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Classical Realism, 2007.
An analysis of the relationship between classical realism and Hans Morgenthau's "Politics Among Nations".
1,444 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses Hans Morgenthau's work, "Politics among Nations", which proved to be one of the most important works in the field of international relations, due to the fact that it contains the main assumptions made by the realist paradigm in political science. The paper discusses how Morgenthau's work relates to classical realism and discusses why it has become such a milestone for international relations.
From the Paper
"There have been, however, critiques of political realism, among which one of the most important is the one regarding the autonomy of international organizations, that can not be considered solely as instruments used in the interests of the states, as they were considered by realists. It has been argued therefore that international organizations can act from outside the state, therefore, outside the sphere of political interests, and can operate without being influenced by particular self-interests.
"National self-interest was thus, although one of the most important theoretical propositions in the field of International Relations, overemphasized by the realists, with respect to certain aspects of world politics."
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The Treaty of Versailles, 2006.
This paper discusses the diplomatic history of the Treaty of Versailles.
3,800 words (approx. 15.2 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 104.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, even though the Treaty of Versailles ultimately failed, it changed diplomatic history. The author not only examines Woodrow Wilson's impossible plan for the treaty and the League of Nations but also addresses the motivations of France, Great Britain, Italy and Japan and what they hoped to gain. The paper relates that the German people also felt that they were being treated unfairly and were betrayed by their government; therefore, the problems, which they had with the government and with the allied forces, distressed the German people.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Woodrow Wilson
The Long and Devastating War
The Spoils of War
Political Pressure and the Punishment of Germany
France
Desires Going into the War
Hardships That the Country Faced
Personal Goals of the Treaty
How the Country's Diplomat Changed Wilson's Plan for the Treaty
Great Britain
Desires Going into the War
Hardships That the Country Faced
Personal Goals of the Treaty
How the Country's Diplomat Changed Wilson's Plan for the Treaty
Italy
Desires Going into the War
Hardships That the Country Faced
Personal Goals of the Treaty
How the Country's Diplomat Changed Wilson's Plan for the Treaty
Japan
Desires Going into the War
Hardships That the Country Faced
Personal Goals of the Treaty
How the Country's Diplomat Changed Wilson's Plan for the Treaty
United States Politics
German Response to the Treaty
Conclusion
From the Paper
"This idea that Congress had regarding whether it would be more difficult to declare war was very important, as it also related to the spoils of war. The Treaty, had it been ratified, would have helped out many nations, but would have also made it more difficult for countries that did war with one another to collect items and take them home to their country. Because of this, the spoils of war that were generally collected would no longer be available, and many of the larger nations did not agree with this idea."
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External Intervention on Poverty, 2007.
This paper examines the effects of external interventions by first-world nations on poverty in poor countries.
750 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper addresses the issue of how adept external interventions from first-world nations such as the United States can be in promoting economic prosperity and development and improvement of standards of living in identified poor countries, ascertained primarily as belonging to the Asian, African, and Latin American nations. The research provided analyzes how U.S. economic policies and intervention on poverty in societies of these regions are inappropriate, since poverty as a concept is highly-dependent on the culture of these societies. The writer discusses that U.S. intervention on poverty in Latin American and Asian countries initially resulted in economic prosperity, but backfired in the long-run because economic policies were simply inappropriate to the culture of countries wherein these policies were applied, resulting in their eventual economic downfall.
From the Paper
"In Perlman's analysis of one of the external interventions applied in Latin America by the US, inappropriateness in assessing LatAm nations' poverty rate and standards of living vis-a-vis the American standards was the focus of discussion. In it, the author stressed that poverty should not be assessed based on American standards on poverty because LatAm nations have different perceptions and conceptions when it comes to determining the level of poverty of specific societies in specific kinds of cultures. One of the examples discussed is the different conception of poverty in Brazil, wherein social inequality perceptions are inconsistent across various economic classes. While there is a general belief that the gap between the rich and the poor have increased over the years, assessment of how poor the individual is are not accurately determined."
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Economic Implications of the Iraq War, 2007.
This paper examines the Iraq war's costs and impact on the United States' economy.
