular history material has been published in the last thirty years or so attesting to the romantic lives of bush pilots who indeed were often self-styled persons to occupy their own boundless milieu. The paper adds that a study of the many female bush pilots provides an intriguing aside on the women's history emphasis of the last decades that can lend an impression of women's domesticity that was by no means general. The paper concludes that, today, bush pilots retain their particular glamour, being well-equipped and trained with every benefit of modern communications and navigation, and still risking unusual, even ridiculous situations.
Outline:
Introduction
A Twentieth-Century Progression
Medical Services in Northern Canada
Saskatchewan
Training of Pilots and Medical Staff
Concluding Discussion
From the Paper
"With socialized medicine as a federal Canadian addition, outpost infirmaries and hospitals were incorporated into local communities but some memoirs refer to occasional doctors who carried on in remote service, radioing instructions to particular flying companies or pilots; instructions arrived via Royal Canadian Air Force stations, too, in a continuing range of services that has by no means subsided with the advent of tele-medicine. Nursing were sometimes found in contract posts who might be better described today as physician's assistants in their obstetrical and orthopedic skills, not a few of them turning to surgery where there was no doctor and air evacuation impossible in time to save lives. (Larmour 1988) The international profession of nursing took considerable interest in the post-World War II decades in what Canadian provinces and territories were beginning to pioneer in nursing stations, infirmaries, public information on when to bring patients to radio dispatch centres and all else done and learned by practitioners in the course of northern or Arctic service. (Waller 1964, King 1968, Smith 1972)"
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Creating the History of the Mexican Revolution, 2008.
A discussion and review of Benjamin Thomas' book "La Revolucion: Mexico's Great Revolution as Memory, Myth & History".
1,010 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at Benjamin Thomas' book "La Revolucion: Mexico's Great Revolution as Memory, Myth & History", which contends that the revolution which Mexico celebrates is a deliberate creation, something often going beyond actual events. The paper points out that, according to Thomas, although the story of the revolution is partly based on fact, the nation created its own past through retelling its history. To conclude, the paper praises Thomas' work as a valuable book beause it is not merely on history, but on how history is created.
From the Paper
"Thomas notes that Carranza was more adept at seizing power than wielding it. He alienated the Zapatistas by murdering their leader. He allowed only limited land redistribution, the key demand of the country's poor. (Thomas 33-34) He claimed to be carrying out Madero's revolution, but Villa and Zapata both denounced him as a traitor to Madero's memory (Thomas 53), and he consolidated power relentlessly in the "War of the Winners" of 1915. (Thomas 26) He successfully created a story of la Revolucion glorifying his own role by drawing on strong support among the intellectual, social, and political elites of Mexico City. (Thomas, 52-54, 57, 60-69) By crushing his rivals, he won the right to create the story of his triumph."
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The Hundred Flowers Campaign, 2008.
This paper explores the true motivations behind Mao's Hundred Flowers Campaign (1956 - 1957) in the Republic of China.
1,895 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 60.95
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Abstract
The paper examines the Hundred Flowers Campaign in the Republic of China and argues that, although the purported motivations were to strengthen socialism by encouraging criticism, the real motivation was to strengthen Mao's position by finding out who his enemies were, and eliminating them. The paper then shows how Mao achieved several political goals with his ruthless, clever scheme which he utilized to maintain his power.
From the Paper
"The Hundred Flowers Campaign (1956 - 1957) was a very atypical incident in the history of the Republic of China. On the surface, it was framed as an attempt by the rulers of the country, especially Mao Zedong, to facilitate free communication of dissenting ideas and criticism of the ruling Communist Party (CP). Clearly this was atypical, in that the CP prior to 1956, and subsequent to 1957, has been notoriously intolerant of criticism. The incongruity of this has prompted many to question Mao's sincerity. Was the Hundred Flowers Campaign a sincere attempt to enable the people to have a say in the running of the CP and the direction of socialism, or was it a cynical ruse to expose dissidents?"
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Otto Von Bismarck and the Unification of Germany, 2008.
