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Juvenile Death Penalty, 2008.
This paper argues in favor of the decision to ban the death penalty for juveniles.
2,400 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 73.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that the juvenile death penalty stemmed from laws in certain states that allowed juveniles to be tried as adults for certain crimes. In March of 2005, the United States Supreme Court ruled that the death penalty for those who were tried as adults for crimes committed when they were under 18 was cruel and unusual punishment. The development of the juvenile death penalty and the decision to declare it unconstitutional has been a topic of controversy that reached global proportions. The writer examines the development, ramifications and circumstances that led to the abolishment of the juvenile death penalty in the United States. The writer supports the thesis that the Supreme Court decision to ban the death penalty for juveniles is in alignment with Constitutional law and supports this decision.
Outline:
Legal History and Context of the Juvenile Death Penalty
Recent legal History
The Demographic Myth
Political Ramifications
Conclusion
From the Paper
"These executions did not happen in the early history of the United States, but occurred in modern times.
"Execution of males for the commission of crimes involving intolerable suffering of another are considered socially acceptable. However, the death penalty for certain other demographic groups has been considered questionable. In older times, the execution of women, juveniles, and others were not considered any different from those of a male. However, times have changed and society now questions the practice of executing the mentally retarded, women, and juveniles. The rules of changed and so must the laws of the land. The laws of the land are meant to serve society, rather than society serving the system."
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Social Engineering and the Law, 2008.
This paper discusses how the law can be utilized as a tool for social engineering.
1,000 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 1 source, APA, $ 35.95
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Abstract
The writer explains that law is one of the best mechanisms for social engineering, because the law dictates desired behaviors and prohibited behaviors and prescribes punishments for failure to adhere to those dictates. The writer refers to the change in America's attitude toward race and segregation as an example of the law as social engineering. The writer relates that if he were in the position to enact laws, he would work on bolstering the concept of the nuclear family in American society.
From the Paper
"Social engineering refers to the idea that something can be "purposefully used as a tool to intentionally shape society." (Schmalieger, 2002, p.14). Law is one of the best mechanisms for social engineering, because the law dictates desired behaviors and prohibited behaviors, and prescribes punishments for failure to adhere to those dictates. Oftentimes, laws simply codify existing societal norms. However, one of the most remarkable aspects of law is that law can actually be used to substantially modify social norms, which means that it is a very effective social engineering mechanism."
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Alien Tort Claim Act, 2008.
This paper discusses the United States Alien Tort Claim Act that is considered to be one of the most innovative pieces of legislation in the area of human rights protection.
3,017 words (approx. 12.1 pages), 16 sources, MLA, $ 88.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that in order to have a proper view on the importance of the Alien Tort Claim Act, a closer analysis must be taken into consideration. In this sense, the writer points out that the history of the Act in itself may point to the actual necessity for the drafting of the legislation. Also, the writer looks at points which might shed light on the usefulness of the Act as well as on the philosophical discussion on the relationship between civil and political rights and the economic, social, and cultural ones. The writer discusses that the Alien Tort Claim Act takes into consideration the violations of human rights made by multinational companies or different agencies around the world.
From the Paper
"Speaking in general terms, it is rather hard to determine the extent to which a non binding type of protection is more efficient than a binding one. A possible combination of the two systems of protection can be said to benefit more than an actual separation or differentiation because the protection considered by multinational companies or national legislation on the other hand appears to be more efficient due to the fact that their goals are limited but also their resources, financial and legal, are stronger.
"The UN protection system has been set in place in order to give general guidelines on the proper practices that should be followed to insure a minimum standard of human rights protection. The UN Charter, along with subsequent documents that came to underline particular aspects of the document are relevant for pointing out the minimum requirements any system, political or corporate, must meet."
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Iraq War and Law, 2008.
This paper looks at the current international law system as it relates to the Iraq war.
