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Making Poverty History, 2007.
An analysis of the efforts, successes and failures of attempts to alleviate global poverty.
2,497 words (approx. 10.0 pages), 19 sources, MLA, $ 75.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the history and development of programs and movements that have been established by the United Nations and other international groups and non-governmental organizations to attempt to alleviate some of the poverty in Third World countries. The paper discusses the successes and failures of some of these groups and why global poverty is an ongoing issue.
From the Paper
"As part of the attempt to re-focus anti-poverty efforts on people, as opposed to business interests, improvement in education have come to be viewed as critical. Poor quality education, and lack of educational opportunities, are considered major factors in creating the income disparity between citizens of the developing world and their counterparts in the wealthy nations. (Suarez-Orozco & Qin-Hilliard, 2004, p. 62) Nonetheless, even promoting universal primary education can interfere with the profit-making motives of multinationals and global finance. Achieving universal primary education is a double-edged sword. Though highly conducive to future economic development in low-income nations, it is an extremely expensive proposition for the wealthier nations. The World Bank itself revealed in 2002 that the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals of halving poverty would require, not merely enormous financial aid, but also the full cancellation of all debts of impoverished nations. (Buxton, 2004, p. 76)"
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German Reunification, 2007.
An examination of the impact of German reunification on the country and its people today.
7,945 words (approx. 31.8 pages), 20 sources, APA, $ 171.95
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Abstract
This paper attempts to help the reader understand the current situation in Germany today by providing an overview of the reunification of East and West Germany, the process that led to the reunification, and the opposing political forces that emerged in response. The paper's format is presented in the form of several subject headings followed by discussion and analysis according to the topic. The focus of the paper is the opposition to the reunification, comprised mainly of Great Britain, France, and Poland. The paper begins with the situation in East Germany in the late 80s, covering the Montagsdemonstrationen organized by Christian Fuehrer, heading on to the "Einigungsvertrag" and the integration of the GDR into Western Germany. This is followed by an analysis of the political concerns evinced by France, Poland, and Great Britain. A summary of the research and salient findings are presented in the conclusion.
Outline:
Introduction
Review and Discussion: Diplomatic Difficulties during the German Reunification Process
The Political Situation in Germany and the USSR during the Late 1980s
Social Insecurities after Perestroika and Glasnost Fail to Save USSR
USSR is Weakened
Early Stage.
Situation in the GDR
Montagsdemonstrationen in East Germany Occurs, First in Leipzig, Then Entire State
Christian Fuehrer
4 September 1989
Massive Exodus of GDR Inhabitants over Hungarian Border in Summer 1989
Fall of the Berlin Wall on November 9, 1989
On the Road to Unity
Helmut Kohl's Ten-Points Plan to Integrate GDR into West Germany
Reunification of October 3, 1990
The British View of German Reunification
Margaret Thatcher's Concerns
Dominance of Germany Economy in Europe
Balance of Power Disturbed
Militarily Too Powerful Germany Could Threaten Regional Stability
The French View of German Reunification
The Polish View of German Reunification
Poland Demanded that Germany Accept the Oder-Neisse Line as the Official Border
When Helmut Kohl Failed to Include this Line in his Ten Points, It Caused Major Worries on both Polish and German Sides
German Development Following Reunification.
Breakdown of GDR Economy
Obsolete East German Companies were Unable to Compete in a Free Market
Production Costs Too High Due to Too Many Employees
Major Consumer of East German Products, USSR, had Collapsed
Major Change 1:1 for Ostmark to Deutschmark
Exodus
Money Spent on Reunification
Depending on Source, Costs Estimated at 250 Million to 1.5 Billion DM
Temporary State Deficit in Germany was 1.4 Billion DM
Germany Today
The Wall in the Head
The Perspective of the Victim
The Perspective of Accountability
Table 1 - Imports and Exports
Table 2 - GDR Trade with West Germany, 1961-1976 (in millions of Deutsche marks).