1,649 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 53.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the perception that the economic price of the Iraq war that is being paid is not worthwhile with regard to the expected economic and political outcomes. The paper discusses the growing consensus of opinion, which is strongly supported by leading economists like Joseph Stiglitz, that the economic costs and impact of the war have been grossly underestimated by the present administration. The paper relates the predicted costs for troop withdrawals, military expenditures and weakened economic growth. The paper shows how Stiglitz points out that even the present official estimates of the economic impact of the war do not include less obvious and far-reaching costs that can have a future effect on the economy, such as lifetime disability and health care costs for army veterans.
Outline:
Introduction
Iraq and the economy
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The overall effect of the Iraq war on the American economy can be initially estimated by taking the following figures into account. "The Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments, a nonpartisan Washington think tank, has estimated that the Korean War cost about $430 billion and the Vietnam War cost about $600 billion, in current dollars. According to the latest estimates, the cost of the war in Iraq could exceed $700 billion." (Sterngold, James) These figures for Iraq are however extremely conservative in terms of other more wide-ranging and contemporary assessment of the costs of the war."
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Brazil and the United States, 2007.
This paper examines the United States' and Brazil's conflicting ideas regarding free trade.
1,562 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 51.95
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Abstract
The paper explains that the international policies of these two nations are sometimes at cross-purposes. The paper describes how national governments walk a fine line between cooperation and provocation, as they seek to fulfill these different policy goals. The paper explores Brazilian-American foreign relations that have been dominated by arguments over the effectiveness of a free trade regime. The paper points out that free trade has largely been pushed by the United States; they see the elimination of trade barriers and the opening up of markets as essential to the perpetuation of economic growth. Brazil, however, has made significant attempts to prevent further American economic encroachment that has not offered any real benefits to the Brazilian people.
From the Paper
"NAFTA, and other less comprehensive American free trade policies of the past, have done precious little to help ordinary citizens in the nations involved. As a result of this agreement, the wages of Mexican workers have not risen, and jobs have bled at an alarming rate across America's southern border. American corporations have often profited immensely, but the enrichment of a handful of already wealthy Americans was certainly not the goal developing nations had in mind when they began to talk free trade. Though Brazil's economy has expanded considerably in past decades, and standards of living have risen proportionately - measured by the United Nations Human Development Index, Brazil actually surpassed Bulgaria, Saudi Arabia, and Turkey in 1998."
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US Army, 2006.
A review of the challenges and hurdles of the US Army.
1,699 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 55.95
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Abstract
This paper explains the challenges facing a Second Lieutenant in the US army. The paper also discusses what lies in store for the US Army in the next 3-10 years, such as keeping abreast of technological innovations and intelligence measures, coping with potential budgetary cutbacks and declining international support for US military interventions.
From the Paper
"Bello (2005) suggests among the challenges the US army will face in upcoming years include the world's "repudiation of the massive war crime" of the US against the Iraqi people. It is important to remember that while the US acted in intentions they believe to be benevolent, this sentiment is not necessarily echoed as evidenced by the above statement universally. Many view actions by the US military and army as aggressive and carried out under false pretexts (Bello, 2005). Protests against Washington have inspired political offensives in recent years in an attempt to convince "the peoples of the world to put Iraq behind them" (Bello, 2005). Realistically speaking, given this information one may only assume that under potentially hostile conditions in some circumstances US army officials and agents in the upcoming years will have to work diligently on improving the reputation of the US army, on building relationships with foreign representatives and upholding the honorable name of the US military given a less than perfect record in some respects. The goals of members of the US army will include continuing to promote peace keeping ventures and promote democracy while facing in some circumstances potentially hostile work environments."
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"Blowback", 2007.
An analysis of the foreign policy of the United States, as described in the book "Blowback: The Costs and Consequences of American Empire" by Chalmers Johnson.
853 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 30.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the book "Blowback: The Costs and Consequences of American Empire" written in 2000 by Chalmers Johnson. The paper discusses the concepts presented in the book with regard to the United States' foreign policy, particularly its apparent policy of 'going it alone', and it comments on the consequences of this approach to politics.
From the Paper
"At times, Johnson sounds eerily precedent in his predictions of terrorism, and his discussion of the seriousness of the United States actions having the unintended consequences of stimulating terrorist attacks against America around the world. It is hard to believe this book was authored in 2000, when the World Trade Center towers still stood tall. Johnson's advocacy against the United States functioning as the world's policeman, rather than attempting to act as part of the international community, is also important advice, sadly unheard, when the United States contemplated intervening in Iraq."
