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"Korematsu vs.United States", 2008.
Looks at the Supreme Court case of "Korematsu vs.United States", which upheld the Japanese-American relocation order of WWII.
810 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 1 source, APA, $ 28.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, in September 1944, the United States Supreme Court ruled in the case of "Korematsu v. United States" (1944) by a 6-3 vote, to uphold Korematsu's conviction for violating the order to evacuate the West Coast. The author points out that the majority ruling was written by Hugo Black, Felix Frankfurter wrote a concurring opinion and dissenting opinions were written by Robert Jackson, Owen Roberts, and Frank Murphy. The paper stresses that, in this case, the Court placed a heavy burden on anyone trying to defend racial discrimination even though the Court allowed such discrimination against Fred Korematsu. The author argues that, nonetheless, the Court should have protected Korematsu's constitutional rights.
From the Paper
"Fred Korematsu was an American citizen of Japanese ancestry and lived in the San Francisco Bay area. He had a good job and a steady girlfriend, and he decided not to obey the relocation order. He went so far as to have plastic surgery performed on his face, and he told strangers that he was of Mexican descent, or Spanish-Hawaiian. This was not an effective ploy, though, and Korematsu was arrested in May 1942 for failing to comply with the evacuation order."
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Maternal Filicide and Mental Illness, 2008.
An analysis of the relationship between maternal filicide and mental illness.
1,146 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper presents a case that occurred in New Port Richey, Florida, in which a young mother, Jessica Warren, killed her son. It describes her history of unstable behavior and family history of schizophrenia and then discusses research on the link between maternal filicide (or mothers killing their children) and mental illness. The paper concludes with a brief discussion on the need for continued future research into this area.
Table of Contents:
Filicide and Schizophrenia
Continued Research
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Warren may have believed the voices that she heard were real beings, as displayed by her belief that she was killing demons when she accidentally killed her son. Garrett and Silva (2003) suggest that this belief might be an error in "source monitoring," the process by which a person determines the origination of an event (p. 445). Garrett and Silva studied a population of 41 patients with auditory hallucinations, housed at an inner-city psychiatric service (pp. 447-448). Patients were subject to "semi-structured, recorded, and transcribed" interviews, which were then analyzed using the previously developed Source Monitoring Framework (pp. 446-447). Twelve percent of the patients reported hearing command hallucinations that were so powerful as to suggest a real presence. However, these voices were distinguishable from the voices of real people with whom they interacted (Garrett & Silva, 2003, p. 451)."
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Problems and Practices in Sports, 2008.
This paper discusses grievance procedures related to problems and practices in sports.
1,432 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer explores the policies, procedures and grievances that can occur in sports. The personal services contract and its relevance to sports are detailed and the role of the athletes and their contractual relationship with an individual promoter or team owners are discussed. The paper also reviews the history of player unions and sports league relationships and explains the governing bodies that control this relationship. In addition, the collective bargaining process, arbitration and mediation process are explained as they relate to professional sports.
Outline:
Abstract
References
From the Paper
"In the case where an athlete refuses to compete in an individual event, a boxing match for example, the promoters, the people whom engaged the athlete for their unique abilities, can sue the athlete for monetary compensation. The amount of damages due to the promoters is easily calculated in the form of lost profits from the revenue derived from the exhibition of the sporting event. In the case of an athlete that is a member of a sports team, and is a similar hypothetical where the athlete refuses to participate in a particular game, it is much harder to determine the extent of the lost profits for a single player not participating causes. Most likely there is another athlete on the team that can fulfill the responsibilities of the wayward athlete, and there can be no discernable effect on the event."
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Reconstruction as a National Phenomenon, 2008.
An examination of the ways that important aspects of US Reconstruction legislation were national in their implications.
1,108 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 38.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how the politics of Reconstruction did have a nationwide impact which has changed the nature of our government up till the present day. In particular, the paper looks at the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments and the Civil Rights Act of 1875 and their national implications.
From the Paper
"By the late 1870s, the varied patchwork of legislation, armed force, and partisan compromises that was Reconstruction had petered out, and Southern whites began to reassert their dominance, bringing an ambiguous end to this phase of history. While unquestionably impacting the lives of Southerners tremendously, the politics of Reconstruction did have a nationwide impact which has changed the nature of our government up till the present day. By the power of Constitutional amendments such as the 14th and 15th, and precedent-setting legislation such as the first Civil Rights Act, the Federal government vastly extended its reach and influence, asserting its power to override state laws and even to replace state governments seen to be failing to follow Constitutional requirements. The ongoing tension between states' rights and the Federal government continues to generate strong political controversies even today."
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The Supreme Court of Canada, 2008.
This paper examines the judicial selection process for the Supreme Court of Canada.
2,702 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 81.95
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Abstract
The paper argues that judges are appointed by elitist institutions that result in decisions that are out of touch with the political and social realities of Canadian society. The paper looks at several court cases and shows how the court essentially makes decisions that are biased towards upper class individuals. The paper concludes that the Supreme Court appointment process needs to be reformed.