From the Paper
". It happened so quickly that many observers were taken by surprise. The events that ultimately led to the collapse of the former Soviet Union were characterized by half-measures and false starts that created the conditions needed to fuel further social unrest and political discord. According to Niven and Thomaneck, the fact that former GDR leader Erich Honecker's attempt at political crisis management and linguistic "democracy" propaganda had failed became clear in the autumn of 1989, when the working people of Germany reminded him: "We are the people." These authors report that, "Whereas the Polish free trade union Solidarity movement did not in any noticeable way capture the mood of the working people in the GDR, the policy shifts announced by Mikhail Gorbachev after his appointment as General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in 1985 triggered a new political discourse in East Germany" (57). At the time, Gorbachev recognized that the system of "actually existing socialism" simply could not endure in its existing form, either in the Soviet Union or in the Eastern bloc as a whole (Niven & Thomaneck 57)."
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World Systems Theory, 2006.
A discussion regarding the evolution of the world system theory and its application to today's international environment.
1,425 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at the world system theory, a sociological approach to international economic and political relations that seeks to explain the world dynamics of the capitalist economy as a total system. According to the paper, the world-system theory evolved as a relatively recent response to global capitalism. The paper goes on to review Immanuel Wallerstein's 'The Modern World System: Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins of the European World Economy in the Sixteenth Century'.
From the Paper
"Core states were the primary beneficiaries of the new economic system. During the first period of the evolution of this multifaceted hierarchy of states, "much of northwestern Europe (England, France, Holland) developed as the first core region," because of these states' strong central governments, extensive bureaucracies, and large and powerful armies. (Halsall, 1997) Their level of armament enabled these states to obtain control over international commerce. Today, the parallels with these original core states are rather obvious--that of the United States most predominantly, Japan, the United Kingdom, and other powerful modern industrialized nations such as the European Community. While it is true that having a large standing army is not a feature of Japan, and the European Community is an economic conglomerate rather than a nation state, Wallerstien's theory is still quite applicable. Features of his systems theory may change, and military might may be relatively less important than economic infrastructures in the modern world, but the division of the world's states into a kind of international feudal hierarchy remains constant."
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Transparency in Trade Negotiations, 2006.
A discussion regarding the need for transparency in international trade relations.
2,585 words (approx. 10.3 pages), 15 sources, MLA, $ 78.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how, in the past, mistrust and false pretense in matters of subsidies, hidden tariffs, and environmental issues between countries have caused trade negotiations to be delayed and even fail. According to the paper, in an increasingly globalized marketplace, further use of transparency mechanisms and openness is required in order for future international trade negotiations to fully succeed. This paper demonstrates how, through a critical review of the relevant and peer-reviewed literature, the implementation of a stronger role by organizations such as the UK-backed Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative and Dispute Settlement Bodies will enhance global economic growth, and contribute to the reduction of poverty.
From the Paper
"The term, "resource curse," was first coined by Auty (1993) in his essay, "Sustaining Development in Mineral Economies: The Resource Curse Thesis," by which he described a phenomenon in which countries that are naturally endowed with resources, primarily in the developing world, have failed to achieve their full economic potential because of disparate trade policies with developed countries such as the United States. In this regard, Auty reports that, "The conventional view concerning the role of natural resources in economic development has been that the resource endowment is most critical in the early low-income stages of the development process. It assumes that, as development proceeds and a population acquires more and more skills, those skills are deployed with increasing effectiveness to counteract any resource deficiencies" (1993, p. 1). Today, a number of sub-Sahara African nations fall in this category, and Nigeria in particular represents such a country. All of these resource-rich developing countries have inherited a legacy of a colonialist past that has adversely affected their current capacity to compete in the international marketplace while simultaneously attempting to cope with the effects of poor weather conditions, a range of diseases, and a lack of foreign direct investment (Auty, 1993). "
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Tibet and China, 2007.
This paper explores the complex relationship between Tibet and China.
1,293 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the dispute between China and Tibet about Tibet's sovereignty. The paper relates that today, the Dalai Lama (leader of the Tibetan government in exile) has given up his demand for total secession from China and China itself is committed to the development of the region, while giving it a special status and autonomy within the state of China. The paper asserts that other countries, including the United States, should refrain from supporting separation of Tibet from China as such a policy would only create turmoil and bring further misery to the poverty-stricken people of Tibet.
From the Paper
"The relationship between Tibet and China, despite the various ups and downs seen over the past several centuries, continues to remain fluid. The points of view of the Chinese and the Tibetans about the sovereignty of Tibet are diametrically opposite. The Chinese are firmly of the view that Tibet has been an indivisible part of China de jure since the Yuan dynasty seven centuries ago; they believe that all pro-independence movement in Tibet were and are encouraged and abetted by malicious Western imperialist powers who have always strived to weaken China's sovereignty. The Tibetan government in exile, led by the Dalai Lama who had fled Tibet after a failed uprising in 1959, is equally adamant that the current Chinese rule in Tibet is illegitimate and colonial, and it violates Tibet's historical status as an independent country."