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George Orwell's '1984', 2006.
A review of the history of the time and events leading up to the writing of George Orwell's book, '1984'.
1,361 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews the book '1984' by George Orwell. The paper takes a look at the current events and history of that time in which the book was written and discusses how the events that take place in the book, correlate to real life occurrences. The paper further discusses how the situation of the time influences Orwell's characters.
From the Paper
"Clearly, this echoes Stalin's purges of the 1930s where perhaps millions of individuals were arrested, imprisoned and forced to confess to crimes that they may or may not have committed. Soviet citizens were watched constantly and the smallest accusation could result in being put on trial. The only thing that the Soviet Union wasn't capable of doing was actually seeing inside people's heads. As it was, the government simply assumed that the people were guilty of crimes against the state. The purges were driven by Stalin's paranoia and fear of dissension. The same could be said of Oceania where any small disturbance could become larger and threaten the integrity of the state. Everything had to be under the control of the central government."
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The Cold War, 2006.
A review of the Cold War, the events leading up to it and what eventually transpired.
1,260 words (approx. 5.0 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 42.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the period from 1945 to 1992, in which the communist nations lead by the Soviet Union and the democratic nations lead by the United States were involved in a war of propaganda, diplomacy, military enforcement, arms races, and ideology known as the "Cold War".
From the Paper
"It was in 1945 that the Cold War truly began in earnest, due to a great number of events. First, the Allied forces defeated both Germany and Japan within four months, ending WWII. However, as mentioned, 1945 also saw the death of Roosevelt, the appointment of Truman, and the eviction of Prime Minister Churchill from office. Thus, of the three individuals primarily responsible for the maintenance of ties between Communist and democratic countries, only Stalin remained (Hinds and Windt, 62). Additionally, the Land Lease program, vital for the reconstruction of the Soviet Union following the war, was suddenly halted by Truman in 1945 (Gaddis, 67). Without assistance, the war ravaged country could not afford to rebuild.
However, it was with the in-war and post-war conferences between the Soviet Union, the United States, and England that the Cold War began to intensify. "
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China: The Burgeoning Superpower?, 2007.
This paper examines whether China's strength poses a threat to the United States.
2,534 words (approx. 10.1 pages), 26 sources, MLA, $ 76.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the beliefs that in the post-Cold War era, China has emerged as a serious threat to the United States. While some consider China a threat because of its economic success, there are others who feel that China's cultural mindset might cause problems for societies that it finds inferior to its culture. The paper contends, however, that to view China as a threat simply because its economy is growing or its military strength is increasing reveals nothing but America's deep insecurities. The paper explains that containment may be a safer option than encouragement or an open arms policy, but it will have a negative impact on US-China relations. The paper highlights the importance of avoiding an unwanted war.
From the Paper
"China has always been a fascinating subject of study for the United States and debates over whether it should be dealt with clenched fists or open arms have now engulfed the political circles in the country. What is the better way of dealing with China that is seen by many as the new strategic threat? Is containment better than engagement? (1) Scholars and politicians alike are wondering about what China's new reality is and where exactly is it headed. David M. Lampton, former president of the National Committee on U.S.-China Relations, expressed his dissatisfaction with different prevailing images of China in the US and said that "it is time to step back and look at where China is today, where it might be going, and what consequences that direction will hold for the rest of the world.""
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US Deterrence Strategies After The Cold War, 2006.
An in-depth analysis of the post Cold War US deterrence strategies.
22,206 words (approx. 88.8 pages), 74 sources, APA, $ 249.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the opinions of many after September 11th, that the present form of terrorism has made classical deterrence theory outdated. According to the paper transnational terrorism has totally dented conventional wisdom, which had dictated proceedings during the cold war. Similarly, rogue states all over the world, in general, and the Middle East and South Asia, in particular, have created a great deal of tension in Washington. The paper further discusses how the role of the American rival states, such as, North Korea and China and the functions and limitations of the UN Security Council have completely transformed the security structure of the sole hyper power of the world. This paper tries to elucidate the best possible deterrence strategy the United States should pursue after the cold war.