1,280 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that following the end of the Second World War there was an acute need to rethink the legal framework in which the atrocities similar to the ones that marked the tragic context of the first and second world conflagrations could be punished more severely. In this sense, there were a series of conventions and legally binding acts which tried to create a bonding obligation for the signing states to refrain from violent acts against civilians and other participants to wars. Nonetheless, the writer points out that taking into account the latest developments in the war in Iraq, there are serious doubts over the degree in which the legal system available to date is able to offer a comprehensive framework of protection.
From the Paper
"Therefore, the Geneva Conventions of 1949 represent a legal system consisting of four acts: They are: the Convention for the amelioration of the condition of the wounded and sick in armed forces in the field; the Convention for the amelioration of the condition of wounded, sick and shipwrecked members of armed forces at sea; the Convention relative to the treatment of prisoners of war; the Convention relative to the protection of civilian persons in time of war.
"Despite the obvious complexity of the system set in place and of the areas under discussion, the historical context showed that the Conventions lacked a comprehensive and efficient approach of the legal matters on which they focused. In this sense, there was no clear distinction between the civil war and the liberation war. Thus, taking into account the fact that most conflicts following the Second World War were intra state wars, it was hard to determine whether the conventions would be applicable in cases such as the Korean War, the Vietnam experience, or even the Arab Israeli conflict."
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The Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX), 2008.
Looks at the background and requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley act (SOX).
940 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 33.95
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Abstract
This paper discuses the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (SOX), which was the result of the huge financial scandals of the 20th century and the early 21st century. The objective of this legislation was to beef up the credibility and the framework of publicly held companies. The author of the paper points out that the eleven titles of the act embrace tough corporate board responsibilities, which can lead to criminal penalties. The paper relates the benefits of SOX to the management of corporations, describes the most important titles and suggests procedures for compliance.
From the Paper
"Title II is "Auditors Independence" and it has nine sections, giving rules for how auditors must be independent of the corporations so that conflicts of interest can be avoided. In fact, Section 201 of Title II tells auditing companies that they cannot do other kinds of business with the corporation, which they are providing auditing services for. This would seem to be an obvious thing that good standing companies would follow without a heavy handed federal law hanging over their heads, but in the age of Enron and WorldCom, it was needed."
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Illogical Paternalism throughout American Law, 2008.
An argument discussing the inconsistency and illogical nature of the paternalistic legislation in American law.
1,538 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the paternalistic legislation that exists throughout American law. The paper discusses the inconsistent logic of these laws and argues that there is no possible justification for paternalistic regulation that is subjective in its focus, permitting certain activities while prohibiting others that are indistinguishable in their relative (or potential) harm, under penalty of law.
Table of Contents:
Introduction - Government Paternalism
The Inconsistent Logic of American Paternalistic Legislation
The Solution - Logical Consistency in Paternalistic legislation
From the Paper
"There is no doubt that government has a duty to protect citizens from the direct harm associated with other peoples' choices. Criminalizing the dangerous practice of driving under the influence of alcohol and drugs is not paternalistic, but for the practical benefit and safety of others.. What is more arguable is whether criminal law should address private behavior that does not directly threaten others, but which does, in effect, harm society indirectly. When a motorcyclist sustains serious cranial injury because he chooses not to wear a helmet, or where chronic smokers and alcoholics raise the medical insurance premiums of non-smokers and non-drinkers, their choices harm the rest of us, even if only indirectly, through our pocket books (Dershowitz, p.124)."
"The solution to this problem of illogical paternalistic legislation in American law does not even require a decision on where to draw the line between what risks are too indirect to regulate and what risks cause indirect harm that justifies their regulation even though they are conducted entirely in private. All that is required is a logical application of law that treats similar risks the same, rather than the illogical application of law that treats identical risks so differently that one is promoted publicly while the other is subject to punishment as a felony."
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United States Policy on Prisoner Rights, 2008.
A review of the current laws on prisoner rights under the Bush administration.