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The Face of Globalization, 2007.
A look at forecasts, trends and possibilities in the future of globalization.
1,233 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 42.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how from a social evolutionary perspective, globalization represents a shakeout of existing cultural diversity. It looks at how globalization as an event has obviously been ideal and beneficial for some cultures--such as American and Western cultures--while others have suffered and disappeared as a consequence--such as many Third World cultures and societies. It also contends that globalization will never be able to destroy all cultural diversity as it expands its influence largely on local market demand.
From the Paper
"There are two major problems with this approach to the development of a global society. First, it assumes that culture is entirely a consumable product. While it is true that culture is largely material in nature, which is not the same as saying that all culture can be bought and sold in the same way as hamburgers and cups of coffee. Even if the products introduced into new markets can completely supplant local offerings, which is not the same thing as saying that those products are also replacing the local culture--as if local culture is little more than a collection of mom-and-pop storefronts. "
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The Revolution of U.S. Intelligence, 2007.
A look at changes in U.S. intelligence after World War II and during the emergence of the Cold War.
1,133 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how US intelligence gathering underwent a reformation after the end of World War II. Nuclear weapons were available to the U.S. and later the Soviet Union and it was clear communist nations such as North Korea desired world dominance. The paper shows how this led to the need for a more accurate intelligence force in the United States. The paper also shows how technological advances, such as the US spy plane, global satellites, and other intelligence gear enabled the United States to become one of the premier intelligence gathering nations in the world.
From the Paper
"The modern intelligence gathering agencies as we know them today have their roots at the end of World War II and the beginning of the Cold War. In 1947, President Harry Truman signed the National Security Act, which "established the National Security Council to advise the president on foreign affairs and defense policy; created the Central Intelligence Agency to gather and analyze foreign intelligence and conduct covert operations; and created a Department of Defense to coordinate the activities of the branches of the US armed forces." In 1952, he created the National Security Agency, which was supposed to engage solely in cryptology, which would seem to separate the agencies even more."
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United Nations, 2007.
This paper discusses the advantages and disadvantages of the United Nations.
1,219 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer points out that in order for one to determine whether or not the United Nations has been successful at accomplishing its goals, one must look to the advantages and disadvantages of the United Nations. Further the writer notes that to do so, one must look at the United Nations' peacekeeping capabilities, arms control and disarmament policies, human rights work and humanitarian aid. The writer also discusses how those policies have been applied to member and non-member nations. The writer concludes that in order to move the United Nation towards its goals of bringing peace and improving the quality of life of all people, the United Nations may need to undergo a restructuring, which would make the United Nations more likely to intervene on behalf of citizens in less influential nations.
From the Paper
"One of the main critiques of the League of Nations, which was the predecessor to the United Nations, was that it had no power to enforce its recommendations. Therefore, a relative advantage of the United Nations is that it has the authority to send troops to locations where violence is threatened. This power is referred to as peacekeeping. According to the Human Security Centre, the United Nations' peacekeeping efforts appear to have resulted in a less violence world by eliminating colonial conflicts, reducing interstate wars, and reducing genocide and politicide. In fact, the most powerful testament to the United Nations' peacekeeping ability is the fact that there has not been a third world war. However, it would be inaccurate to simply label the United Nation's peacekeeping power solely as an advantage, because history has revealed that it has not been applied consistently. For example, the United Nations has either been reluctant to use its peacekeeping powers to aid people in Africa, or has proven woefully unsuccessful when it has attempted to do so."
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World War II, 2006.
A discussion regarding America's involvement in World War II.
831 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 29.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at America's reluctance to participate in World War II. The paper goes on to review the issues that led to the US finally getting involved. According to the paper, by the time the US entered the war, Hitler's Nazis had invaded much of Europe. The paper concludes with the idea that the American involvement in World War II transformed the role of the United States on the world's stage. What was formerly an isolationist nation found itself on the forefront of international politics.
From the Paper
"Germany would later retract on its neutrality agreement with the Soviets, by attempting to invade Russia. The unsuccessful invasion of Moscow would become one of the reasons for the eventual Nazi defeat. An emboldened Soviet Union made inroads into Eastern Europe and eventually Germany and under pressure from several fronts at once, the Nazis were forced to surrender unconditionally. Germany surrendered less than a month after President Roosevelt died."
