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California's Proposition 209, 2008.
An analysis of the intent and impact of California's Proposition 209 legislation.
1,449 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
The paper explains the perspective of those against affirmative action programs that led to California enacting Proposition 209. The paper explains further that this was a ban on the practice of giving institutionalized preferential treatment to people based upon their gender, race, color, ethnicity or national origin. The paper relates that this resulted in hiring and enrollment practices being made based solely upon merit rather than artificial balancing quotas. The paper concludes that regardless of whether or not it is "good" or "bad" for California, Prop 209 appears to have succeeded in its intent over the past decade.
From the Paper
"California enacted anti-discrimination in employment and other venues legislation in 1996 that, in effect, made it illegal to discriminate against or to offer preferential treatment to any person in education, government contracts or employment based upon their race, gender, ethnicity, national origin, or color. Proponents took the position that this measure would level the playing field within California, making opportunities for education and employment available based on skill and merit rather than upon other artificial factors."
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Ethics and the Justice Department, 2008.
This paper looks at the issue of ethics and the justice department,
noting that justice and ethics are often experienced as vastly different concepts.
2,418 words (approx. 9.7 pages), 11 sources, APA, $ 73.95
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Abstract
This paper presents a case study to illustrate how justice and ethics in the US are often experienced as vastly different concepts, depending upon an individual's perception of a particular situation. The paper describes a case study revolving around a Muslim man who wanted to travel by airplane from Los Angeles to Florida on 31 July, 2004. The paper contends that this case study demonstrates that a lack of adherence to commonly accepted ethical conduct as perceived by the public leads to general disrespect by the public, as well as an outcry for justice, particularly if a specific group of people has been disadvantaged by the unethical action.
Outline:
Introduction
Case Study: Achmed Radu
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Problematic ethical issues within the Department of Justice have increased exponentially since the 9/11 attacks. Constitutional issues such as freedom of the press, and human rights issues such as freedom of religion have particularly come under the spotlight. After 9/11, the Department of Justice has begun to take increasingly extreme measures to limit the freedom of American citizens in the name of protection and security. One of the basic rights that have continually been invaded is client/attorney privileges for detainees. In addition, citizens of Arab or Middle Eastern origin and those adhering to the Muslim faith have been targeted for surveillance, while some have even been detained indefinitely without an explanation of the reasons or the detainee's rights."
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Oregon Death with Dignity Act, 2008.
An examination of the Oregon Death with Dignity Act and its benefits to health care in the United States.
1,242 words (approx. 5.0 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 42.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses Oregon's "right to die" legislation - its Death with Dignity Act. The paper discusses the strain on health care in the United States and then argues that allowing a patient to die of his/her own volition is a better use of health care facilities than taking heroic measures to prolong life, regardless how painful, demeaning or without purpose.
From the Paper
"Lost in the debate about Oregon's "right to die" legislation is that the State of Oregon also embarked on a thorough analysis of healthcare rationing. The state disallowed a number of categories of medical treatment, and cut back on a number of other such methods, in order to free up resources to focus on the sicker patients. The overall goal was to support procedures and the use of resources in such a way that healthcare was enhanced. The right-to-die legislation was part and parcel of this overall effort. Those backing the legislation in the State understood that heroic expenditures at the end of life were not only futile, but they diverted scarce resources from other areas where the patients could be better-helped."
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Prison-Based Drug Addiction Treatment, 2008.
This paper argues against increasing funding for prison-based drug addiction treatment.
1,635 words (approx. 6.5 pages), 10 sources, APA, $ 53.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that there is an ongoing debate in the United States concerning the most effective and most appropriate treatment for those convicted of drug offenses in that it is the belief of some that funding should be increased for treating drug addiction in prisons. However, the writer points out that the opposing argument holds that this is not the most appropriate manner of addressing drug addiction. The writer demonstrates that the costs of prison drug- addiction treatment, in monetary terms and in terms of the cost borne by society-at-large far exceed the benefits of prison-based drug-addiction treatment programs. The writer concludes that the research has broadened the knowledge held concerning this issue and has moved the researcher toward more emphatic, confident and further support of alternative sentencing for drug offenders versus incarceration.
Outline:
Overview
Arguments and Evidence in Support
Critical Analysis of Protest against Prison-Based Treatment
Strongest Point Against
Weakest Point
Critical Analysis of Opposing Group's Position
Strongest Point
Weakest Point
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The strongest point against prison-based treatment is the interruption of working, productive individuals, father and mothers, in fulfilling their daily responsibilities to their families, their employers and society-at-large, specifically when drug court or other treatment programs are readily available to assist these individuals in becoming drug-free. Drug court and other treatment programs have been found to be more effective, less costly, and more effective in the long-term than imprisonment for drug offenses. Since nearly 1/2 of drug offenders are employed full-time according to the literature in the foregoing review and many of these individuals do have children or are neighbors who care for children and positively contribute to society, imprisonment at a higher cost in monetary terms in addition to the other costs to society make prison sentences for drug offenses ludicrous placing a very large question mark above the 'intentions' of laws and policies that mandate prison sentences for drug offenses. Furthermore, privatization of prisons in the United States has turned prisons into a competitive business with quotas of prisoners needed to fill the capacity of these prisons so that prisons will receive funding for the prisoner's incarcerated to ensure their profits and incoming funds. "
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Why Ratify the Constitution?, 2008.
