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Teaching Effectiveness, 2005.
An assessment of the avenues open to New York schools in terms of training mathematics and science instructors effectively so that there is true communication between the faculty and the students.
3,353 words (approx. 13.4 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 95.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at aspects of teacher training and instructional quality in the instruction of mathematics and sciences in New York State schools, concentrating primarily on students in the 7-12 grade range and ways in which teacher training and instructional quality can interact in a planned program. This program is designed to train math and science teachers in more effective uses of pedagogy and the student-centered classroom in New York schools and focuses on the implementation of technology in the classroom as related to these subjects. It begins with a literature review in which instructional methods for mathematics and science teachers are assessed. Current policy is then analyzed, including training programs in other states that have been shown to be effective in teacher training. It advocates a system in which technology in the classroom, combined with more effective teacher-student interaction and subject application, can be introduced into the educational system.
Outline
Introduction
Literature Review
Current Policy
Recommendations
Short-Term and Long-Term Benefits
Conclusion
Bibliography
From the Paper
"Teachers can act as advocates of technology by acknowledging their own place in the school's inherent duty to empower students and help them improve their situation in terms of heightened achievements. To help the school fulfill its mission to truly help students and enable them to overcome their disadvantages, a new paradigm of instruction is sought. This new paradigm is based on the integration of computer assisted instruction into schools, and the goal is to improve conditions and monitor achievement through the implementation of teacher-led pilot programs. Computer assisted learning can help children learn to read, learn basic mathematics, and participate purposefully in their own
educational development."
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"The Problems of Philosophy", 2004.
An analysis of Bertrand Russell's "The Problems of Philosophy" and how his theory is a plausible account of representative realism.
1,430 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
In chapter V of his book, "The Problems of Philosophy," originally published 1912, Bertrand Russell examined how mere humans perceived the world and how this perception occurred. This paper provides a brief biography of Russell. This is followed by a review and discussion of his analysis in "The Problems of Philosophy" to identify how he distinguishes between 'Knowledge by Acquaintance' and 'Knowledge by Description'. The paper also identifies how Russell's theory presents a plausible account of representative realism. A summary of the research is provided in the conclusion.
From the Paper
"To help elaborate on this component of his view, Russell says, "We shall say that we have acquaintance with anything of which we are directly aware, without the intermediary of any process of inference or any knowledge of truths." According to Russell, only the objects of immediate experience are known by acquaintance, through our direct awareness of them. Other things are known only by description, through the mediation of our apprehension of true propositions about them. For instance: "I am in a state of hunger now" may be known through acquaintance, but "Eating a pizza will relieve the state of hunger" can be known only by description. In spite of this apparently narrow extent, Bertrand maintains that knowledge by acquaintance provides the foundation for further knowledge by description, discussed further below. "
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Concepts of Beauty, 2003.
Examines why fashion models are admired in society today.
2,024 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 64.95
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Abstract
Notwithstanding the adage, "Beauty is in the eye of the beholder," to explain why some humans appear more attractive than others, this paper provides a review of the relevant literature to identify what scientific basis there is for making determinations of beauty and how this can be applied to fashion models today. A discussion of the criticisms being directed against beauty pageants and their directors is followed by a summary of the research in the conclusion.
From the Paper
"We have all seen it: the New Miss America proudly walking down the runway, tears streaming down her humble face as she displays her crown and scepter -- showing the whole world exactly what it takes to be considered "beautiful." Some researchers, though, say the swimsuit-and-scholarship competition promotes an "ideal of female undernutrition" by crowning ever-skinnier contestants. A member of the staff at Johns Hopkins School of Public Health said, "Clearly there is a trend toward undernourished winners." In a recent analysis published in the Journal of the American Medical Association, scientists examined the decline in body mass index (BMI) scores among contest winners since first Miss America won the title in 1921. The winner of that contest had a BMI of 20.4. The "BMI reflects a person's weight divided by height to arrive at a number indicative of weight-related health" (Vergano, 2002, n. pag.)."
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Inferential Statistics vs. Single Case Designs, 2004.
This paper compares inferential statistics to single case designs and comments on the usefulness of each of these techniques for the practitioner.
1,117 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 38.95
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Abstract
The current paper comments on a quote by J.M Johnson and H.S Pennypacker that compares inferential statistics to single case designs. It discusses how the statement in question calls to account psychology as a science to abandon a traditional reliance on inferential statistics and group design research and to support its practical focus on the individual with reliance on more individually focused research.
