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Church and State, 2007.
This paper explores the separation of church and state as mandated by the United State Constitution.
2,179 words (approx. 8.7 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 67.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the establishment and free exercise clauses that state that government will not establish a national religion nor interfere with a citizen's practice of it. The paper explains that the first clause is said to be absolute, while the second has been interpreted in conflicting ways. The paper discusses how, without doubt, judicial battles will continue to be fought over how religious practices should be defined in the context of the First Amendment, for there never has been a widespread consensus on this issue and there probably never will be.
From the Paper
"The separation of church and state as defined by the United States Supreme Court's interpretation of the First Amendment religion clause, especially the Establishment Clause, has been a source of increasingly heated debate in American society and politics. Many conservatives and religious activists are angry that lower state courts, federal district courts, and federal appeals courts have ruled that Ten Commandment displays violate Constitutionally mandated separation of church and state, and have been applying unprecedented pressure on the judiciary at every level."
Unfortunately, resolving what the Constitution is actually saying is not always easy, for the vague language and uncertain intent of some sections of the Constitution has enabled politicians and others with religious, social, economic, or political agendas to bypass intended constitutional restrictions. (Bovard 55) Despite the fact that James Madison, James Monroe, Alexander Hamilton, and the other Founding Fathers drafted the most explicitly self-limiting written constitution in all of human history, it consists primarily of legal language reliant upon correct interpretation."
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Racial Profiling, 2007.
This paper analyzes the racial profiling policy of the Los Angeles Police Department.
2,738 words (approx. 11.0 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 81.95
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Abstract
The paper examines the use of racial profiling by the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) in order to identify the consequences of this controversial policy. The paper discusses the criticism that racial profiling is unconstitutional as well as the arguments that it is a valuable, realistic tool for law enforcement departments. The paper investigates the influence of longtime Chief Daryl Gates on the structure, practices and procedures of the LAPD and portrays the institutionalized racism present. The paper concludes that although police should be able to use racial profiling, they should be cautious in its application and restrict its use to situations involving compelling reasons.
Outline:
Executive Summary
Text
From the Paper
"The general goal of this case study is to examine and analyze the use of racial profiling by the Los Angeles Police Department, and to identify the consequences of this controversial policy. Racial profiling has gained support over the last fifteen years in Los Angeles and many other large cities, and first emerged during the highly publicized explosion of the use and selling of crack cocaine in scores of inner-city neighborhoods in the 1980's, which bolstered the perception by some observers that crimes involving drugs are primarily an African American problem--even though statistics showed most cocaine users were white."
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Canada's Electoral System, 2007.
This paper discusses the plurality and democratic ideals of the electoral system in Canada.
1,328 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 44.95
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Abstract
The paper relates that in the last few years, the Canadian election system has been revised to reflect the changing and developing nature of Canadian politics. The paper discusses the goal of ensuring that the electoral process retains its plurality and untainted representative character. The paper looks at legislation that ensures equal and fair media access to all officially registered political parties and their candidates. The paper concludes that Canada's electorate appears to be one of the most forward thinking electorates in the developed world.
From the Paper
"Canadian electoral processes are contained in a series of laws that span canonist topics from elections themselves to media, but all combine to form a comprehensive set electoral policies codified through law: Canada Elections Act, Electoral Boundaries Readjustment Act, the Criminal Code, Income Tax Act, and the Broadcasting Act ("Electoral"). This series of comprehensive laws has been in development since the 1860s following the founding of Canada. As evidence of Canadian election law's ever expanding plurality one need only examine the severe constraints upon who could vote early in the country's history. Initially, only male Caucasians were allowed to vote even this early white male suffrage was limited by certain property restrictions (Studlar pars.4-10). Eventually all adult males were added to the voting eligibility roster with women later being included."
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Social work and Advanced Directives, 2007.
This paper examines living wills and advance directives as part of the services a social worker provides.
1,451 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 11 sources, APA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses end-of-life decisions, advance directives and patient advocacy that are issues within the scope of the health care social worker. The paper shows how the complexity of legal and medical issues involved in the creation of a living will and/or providing surrogate instructions is beyond the medical or legal training of the social worker.
From the Paper
"A social worker acts as a patient advocate. Social workers are charged with promoting patient respect and respect in treatment in end-of-life situations. The National Association of Social Workers was one of the first professional organizations to actively participate in support of the ethical dilemmas inherent in caring for individuals during end of life circumstances by issuing the formal policy statement "Client Self-Determination in End-of-Life Decisions in 1993 (Luptak, 2004). In the area of living wills, the social worker should only be part of a team that can help you address end-of-life issues and decisions and the member of the team to assure that other healthcare providers such as doctors and other facility staff know of your decisions ("How social workers," 2004). In the health care social worker's job, no task is more important than advocating for patients' wishes in end of life decisions."
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National Security in Canada, 2007.
This paper examines the threat the new national security regime poses to Canadians.
1,321 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 44.95
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Abstract
The paper reviews the Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness Agency of Canada (PSEPC) and the Canadian Border Services Agency (CBSA) in order to assess if these organizations are infringing upon the privacy of Canadians and whether this infringement is justifiable. The paper discusses the Canadian Constitution and how the new security regime has the potential to undermine certain sections of it, posing risks to privacy rights.