1,797 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 57.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the current policies under the administration of George W. Bush with regards to countless incidences of prisoner mistreatment, torture and the denial of legal rights. The paper presents examples of suit after suit thrown out of the courts that would directly challenge the Bush administration's policies regarding prisoners and their treatment.
From the Paper
"So, what then? If the government takes the position that no rights to challenge the detainment are present, then there is no hope for the prisoner? What exists and what the point of the challenge is and should be, is an examination of the method by which these men were determined to be enemy combatants and whether or not their actions warranted such a determination. The basic legal framework has to be that just because a man is standing on a corner where a shooting occurs does not make him a participant in the shooting. None of the men in Boumediene v Bush or Al Odah v. United States claims to have been engaged in any military action against the United States. Given that none of them have been identified by any nation as belonging to a state sponsored military organization, they have been classified as unlawful enemy combatants. But that classification does not bring with it evidence of the justice of that label. It is my opinion that as there is no proof of connection to a military wing of any government by these men, that the very labeling of them as enemy combatants is inaccurate at best. Therefore, if any of these men arrive before a non-biased judge (such as the supreme court), they will all have the potential for gaining their freedom."
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Community Policing, 2008.
A discussion of community policing and criminal justice.
882 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 31.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the topic of criminal justice and community policing. The paper also discusses the concept of community policing and how it can benefit communities. The paper explains that community policing is a policy developed in the 1980s, where the rapid response of traditional policing is replaced with community-oriented policing, that partners police with the community, creating safer neighborhoods and more involvement by the citizens in their own communities. The paper also points out that this type of policing can be extremely successful and helpful, and many communities have discovered that it even helps many police officers deal with the great diversity now so ever-present in so many of America's communities. The paper looks at how building trust in the neighborhood is one of the goals of community policing, and this can be accomplished in many different ways. The paper concludes that community policing makes sense, which is why so many police departments are utilizing it today.
From the Paper
"Today's police officer is more than a representative of the law and the legal system, as this community-oriented system clearly indicates. Today's officer provides a vital service to the community, as these writers note, "The police officer performs a service for the greater good much as doctors sustain public health, lawyers defend individual rights, and military personnel protect their citizenry" (Glenn et al. 6). When the public views an officer in their neighborhood on a regular basis, they feel a little bit safer, and often, this presence also helps them become more observant and responsible themselves, watching for criminal activity more effectively. In areas where community policing has not reached effectiveness, or is not in place, that can be very different."
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Transsexual Rights, 2007.
A discussion of the issue of the tolerance of transsexuals in society.
1,275 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
This paper examines society's increasing tolerance of transsexual individuals. It discusses the implementation of policies enforcing fair treatment of transsexuals in the workplace. The paper points out that, in addition to the workplace, there is a push for greater tolerance for transsexuals regarding other issues as well, such as when buying a house, renting an apartment, going to a movie or a restaurant. The paper discusses transsexuality as a new class of gender identity. The paper concludes by pondering over the plight of transsexuals in the Middle East.
From the Paper
"Lately there have been some high-profile cases involving the discrimination of transgender people, which have aided in the public understanding of the bias that is to be seen in some workplaces in America. In particular there is the story of the city manager in Largo, Florida, who was fired when she came out and announced plans to have a sex change operation. Her name is Susan Stanton, and she was Largo City Manager; in March, 2007, Stanton let it be known she was switching genders. Quite a bit of fuss was stirred up because of that decision. In fact, Stanton was fired."
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Flavored Tobacco, 2008.
This paper discusses the strengthening of legal provisions regarding the prohibition of the sale of candy and fruit flavored cigarettes.
2,576 words (approx. 10.3 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 77.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that the tobacco industry is considered to be one of the most profitable businesses worldwide and yet there is an increasing number of anti tobacco campaigns intended to draw the attention of smokers to the imminent dangers of cigarette consumption. The writer points out that flavored tobacco is one of the most important elements which draw teenagers and even children to take on smoking due to the fact that it represents a combination between a grown up idea and a mixed aromatic pleasure. The writer discusses that despite constant denials from the tobacco companies, marketing strategies and the products offered are without a doubt a major incentive for the younger generation to take on smoking. The writer maintains that from this point of view, the bill prohibiting the sale of candy and fruit flavored cigarettes in West Virginia is indeed a step forward in the fight against smoking; however, there are many aspects which must further be regulated in order for this phenomenon to be reduced.