From the Paper
"Inferential statistics is a branch of statistics that consists of generalizing from samples to populations, performing hypothesis testing, determining relationships among variables, and making predictions (Tabachnick & Fidell, 2001). This type of research is the most widely used in psychology, with the majority of published studies in this field relying solely on the use of group comparisons. The major argument for the use of inferential statistics is that it increases the external validity of the study and increases the likelihood of the results generalising to other people. These results are gathered by statistical inference where various methods of calculation are used to find a central tendency within a group. The variability of the results between subjects are often explained by measurement error or extraneous variability because well conducted group research introduces the only variability deliberately as an intervention designed to examine and measure its effect(s) on subjects (Hayes, Barlow & Nelson-Gray, 1999)."
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The Approaches to Studying Questionnaire (ASQ), 2004.
An explanation of how to conduct a factor analysis using Richardson's ASQ as an example.
2,848 words (approx. 11.4 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 84.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the results of a factor analysis conducted on Richardson?s short version of the ASQ with data obtained from 187 university students. This paper defines factor analysis and describes each step in the factor analysis process, giving a clear explanation for each decision made.
Outline
The ASQ
Factor Analysis Defined
Sample Size
Data Screening & Preliminary Analysis
Descriptives
KMO and Bartlett?s Test of Sphericity
Factor Extraction
Factor Rotation
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Richardson (1990) developed a short version of the ASQ in an attempt to examine the reliability and replicability of this version, which contained eight subscales of meaning orientation and reproducing orientation. Richardson concluded that this new questionnaire can be used in examining meaning orientation and reproducing orientation in research on student learning, with a factor analysis successfully retrieving these two primary approaches to learning. Richardson did warn however that the validity of the constituent subscales was still rather unclear."
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Statistics in Everyday Life, 2004.
Describes ways in which statistics are applied in everyday life and how they are used and abused.
1,437 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
Statistics are a valuable aspect of scientific research. This paper demonstrates many different ways in which scientific data is used in everyday life. By the same token, statistics may also be abused to reach a false conclusion, and this is also illustrated through several cases.
From the Paper
"Just as statistics help in prosecution and defense of cases, they may also be abused when different experts in the same field offer different evidence and conclusions from examining the same data. Another way in which statistics may be abused is through corruption; in this case the police investigators may take DNA sample from a suspect and introduce it to a crime scene."
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Tracking System in Mathematics, 2004.
A study of the effectiveness of using tracking as a means of testing a student's abilities in mathematics.
2,922 words (approx. 11.7 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 86.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that tracking is an extremely common and widespread system whereby students are divided up among different classes and teachers according to their abilities. The paper uses a group of 20 students, with varying ranges of abilities in mathematics, and they are divided into 3 groups according to the tracking system. The paper lists the results of the study and summarizes the benefits and failures of the system. The paper ends with the results of the study, student-by-student, with statistical analysis as well.
From the Paper
"Poor student performance is one of the most pressing problems in American education today. In particular, math scores lag behind those of other developed nations. (Kodrzycki, 2002) Without a proper understanding of math, and mathematical concepts, today?s students will find themselves unable to compete in an increasingly technological world. They will not be able to find jobs, nor will American industry be able to compete successfully against its foreign counterparts. Though it is an essential part of the educational process, the how-to of improving students? mathematical skills remains problematic. (Stotsky, 2000, p. 44) Numerous approaches have been tried, but not all have been successful. One of the most popular methods is that known as Tracking ? an extremely common and widespread system whereby students are divided up among different classes and teachers according to their abilities. Tracking is rare until the Middle School Level, after which it becomes the norm."
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Prime Numbers, 2004.
This paper discusses the history and theories relating to prime numbers.
1,625 words (approx. 6.5 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 52.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that prime numbers have upset humanity for the last 2,300 years, ever since Euclid proved that there was infinity. The paper presents Euclid's proof. The author points out that, in the 19th century, the Russian, Tchebychef ,made significant contributions to the study of prime numbers by concluding that if the B(x) from Legendre's equation had a limit, then that limit had to be 1. The paper relates that Bernhardt Riemann, in 1859, continued Euler's work on series of numbers and made fundamental new discoveries within the prime numbers domain.
From the Paper
"Let x be a positive real number and let us define ? (x) as the number of primes less or than equal to x. ? (x) is a function and will be studied as such. For small values of x, we can intuit the values for ? (x). Thus, for example, if x is 10, then the primes less then 10 are 2, 3, 5 and 7, so that ? (10) is 4. Similarly, ? (24) = 9. Our concern is for very large values of x."
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"The Foundations of Arithmetic", 2004.