This paper looks at James Madison's beliefs regarding ratification of the US Constitution and studies "The Federalist Papers: No. 10" .
871 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 30.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses why James Madison thought it necessary to ratify the US Constitution. The writer notes that, for Madison, one of the primary reasons for Americans to ratify the Constitution was because it provided for a republican form of government. The writer explains that Madison believed that the republican form of government was better suited to control the impact of factions on the political process than a straight democracy. This was due to the fact that in an open political environment, the development of various factions was inevitable. The writer also explains that to develop a democracy that ensured the rights of the people, regardless of their individual beliefs, one had to do more than to put political power in the hands of the majority. On the contrary, one had to develop a means to give all men a voice in the government and protect all rights. The writer discusses that according to Madison, the means to do so was the republican form of government.
From the Paper
"That factions were a problem at the time the Constitution was drafted should not be surprising; although united in their goal to throw off the yoke of English oppression, the several colonies had enjoyed different types of governments, had different goals, and held different values. Therefore, a legitimate fear of these early Americans was that any national government would compromise the rights of the individual states.
"While Madison acknowledged that one might attempt to prevent the development of factions, he understood that doing so threatened the liberty of all men. "
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Refugees and Migrants, 2008.
An examination of the differences between refugees and migrants and how they the United Nations relates to them.
983 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 34.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the differences between refugees and migrants and looks at why these distinctions are important for political reasons. Specifically, the paper discusses trends of migrant and refugee movements over time. The paper also looks at the ways that migrants and refugees are referred to within the United Nations and the laws that relate to these two groups.
From the Paper
"It is important thus to create a set of clear procedures and screening process that would allow genuine asylum seekers to get refuge. For this reason, a distinction is sought between migrant and refugee. In quite poignant manner, the Convention states that a migrant is someone who may lose better quality of life if he is turned down, a refugee is someone who might lose his life altogether. The Convention and other UNHR handbooks offer clear guidelines on the issue of distinction between migrants and refugees. One handbook revised in 2007 makes the distinction between a migrant and a refugee in these words: "A migrant is a person who, for reasons other than those contained in the definition, voluntarily leaves his country in order to take up residence elsewhere. He may be moved by the desire for change or adventure, or by family or other reasons of a personal nature. If he is motivated exclusively by economic considerations, he is an economic migrant and not a refugee. The distinction between an economic migrant and a refugee is, however, sometimes blurred in the same way as the distinction between economic and political measures in an applicant's country of origin is not always clear.""
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John Peter Zenger, 2008.
An examination of the impact of the case against John Peter Zenger on freedom of the press in America and the U.S. Constitution.
1,395 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 46.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the case of John Peter Zenger in 1734. It briefly describes the background of Zenger and of the case that was brought against him. The paper looks at whether the jury decision produced an across-the-board new American policy of freedom of the press such as did not exist before Zenger's arrest. The paper also looks at whether the case had a meaningful effect on the U.S. Constitution.
From the Paper
"At that time in American history, there had been political satires printed often, but they were published by "imperial officials themselves," and not by writers and political opponents. But between the time of the Zenger trial and the Stamp Act, Olsen continues, several fables, satires, "parodied speeches and proclamations" appeared in pamphlets, advertisements, poets' corners and news items, "virtually all of them in opposition to established governments and imperial officials." Of all of those dozens of printed protests and attacks on the persons in elected positions, there was only one, Olsen explains, who was prosecuted for libel, but in time the charges were also dropped against him."
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Illegal Downloads, 2008.
A review of the problem of illegal downloads and the effect it has on the recording industry.
1,279 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
The paper introduces and analyzes the topic of ethics in American business. Specifically, the paper discusses who should be punished for downloading illegal music. The paper argues against the practice and contends that downloading music online is illegal unless one pays for the music. The paper also contends that "down loaders" know the act is illegal, and choose to do it anyway, making it both legally and ethically wrong. The paper further contends that illegal downloads harm record companies and recording artists and violate the intellectual property rights of the individuals who created the song. The paper concludes that stealing music is like stealing someone's special creation, it is simply wrong, ethically, morally, and legally.