From the Paper
"These initiatives notwithstanding, the public opinion as well as the US legislative bodies has considered it essential for a strengthening of the legal provisions limiting the means though which children and young adults can come in contact with tobacco products. In this sense, the West Virginia legislature took an important step towards a tougher control on the conditions in which tobacco companies can make available different types of cigarettes as well as the conditions in which such products can be sold to the public. The Bill prohibiting the sale of candy and fruit flavored cigarettes is in this sense an essential legal initiative for the amendment of the Code of West Virginia from 1931.
"The aim of the bill refers to the prohibition of candy and fruit flavored cigarettes selling on the territory of the state. The amendment made to the Tobacco Bill comes as a corollary for what was considered to be a shortcoming of the legislative. "
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Prison Work Programs, 2008.
An overview of a proposed research to be carried out on work programs for prisoners.
907 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 32.95
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Abstract
This paper describes and explains the controversy in the US over the prison labor system that has existed since the development of Federal prisons in 1891. The author then provides material from various studies that have been carried out in the past as well as a research proposal to show that prison work programs help inmates to have fewer incidents of in-prison behavior issues, higher opinions of work, and lower recidivism rates.
From the Paper
"Since the development of Federal prisons in 1891, there has been controversy over the prison labor system. In its inception, inmates engaged in the building of the original three Federal prisons, those in Atlanta, Leavenworth, and McNeil Island. Following their construction, the inmates housed in such prisons worked as janitors, farmers to produce food for prison use, tailors, launderers, clerics, and houseboys for wardens or other staff members. By 1919, the Federal prison in Atlanta had opened a textile mill, and by 1924, Leavenworth operated an inmate run shoe factory. However, the U.S. Bureau of Efficiency still reported several thousands of inmates without daily work activities. In light of the Special Committee's note that prison industrial programs could not only be self-sustaining, but also helpful in the reduction of recidivism, a response was clearly required (UNICOR, "Federal Inmate Work Programs...")."
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Law Enforcement, 2008.
This paper discusses the importance of a well-defined classification system within the field of law enforcement.
986 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 1 source, APA, $ 35.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that classifications serve many purposes for different agencies and organizations and fields, including law enforcement. Classification is a tool that, when used correctly, can help agencies devote time to critical matters efficiently. Classification provides agencies the ability to assign cases or problems to specific classes and people that provide expert advice and direction within those fields. The writer points out that this is an important consideration, especially with regard to the fields of law and law enforcement. The writer maintains that without a well-defined classification system within the field of law enforcement, too many cases might be overlooked or lumped into inappropriate categories, resulting in improper investigation or lack of follow up. The writer concludes that because there is so much potential for proper and efficient law enforcement when categories and sub-categories are specialized, it is critical that law enforcement agencies consider and review their classification system regularly.
Outline:
Classification Overview
Classification in Law Enforcement
Purposes of Classes & Sub-Classes in Law Enforcement
Reasons for Classification in Law Enforcement
Classification by System
From the Paper
"The role of the researcher in a law enforcement sub-category of social services may serve as a lecturer, offering information to organizations or companies about fields of interest in social work. The role of the head of the department may include supervising the work of field experts and monitoring progress, as well as assigning cases to specific experts in the social work sub-category of the classification of Social Work under law enforcement. Professional staff may also serve in the social work classification field under direction of one of the researchers or the head of the law enforcement agency; the role of this staff member may be administrative. This suggests an administrative officer working under the social work classification in law enforcement will help the department manage family law cases, including reports of abuse or recommendations regarding incarceration of related family or other information."
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