A review of Gottlob Frege's much-discussed book, "The Foundations of Arithmetic".
1,522 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper explains how Frege's book is an influential and valuable insight into the philosophy of mathematics. It shows how Frege delves deeply into, not only an understanding of numbers, but also looks into much larger questions surrounding meaning and truth. Frege argues against the idea that arithmetic is based on psychology and, instead, notes that logic is the main underpinning of arithmetic.
From the Paper
"Friedrich Ludwig Gottlob Frege was born in Germany in 1848. He got his doctoral degree in G?ttingen, and quickly wrote his post-doctoral thesis, and became a university professor. During his long and fruitful academic career, the tireless Frege worked extensively to build up the philosophical foundations of mathematics and science. Among his important contributions is the invention of an artificial language called Begriffsschrift, which was based on logical notation (Frege Biography). Frege wrote extensively, publishing a number of other influential papers during his lengthy career, including Grundgesetze der Arithmetik, Volume I (1893), Logic (1897), Sources of Knowledge of Mathematics and the Mathematical Natural Sciences (1924/5), A Brief Survey of my Logical Doctrines (1906), and Thought (1918) (Frege Biography)."
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Problems in Statistics Education, 2004.
Critical analysis of a current problem in the field of statistics education.
2,681 words (approx. 10.7 pages), 20 sources, MLA, $ 80.95
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Abstract
This paper examines some of the ways to teach statistics that will best overcome some of the main problems that students encounter while learning statistics and offers solutions to these problems.
From the Paper
"Students do not normally encounter statistics until they are in college--at least not on any kind of practicable level--unless they are in extremely advanced mathematics classes at their high school. Even so, not every high school offers statistics as a course, while almost every college does. Teaching and learning statistics is problematic for most college students and teachers because to learn and understand statistics, it is necessary to first have a grasp of some of the properties and features of higher mathematics. Many college students do not have these skills upon entering college, and many professors assume that they do have these skills when beginning to teach a statistics course."
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The Pascal's Triangle, 2004.
This paper discusses the life of Blaise Pascal and Pascal's Triangle.
1,210 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the mathematical formula known as "Pascal's Triangle" was simultaneously discovered centuries before Pascal by the Chinese and the Persians; it was even mentioned by Omar Khayyam centuries before Pascal. Pascal, however, one of the world's most famous mathematicians, was the first "modern" mathematician to realize the true potential of the formula and apply it. The author points out that Pascal's Triangle contributed to the understanding of probabilities, which led to the development of "average gain" or "probable gain" formulas that are still used extensively in business and industry. The paper relates that there is one problem with Pascal's formula: as the numbers increase, the triangle takes much longer to solve, and the formula becomes ungainly, but mathematicians have learned to cope with the formula and have created alternates that let them work with the numbers more effectively. Formula included.
From the Paper
"The mathematical formula known as "Pascal's Triangle" has long been attributed to the great mathematician and philosopher, Blaise Pascal, who lived in France during the 17th century. Pascal only lived to be thirty-nine years old, but during his lifetime, he made significant achievements in mathematics and philosophy, and may be most well known for the mathematical formula of Pascal's Triangle, which he did not invent, but has long received credit for inventing. Pascal was a bright child, who created the first known type of automatic calculator at the age of nineteen, and invented the modern-day barometer before he turned thirty-one."
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Omar Khayyam, 2003.
A description of the life and works of the famous Persian Omar Khayyam.
2,505 words (approx. 10.0 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 76.95
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Abstract
This paper presents an overview of the life of Omar Khayyam, born on 18 May 1048 at Nishapur, the provincial capital of Khurasan. The writer explores all aspects of his amazing life, as painter, mathematician, musician, writer and philosopher. The paper begins with his early life in Persia through to his death in Nishapur on 4th December 1131. The writer believes that Omar Khayyam was an outstanding astronomer and astrologer and his contributions to this field are invaluable still today. The paper includes a number of drawings of the man and examples of his writing.
From the Paper
"Omar Khayyam was well known as a poet, philosopher, mathematician, astronomer and physician. His full name was Ghiyath al-Din Abu?l-Fath Omar ibn Ibrahim Al-Nishapuri al-Khayyami. A literal translation of the name al-Khayyami means ?tent maker? which maybe derived from his father?s trade or he may have practiced this skill at one time. Khayyam played on the meaning of his own name when he wrote; ?Khayyam, who stitched the tents of science, Has fallen in grief?s furnace and been suddenly burned, The shears of Fate have cut the tent ropes of his life, And the broker of Hope has sold him for nothing!?."
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