From the Paper
"In addition, stealing music is a known crime, and music companies have been filing suit against people for many years, making it common knowledge that downloading music is a crime. The Minnesota trial was the first lawsuit to make it all the way to trial, however. Downloaders paying thousands of dollars in fines to recording companies have settled all the other suits. In one case, recording companies sued the parents of two under-18-year-olds, and the parents eventually settled with the record company. In this case, since the children were not of legal age, the companies went for the people who owned the computers. However, in most normal cases, these would not be the people responsible, because anyone who owns a computer knows that you cannot control family members and friends 24 hours a day, 7 days a week when they are on the computer."
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Women and the Law, 2008.
This paper discusses current attitudes and policies on gender in France and Cuba.
2,275 words (approx. 9.1 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 70.95
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Abstract
The paper explores how the French and Cuban governments have worked towards eliminating obstacles to women's opportunities. The paper shows how both nations possess a mindset in which there is no real distinction between the overall group of the nation on the one hand and the citizen on the other and both have tried to remake their societies through revolutionary changes. The paper relates that in France gender equality laws are being slowly introduced, while in Cuba, although Fidel Castro attempted to eliminate every possible trace of discrimination, the overriding emphasis on Marxist economic development has failed to create the prosperity necessary to eliminate many traditional assumptions about gender.
From the Paper
"Centuries of inequality and oppression have made many modern societies and governments acutely aware of the way laws and political and social structures govern the relations between different groups of individuals. One of the group distinctions that has received most attention in is that which is based on gender. Whether in France, or in Cuba, women have a long history of being treated as second-class citizens; denied equal opportunities in education, employment, and public life. Both the French and Cuban governments have worked toward eliminating these obstacles to women's success and happiness. Yet, they have approached the problem in notably different ways."
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Irrational Patient Rights, 2008.
This paper discusses whether a patient's irrational decision to refuse treatment is binding to a health care professional.
1,664 words (approx. 6.7 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 54.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses whether a patient's irrational decision to refuse treatment is binding to a health care professional. The paper explores the arguments for and against the rights of irrational patients and brings several case studies to light. The paper reveals that the health care professional is bound to treat irrational patients who cannot be held accountable for their actions. The paper therefore shows that if there is no other family member or responsible party available, the health care professional must make some difficult and demanding choices, for if they do not, they could put themselves and their facility at risk of court action and liability.
Outline:
Introduction
Argument
Counterargument
Response
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Patient's rights are a critical concern in the health care profession today, and few will argue that a competent patient has the right to free will and to choose what happens to their own body. Some patients with religious convictions may choose to refuse certain treatments, such as abortion, and some patients from other cultures may refuse certain types of treatment that do not agree with their cultural beliefs. However, anyone who consciously desires treatment should be treated by the health care professional."
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Eminent Domain, 2008.
This paper provides an overview of eminent domain legislation and due compensation to property owners.
1,973 words (approx. 7.9 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 62.95
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Abstract
The paper explains the principle of eminent domain that variance, access and public projects for the good of the whole must take precedence over private property rights. The paper examines the US constitutional stand on eminent domain and looks at various national rulings that have taken place over the years. The paper discusses the losses often sustained by property owners and contends that municipalities, states and the federal government need to pay much more close attention to due compensation and be willing to pay a fair property value. The paper concludes with the hope that the public will become more conscious of the need to make more informed decisions about the rights of the individual.
From the Paper
"Eminent domain is one of the most controversial, yet necessary issues that communities and courts face today. Variance, access and public projects for the good of the whole must take precedence over private property rights. Yet such property rights losses as can occur though the demands of eminent domain can literally bankrupt individuals, families and businesses, with regard to loss of property value, property usage or loss of property itself."
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The Protect America Act, 2008.
This paper provides an in-depth review of the Protect America Act of 2007.
4,147 words (approx. 16.6 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 111.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the Protect America Act of 2007, which is the modernized version of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA). The paper looks at how the Act modernizes the FISA and then examines the rationale behind it. The paper explains how this law addresses the missing and significant gaps in the securing of intelligence surveillance information about targets in foreign lands.
Outline:
How the Act Modernizes the FISA
Rationale Behind the Modernization of FISA
Changing the Concept of Electronic Surveillance
Extending the Wiretap Law
Across-the-Board Exemption
Spur of the Moment and Secret Order
President Bush's Urges
Implications of the Act
How It All Happened
"Reasonably Believed"
For National Security and "Other" Purposes
A Lowering of Standards
How the Act Would Work to Close the Dangerous Surveillance Gap
From the Paper
"The Protect America Act of 2007 is the modernized version of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act or FISA (Department of Justice 2007, GovTrack.us 2007). Sponsored by Senator Mitch McConnell on August 1 this year, it was enacted by Congress and signed into law by President George W. Bush. The Act consists of permanent amendments to the FISA in order to keep the United States safe. It is designed to provide the intelligence community with necessary inputs about terrorists, America's enemies."
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