From the Paper
"The fact that social and class biases can shape judicial decisions has been proven in a number of studies. For example, in "Constituting class and crime in Upper Canada" it is argued, "Law often is constituted in ways that make its everyday enforcement a reflection of class and class-related conditions". What this means is that class is a major determinant of law enforcement. Therefore, the class composition of the Supreme Court of Canada will have a major impact on the types of decisions that are made. This means that the appointment process will have a major impact on the decisions made by the Supreme Court of Canada.
"Even when the Supreme Court of Canada makes decisions that are in line with Canadian society as a whole it can be argued that they are influenced by political patronage. This can be seen in the recent decisions about same sex marriage. In "Canada" Priya Verma et al explain how parliament voted 158-133 in favour of same sex marriage."
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Racism and the Judicial Process, 2008.
This paper argues that the judicial process does not result in racial discrimination.
1,033 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer looks at the argument that the judicial process is to blame for the large percentage of African-American prison inmates in the USA. The writer argues against the idea that the large number of African Americans in jail is due to racism in the judicial system. The writer maintains that it is not the judicial process that is to blame. The writer concludes that it seems likely that more African Americans are arrested and later put in prison simply because more African Americans commit serious crimes.
From the Paper
"It supports the argument that more African-Americans are arrested and put in jail simply because they commit more serious crimes. It cannot be because of bias at the arrest stage, because the data shows that African-Americans are less likely to be arrested. It is of course possible that African-Americans are discriminated against later in the judicial process - for example, at the sentencing stage. However, we can conclude that their race does not make them more likely to be arrested in the first place, at least in the three crimes of rape, robbery and assault. D'Alessio and Stolzenberg sum it up as follows .. "
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Ian Greene's "The Courts", 2008.
This paper is a critical review of Ian Greene's "The Courts", which examines the relationship between courts and democracy in Canada.
1,650 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 53.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, in "The Courts", Ian Greene uses the major criteria of participation, inclusiveness and responsiveness to evaluate the Canadian courts and their relations to democracy. The author points out that the objective of Greene's book was to provide a rather objective picture of the state of the courts in Canada without providing a personal option; nonetheless, his personal opinions are very generalized conclusions. The paper relates a number of weaknesses to Greene's arguments and only gives this book a mild recommendation because, suggesting that, beyond presenting a general examination of the court system in Canada, the book is almost useless. The paper recommends that the book would be made more effective by Greene making changes, such as a clear statement on the democratic or undemocratic nature of the Canadian courts.
From the Paper
"There are technically three key aspects of Green's organization scheme. The first is a general strategy of focusing on the systematic nature of the courts as an institution instead of the actions of individual actors. This makes a great deal of sense considering that individual courts will vary incredibly. Therefore, the operations of one court are more then likely to differ from operations of another court. But by examining a wide range of judges, lawyers, court officers, academics, policy makers and litigants it is possible to create a better picture of the over all operations of the courts as an institution in Canadian society."
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Gun Control in America, 2008.
This paper discusses why gun control is needed in America.
1,944 words (approx. 7.8 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 61.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer argues that the nation's gun laws need to be modified in such a way that those with mental debilities cannot access firearms - while at the same time ensuring that law-abiding citizens can still purchase guns for their own protection (and for the protection of their family) as long as they follow proper procedure. The writer further asserts that, if these things are done, there is every hope that future tragedies like the one at Virginia Tech can to be avoided.
From the Paper
"Significantly, the U.S. Department of State proudly reminds visitors to its official web site that crimes involving rape, sexual assault, aggravated assault, burglary, and motor vehicle theft have all dropped fairly precipitously since the early 1990s; in fact, Americans of every racial and ethnic affiliation, as well as Americans of every socio-economic level, are less likely to be victims of crime today than they were a decade-plus ago. Adding to the good news, the Federal Bureau of Investigation's Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) has shown remarkable progress in the realm of violent crime; to wit, since 1994, the UCR has recorded a decline of more than one-third in violent crime across America. As one last point, the Bureau of Justice Statistics released a cross-national study in 2004 that indicated how America, rather shockingly, now has the same level of crime as relatively placid nations like England and Wales. By most every conceivable measurement, America is a safer nation today than it has been at most any time in its recent past."
"So why then, with this shower of good news, is gun control such an issue of pressing importance? The simple reason is that America has been forced to come to grips with a series of terrifying mass-shootings - shootings that have, far too often, taken place on college, university, high school or even elementary school campuses."
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The Living-Wage Debate, 2008.
An analysis and evaluation of two opposing viewpoints on the living-wage laws debate.
1,891 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 60.95
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Abstract
The paper examines M. Hurd's support for living-wage legislation and R. Berman's arguments against living-wage laws in "Do Living-wage Laws Help Poor Workers?". The paper analyzes both viewpoints and concludes that Berman is more convincing in his arguments against living-wage laws. The paper explains that Berman uses facts to reinforce his claims while Hurd relies mainly on anecdotal accounts. The paper therefore takes the position that the well-intentioned efforts to increase the income of a few poor workers has an overall negative effect upon this class of low-skilled employees.