Outline:
Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Purpose of the Study
Justification of the Study
Research Design and Methodology
Collection of Data
Data Analysis and Search Tactics
Limitations of the Study
Part 2
Transnational Terrorism
The Rogue and the Rival States
The U.N. Security Council
Conclusion of This Section
Part 3
Literature Review
Classical Deterrence Theory
The End of Cold War deterrence
A New Justification
Conclusion of This Section
Part 4
The First Case Study: The Strategic Triangle (US/China/Russia)
The Sino-Russo Partnership
The US-Russian Labyrinth: A Subtle Relationship
The Source for Cooperation and Divergence
Effect of the End of Cold War
Conclusion of This Section
The Second Case Study: Deterring North Korea
US Policy on the Korean Peninsula Since 1945
The Future of the U.S. Foreign Policy on the Korean Peninsula
The Status Quo Option
The Hard-Line Option
Compromise
Early Bush Administration Policy
Conclusion
The third Case Study: Transnational Terrorism
Counter-terrorism in a Global Society
Conclusion
Part 5
Observation and Conclusion
Correcting the Strategic Gaps in the U.S. Approach to Homeland Defense Concentrating Less on Who is Responsible and More on What They Ought to be Responsible of
Planning for Higher-Probability, Lower-Consequence, and Lower-Probability, Higher-Consequence Events
From the Paper
"At the threat of generalization, one could make a case that US relations with China were greatly powered by two issues: the vicissitudes in the Sino-Russo association and--the more significant of the two--the Taiwan problem. For 30 years following the "People's Republic of China" (PRC) emergence in 1949, the United States carried on to acknowledge the adversary Chinese government (the Republic of China, or ROC) that had moved to Taiwan after trailing behind the civil conflict on the mainland. The path to ultimate US standardization with the PRC in 1979 was cemented by US President Richard Nixon, whose striking plan was to build a coalition with China--which was, at that time, in conflict with the Soviet Union--in an effort to oppose the increasing Soviet threat. However the United States, in spite of everything, maintains informal relations with the Republic of China. Certainly, under the "Taiwan Relations Act," a piece of internal US legislation, Washington is under a duty to defend Taiwan's safety and therefore carry on arms sales to the isle .
Washington's Taiwan association has bedeviled its dealings with the Republic of China from this time onwards, even more so following 1988 when Taiwan's political leadership demonstrated growing inclinations in the direction of a separatist route outside the One China state-of-affairs. All through a brief disagreement amid mainland China and Taiwan in 1996, the United States sent off two naval battle factions to the Taiwan channel to demonstrate moral cooperation for Taiwan (and maybe to gratify President Clinton's congressional associates). An unintentional war with China was hardly prevented only with the sensible removal of the US carrier Independence, at the same time as, the second carrier, the Nimitz, was still on its route as of the Mediterranean Sea. The narrow escape drove home the Republic of China's sincerity in relation to Taiwan to the Clinton management, forcing it to assume a soul-searching evaluation of Sino-US strategy. The concluding decision for Clinton's "thoroughgoing" engagement policy concerning the Chinese, which he practiced all through his second presidential tenure, was to prevent himself from being heaved into an unintentional war with China on behalf of Taiwan ."
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Economic Contact between China and The United States, 2007.
This is a study exploring American and Chinese business relationships.
3,868 words (approx. 15.5 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 105.95
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Abstract
This study shows the differences between ethics, culture, family history, and other factors that influence successful managers and profitable business managers. It includes a comparison of Chinese and American management, which looks at techniques at home and abroad, how managers are chosen for their positions, how they rise within the organization and what identifiable differences there are between management in private enterprise and state run organizations.
From the Paper
"We should also look at information we may be able to acquire concerning companies involved in joint ventures. This information can usually be found on the we sites of the US partner and in their in house literature which is distributed to share-holders, prospective investors and to trade publications for public relations. Certain targets emerge for study in this area: companies involved in finance, oil production, manufactured goods and other business areas where the low cost of Chinese labor or the high efficiency of US firms has been deemed beneficial to one of the two countries. A company which fits into this category would be National Oilwell, which has joint ventures with several Chinese companies and takes advantage of the low cost of labor while providing the competence of highly trained and experienced engineers, plus well machined parts which cannot currently be obtained in China."
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