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September, 11th, 2006.
An in-depth discussion regarding the September, 11th terrorist attacks.
3,158 words (approx. 12.6 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 91.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at September, 11th 2001, when two planes crashed into the World Trade Center. According to the paper, intelligence agencies report that Al Qaeda and Osama Bin Laden were responsible for this barbaric act, which killed thousands and affected millions. The paper goes on to review the '9/11 Commission' set up to investigate this horrific event.
Outline:
Introduction
Disaster
Responsibilities
Motives
Reactions
International and Public
International Reaction
Local Public Response
Aftermath Strategy
Domestic Front
International Front
Federal Response
Government Account Office Response
Imminent Threats
Modification of Building Codes
Psychological Impact of 9/11 and Bioterrorism
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The economic activity of Lower Manhattan, which is considered to be the third largest business district of U.S, was damaged considerably because of terrorist attacks. Thirty percent (28.7 million sq. ft) of Lower Manhattan office space was either damaged or destroyed. The 41-story Deutsche Bank Building, neighboring the World Trade Center, was damaged extensively; the building was considered to be unfit for habitation and was subjected to demolition."
"North American airspace was sealed for several days after the attack. The air travel reduced significantly after it's reopening, as the threat of terrorist activities still prevailed and people were much under psychological impact. The attacks led to nearly a 20% cutback in air travel capacity, and severely aggravated financial problems in the struggling U.S. Airline Industry."
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Israel & Hezbollah, 2006.
A discussion regarding the conflict between Israel and Hezbollah.
1,675 words (approx. 6.7 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 54.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at the history and continuous tension and conflict between Israel and Hezbollah. The paper reports that both sides dislike each other vehemently and the borders between Israel and Lebanon have seen near-constant incidents of violence over the years.
Outline:
Introduction: Key historical issues between Israel and their Arab Neighbors Living in Palestine and Lebanon
Key Issues: Identification of key issues or disputes
Recent and Current Policy
National Interests and Goals
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The bitterness between the two sides notwithstanding, Pascual writes that Lebanon must address three "enormous challenges." Those three are, to first "mitigate the immediate impacts of war so those returning to destroyed homes and livelihoods can begin to rebuild their lives." That is going to be an unbelievable task, since the Brookings Institute (a nonprofit organization that has international influence on policy decisions) reports that the recent war "displaced 1 million people, a quarter of Lebanon's population," and it destroyed 30,000 housing units. It also destroyed "crops and tourism" in the southern part of Lebanon, taking away two "main sources of income" for Lebanese citizens. The second major challenge is to build "critical social, economic and physical infrastructure," Pascual asserted. To do this, around $3.5 billion will be needed, and the focus should be on "putting to work Lebanon's strongest asset: the private sector. "
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War: No Justification for the Consequences, 2006.
A discussion regarding war and its consequences.
1,484 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 49.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how war has been waged for thousands of years, dating back to ancient civilizations like Greece, Macedonia, Hittites, China, the Three Kingdoms etc. The paper reports that through the years, warfare has evolved. With the invention of gunpowder by the Chinese around 300 - 650 AD, and the introduction of smokeless gunpowder in 1886 by Paul Vieille, war has quickly become a means for countries to extend their borders and influence friends and neighbors alike through strong arm tactics. The paper goes on to discuss how there is never any action without consequences but throughout history, leaders have always been more concerned with the outcome of the conflict than with the consequences of their actions.
Outline:
Introduction
CONGO: Africa's First World War
Middle East: War-A way of Life
Conclusion
From the Paper
"War and the Middle East have had an ongoing love affair for centuries now. Dating back from the Ottoman and Persian Empires to modern day Iraq and the Palestinian territories, conflicts on a grand scale have existed there. Today, the focus is on the Palestinian and Israeli conflict and the devastation caused by both sides. With the lack of a modern day military Palestinian militants have adopted a brand of guerilla warfare, with suicide bombers killing themselves, along with innocent Israeli civilians, in the name of Allah. On the other side you have the Israeli military, arguably the best trained military in the world, conducting military campaigns across the border in hopes of destroying the militant infrastructure. This conflict has been going on for years and there seems to be no end in sight. "
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