Outline:
Analysis
Evaluation
Rebuttal
Polemic
From the Paper
"The adoption of living-wage laws by nearly one hundred cities and counties is a benefit to the local economies, thus is the conclusion of Maude Hurd, President of Association of Community Organizations for Reform Now (ACORN), when she states, "When workers earn enough to support themselves, taxpayers spend less on food stamps, housing assistance, Earned Income Tax Credits, on other handouts" (Hurd, "Do Living-wage Laws Help Poor Workers?".). Beyond the economic benefits, there is a general community wide enhancement when, as Hurd claims, "Communities benefit from less crime, more homeownership and increased time to parents to spend with their kids" (Hurd, n.p.). The direct and indirect benefits of living wage regulation are realized by the local economy, local and federal governments, employers and families, these are the conclusions made by Hurd in urging additional jurisdictions to embrace this concept and enact legislation mandating the payment of a living wage to all low income workers."
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The American Jury, 2008.
This paper explores J. Abramson and N. Finkel's ideas about the proper function of the jury in modern American society.
2,594 words (approx. 10.4 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 78.95
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Abstract
The paper examines the works of J. Abramson in "We the Jury" and N. Finkel in "Commonsense Justice" who consider the role of the jury today. The paper explains these authors' concerns about jury selection and function in the criminal justice system in modern society. The paper also points out that neither Abramson nor Finkel determine concrete solutions that will alter the jury system appropriately. The paper is of the opinion, however, that the works are significant in that they provide evidence for society to consider regarding the future of the jury system.
From the Paper
"What is the proper function of the jury in modern American society? Two recent books, Abramson, We the Jury (2000), and Finkel, Commonsense Justice (1998) , consider this question and various subordinate issues that arise from the role and the control of juries in the modern setting. Jeffrey Abramson is a professor of politics at Brandeis University. In We the Jury, he undertakes a comprehensive study of the institution of trial by jury in America. In this study, he ranges from the role of the jury in the colonial period to issues of the impact of racial bias in modern capital cases. He explores the complex process of modern jury selection with all of its controversies, and makes a strong case for the importance of requiring unanimous verdicts in criminal cases. He also offers an extensive and cogent discussion of the current "fully informed juror" question, better known as jury nullification."
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Prison Reform Sanctions, 2008.
This paper discusses whether intermediate sanctions are a better alternative than traditional incarceration.
1,578 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 51.95
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Abstract
In this essay, the writer notes that in the United States, there are two types of prisons: public, paid for by taxpayers, and private in which business and industry run prisons for capital gain. The writer maintains that although public prisons are far from perfect, they appear to be a better alternative than private sector prisons. Since both have major flaws, alternative sanctions must be explored when examining the issue of prison reforms. The writer then discusses that there are many valid alternatives to public and private prison incarceration, which may be as effective in reforming the offender. The writer concludes that alternative sanctions appear to be effective options to long prison terms and may reduce recidivism rates, while saving American taxpayer money.
Outline:
What is the Current Condition of Prisons in the United States?
What Alternative Sanctions are Available?
From the Paper
"Although safety may be a factor in private prisons, the efficiency level at which these facilities are run appears to be above that of public prisons. One study actually found that the incarceration length of an average inmate in a private prison is less than half that served by an inmate in the public sector.
"As stated, private prison systems are very cost effective, often 5 to 15 percent below public prison costs of operation. However, the failure to rehabilitate prisoners in a productive manner may cost society a bigger price in the end."
"Overall, although private sector facilities house less dangerous inmates, these prisons appear to be a more dangerous environment due to the lack of staff on duty. Although public prisons are far from perfect, they appear to be a better alternative than a private sector prison."
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Theories of Criminology, 2008.
This paper discusses and explains different theories of criminology.
1,134 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 12 sources, APA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that in the field of criminology, various theories have been advanced to explain why people commit crimes. The writer notes that more manageable and more conventional is the listing of theories provided by Victor Jupp, which posits four theories: biological, social bonding, social structure and psychological bonding. Jupp points out that these four theories reflect the learning of different intellectual disciplines and come to widely different opinions about the individual criminal, but are all directed to the common question - why do people commit crimes? The writer concludes that while each of these theories offers some insight, there is a frustrating difficultly in criminology. The writer maintains that although criminology may be able to explain why certain people have committed certain crimes, it is frustratingly less effective at discerning how one might commit crimes and how to prevent them.
From the Paper
"The biological theory and the social bonding theory both assume that the individual develops into a criminal because of inborn factors. Lombroso and his followers contend that the stigmata mark the atavistic criminal, and these cannot be changed. Eysenck and company contend that, certainly in the adult, the personality is largely unchangeable, and in the case of the criminal, the psychoticisms cannot be removed. By contrast, social structure theories contend that the individual is more of a blank slate, shaped by his surroundings, so that if these surroundings can be manipulated, criminality will not develop."
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