From the Paper
"There can be little doubt that national security has become a major preoccupation of the Canadian government in light of the events of 9/11. According to the Canadian government - and to similar materials contained in our course notes - the national security plan emerging from that traumatic event is explicitly committed to protecting Canadians at home and where they reside abroad; the plan also mandates that the federal government do whatever it can to ensure Canada does not become a base for terrorist threats directed against allies - most notably the United States (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness Canada, "Securing an Open Society: Canada's National Security Policy," para.1-5)."
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Freedom of Religion, 2007.
A review of the "Church of Lukumi Babalu Aye v. City of Hialeah" Supreme Court decision of 1993 and its implications for freedom of religion.
1,519 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the "Church of Lukumi Babalu Aye v. City of Hialeah" Supreme Court decision of 1993 and its significance to the issue of freedom of religion. In particular, it discusses the legal rationale informing the High Court's final decision and the strength of the final decision. It also briefly describes the relationship of the case to previous court precedents. Finally, the paper analyzes the legal and political repercussions of the ruling and looks at the current status of the law.
From the Paper
"As an important addendum to what has been written thus far, it must be noted that the "strength" of the final decision was fairly conclusive: despite three concurrences by Justices Scalia, Souter and Blackmun and a separate opinion by Kennedy, the final Court decision appears to have been a unanimous one - although the concurrences are interesting to read more than thirteen years after their original publication inasmuch as they show curious divergences among the Justices vis-a-vis certain subtleties in the interpretation of constitutional freedoms/protections for religious groups. Most notably, Justice Scalia opposed Section Two of Part II-A of the Court's opinion on the grounds that it paid scant attention to the fact that "neutral" or "generally applicable" laws can also be laws that target a particular religion for invidious distinction and discriminatory treatment. Nonetheless, one would be hard-pressed to argue that the presiding Justices disagreed on the fundamental question of whether or not the Church of Lukumi Babalu Aye was a victim of discrimination."
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War on Drugs, 2007.
This paper analyzes past, present and future implications of the criminal justice system for the war on drugs.
1,668 words (approx. 6.7 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 54.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that the past history of the war on drugs is centered on the arrests made against non-violent criminals who were found guilt of carrying, using, and dealing many different types of drugs. In many cases, non-violent drug offenders were often placed into prisons or jails with violent offenders. The writer points out that this was often the case with the war on drugs, as the charges brought against these offenders would often bring about stiff sentences that made them eligible to be placed alongside violent criminals in prison populations. The writer then looks at changes in legislation regarding the use of drugs. The writer also discusses how the legalization of marijuana could be helpful in solving the high prison populations and growing violence associated with drug offenses. The writer concludes that the criminal justice system must begin to realize the inefficacy of inappropriate prison sentencing and brutal reactionary police force that is currently doing very little to help fight the war on drugs.
Outline:
A Past History: High Arrest Rates and Violent Crime for the War on Drugs
Present Issues in the Criminal Justice System and the Affects of the Drug War on Prison Populations
Legalization: Future Implications for the War on Drugs
From the Paper
"Since President Nixon officially declared war on the drug markets in America, these legislative actions have led to the arrest of many thousands of drug offenders nationwide. Ronald Reagan played a large part in organizing funding for police and for the prisons that would incarcerate drug offenders after arrests were made. The 1970s and the 1980s saw a steady growth of law enforcement directives that sought to arrest and take off the streets drugs that were said to be causing urban decay and increasing violence in local communities. The criminal justice system was given the edict of minimum sentences for drug abusers and dealers, since the law dictated an unlimited amount of prison time for persons carrying even the smallest amount of drugs in their position."
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Cluster Bombs, 2007.
This paper presents a persuasive argument for outlawing the use of the cluster bomb.
1,558 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 51.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the Iraq conflict with regard to the issues surrounding cluster bombs and the humanitarian threat their legality poses. The paper explains that cluster bombs are not always discriminating in their targets, and once fallen, bomblets can remain inactive for some time before exploding. The paper contends that cluster bombs pose an unacceptable risk to civilians, especially children and discusses the lack of global legislation forbidding cluster bomb use. The paper looks at some nations' actions in improving the reliability of cluster munitions, but claims that this does not help when countries use old stockpiles. The paper strongly asserts that it is time for the cluster bomb to be made illegal on the international stage.
Outline:
Introduction
Cluster Bombs: The Facts At A Glance
Cluster Bombs: Position By Country
Are Cluster Bombs Illegal?
Why Cluster Bombs Should Be Made Illegal
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The cluster bomb and its legitimacy as a weapon of war has recently come under fire, hot on the tails of use during recent conflicts in Iraq, Kosovo and Afghanistan. Concerns over the power of the weapon have primarily been humanitarian, as cluster bombs - shells which release submunitions, or bomblets, from either air or land, with the intention of killing "soft" targets such as enemy soldiers - are unreliable, shedding highly explosive and volatile submunitions over a wide area, often failing to explode on immediate impact. As the target area related to the cluster bomb is wide, and as apparently faulty cluster bombs may be later activated by accidental interference, the threat to civilians lives from delayed detonation is high. Recent media attention on cluster bombs has focused on the loss of civilian life in Iraq, one of the most prominent armed conflicts of recent times."