An analysis of the role of Otto Von Bismarck in the unification of Germany, particularly looking at the Second War of Schleswig, the Austro-Prussian War and the Franco-Prussian War.
2,153 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 67.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the processes by which Otto Von Bismarck engineered the unification of Germany between 1854 and 1885. It argues that Bismarck used three wars as the key stages in this process: the Second War of Schleswig, the Austro-Prussian War and the Franco-Prussian War. The paper also discusses the central role that Bismarck played in these conflicts, even where he did not actually initiate them.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Bismarck's Rise: The Plan Take Shape
The Second War of Schleswig and the Austro-Prussian War
The Franco-Prussian War and German Unification
Conclusion
From the Paper
"One of the most fascinating aspects of the Second War of Schleswig was how Bismarck embarked upon the conflict against the opposition of most other German states, as expressed in the Diet's refusal to give Prussia a loan for the war. It was due to this deficiency that Bismarck entered into an alliance with Austria (Stern 40). In this analysis, this war is particularly significant as we can see in it a concrete example of how deftly Bismarck was pursuing his plan for Prussian dominance of Germany. From the perspective of the other German states, one historian notes, "their less flexible minds could never grasp that Bismarck harbored several alternatives, hoping to realize the most desirable one that political conditions would allow" (Stern 40)."
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Dalton McGuinty, 2008.
A discussion of Dalton McGuinty, premier of Ontario, and his policy.
1,020 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the position that the premier of Ontario, Dalton McGuinty, holds in the political fabric of Ontario as well as within the national political structure. The paper points out that McGuinty has been premier since 2003 and is largely considered to be a moderate fiscal conservative, although he is a political liberal in most other respects. It holds that one of his top priorities upon becoming premier was to attract further international investment into the province as a way to spur economic growth. The paper also points out that another chief objective of McGuinty's leadership has been a balanced budget by 2009. Additionally, the paper notes that McGuinty's politically liberal positions include support of abortion rights for women and unequivocal support for same sex couples, which led to the passage of legislation in Ontario that ensured legal status for such couples. Lastly, the paper addresses the McGuinty administration's focus on the "MoveOntario" project, which targeted a $1.2 billion investment in provincial transportation infrastructure.
Outline:
Overview
Provincial Jurisdiction
Responsibilities Outcome
Municipal Amalgamation
From the Paper
"The concept of provincial jurisdiction in Ontario was considerably undermined by the Harris Tory government that preceded McGuinty's government. The Tory government began passing in the mid and late 1990s a series of laws which removed substantial powers of jurisdiction from the local municipalities and placed them largely within the jurisprudence of provincial control. Provincial jurisdiction over municipalities was first undermined by the Schedule M within the Savings and Restructuring Act in 1997 which gave the province's minister of municipal affairs the authority to designate a commissioner who could actually restructure municipalities if they could not agree to boundaries or other issues among themselves. This law removed the entire process of municipal compromise from the municipalities themselves and awarded it to the provincial authorities."
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Herodotus and Greek Historiography, 2008.
A discussion of historical record and the ancient Greek historiographer Herodotus.
1,015 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at the origin of history as a form of writing and a discipline beginning with the Greeks. The paper points out that, before the first Greek historical writers, stories of great battles and historical events were certainly told, often in fanciful form, in the historical epics attributed to Homer. History was told as part of an oral tradition, not written down until long after the epic poems were shaped and told by the poet and those who followed him. The paper focuses particularly on Herodotus, considered to be one of the first to record western history in writing. The paper concludes by asserting that his writings had much influence on his successors.
From the Paper
"Herodotus has been called the father of history, and Thucydides would follow his lead. In the Greek world into which Herodotus was born, prose writing was becoming more and more common for technical works on such subjects as philosophy, law and politics, and science and technology. The Greeks were interested in their past, but what passed for history was really a stock of myths and legends which were thought to be true. The interest was not historical in the sense we use the term, as an inquiry into the facts of such events as the Trojan War or any other occurrence or period. It was something quite different from that, a form of Hellenic or regional consciousness and pride and a search for community solidarity. The past could reinforce these social elements, and the old tales could in fact be revised when needed by new historical developments or political and social changes."
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