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Intellectual Property, 2007.
An examination of how intellectual property will impact the legal profession.
921 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 32.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the ways in which the field of intellectual property and property rights impacts the future of the legal profession. It discusses ways in which law will change due to this new form of property rights. The paper also discusses how this change in law has affected the writer of this article and how it impacts his future career plans.
From the Paper
"Before I bring this paper to a close, I also want to add that the field of intellectual property rights will increasingly impact the legal profession simply because the growth of an innovation-driven service-based economy will bring into ever-sharper focus the tension between ensuring that private companies have every opportunity to protect themselves from others "stealing" their ideas (this is a central aim of trade secret law, or so it seems) and ensuring that the public is able to fully avail itself of every idea that springs from the minds of men and women (Shilling, 18B). As someone interested in both the free flow of ideas and in securing for as many people as possible the full riches "they have coming" for a new innovation, this underlying tension is an extraordinarily rich and exciting topic for me to explore."
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Title IX, 2007.
An analysis of the impact of Title IX on sports participation opportunities in college.
719 words (approx. 2.9 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 25.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the impact of Title IX on college sports. The paper discusses the effects of activists using Title IX empowerment to advocate for women's sports teams and how and why conservatives resisted their efforts. It shows the development of the concept of women's sports teams and how participation opportunities for both male and female athletes have significantly increased since the passage of Title IX into law during the Nixon Administration.
From the Paper
"In conclusion, Title IX was signed into law by President Nixon on June 23, 1972 and prohibits sex discrimination in any education program or activity, within an institution receiving any type of Federal financial assistance. Because of the broad nature of Title IX legal language and the attitudes of some conservatives about the role of women in society, Title IX has been controversial. But since it became law it has enabled millions of women to participate in college sports, and that benefit far outweighs any relatively minor impact on men's teams or university budgets."
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Crime Environment, 2007.
This paper discusses the role of environment in crime research.
1,500 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 49.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that crime and the physical environment, as criminologists and researchers state, are two closely related concepts. The writer then notes that the exact nature of the relationship between crime and the environment has, however, come under much debate. The writer discusses that, though studies reveal a multitude of conflicting findings, it appears that the correlation between crime and the environment is determined by interactive and complex factors, involving much variation at the level of spatial and temporal determination. The writer maintains that crime and environment are interwoven in a complex tapestry of factors interpreted by the criminal, such as nodes, paths, edges, and the environmental backcloth of the situation - of which the criminal himself is an integral part.
Outline:
Introduction
Crime & The Environment
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The researchers believe that crime should be investigated as a broad range of behaviour which comes from individual incentives. The environment works primarily in that it makes the offender feel comfortable about committing the crime. An individual may feel that an environment is suitable for crime based on physical factors such as the type of neighbourhood, the crime site's exact location, the crime's surrounding street layout and other factors that are social, psychological and physical. These latter factors include the location's sense of territoriality, the socioeconomic status of the criminal and crime area inhabitants, the readiness of the criminal, triggers, the criminal's routine behaviour and familiarity with a crime area, awareness and activity space, opportunity, layout of the city and streets, potential suitable targets, surveillability of the crime area, the building construction within crime areas and edges and nodes defining the crime area."
"People have been long aware of the effect the environment has upon criminal behaviour. In fact, historically crime was viewed as very environment-based and solutions to crime were based on environmental changes."
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Tort of Negligence and Patient Information, 2007.
A case study presentation discussing the issues of consent and liability in the Australian medical field.
4,357 words (approx. 17.4 pages), 14 sources, APA, $ 114.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses a shift in Australian law towards the rights of the patient as compared to medical standards or the expertise and discretion of the doctor. It focuses on how this shift has created a crisis of insurance and malpractice claims in Australia. The paper presents a hypothetical case study centered on a patient, Rhonda, advised to undergo surgery in order to investigate a possible malignancy situated near the spinal column. The paper then discusses the consent and liability issues that are associated with the case.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Refusal versus Consent
If Consent was Given
The Hospital's Possible Liability
Defences against Rhonda's Possible Claims
Concluding Remarks
From the Paper
"An obvious weakness in the Patient's Rights approach which demands that physicians produce all possible information regarding proposed procedures or treatments towards informed patient consent rests in matters of sheer information, the ability of the patient to interpret it, and with doctors relying on the research community as a kind of de facto alibi it is not meant to be in order to reduce their personal liability. One does see the room for sometimes ludicrous results in cases of routine procedures, not to mention in dealings with patients or their guardians of kinds apt to sue opportunistically. Despite altered tort law hoped to remove the worst effects of the medical indemnity and insurance crises it seems likely that conservatism may prevail, for some years, in Australian medicine. As in the U.S. and elsewhere affected by much litigation, a typical response on the part of doctors is to recommend treatments including surgery sparingly."
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