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Challenges facing the Nursing Profession, 2008.
A discussion about nurses' moral obligations to patients.
830 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 29.95
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Abstract
This paper reports the writer's observations about ethics as they relate to the nursing experience. The paper is written in narrative form and discusses the writer's ideas about autonomy, beneficence, and nonmaleficence. The writer notes that she has come to understand that each nurse-patient situation is different and can often be complicated, and as such, cannot limit herself to one ethical theory when dealing with the ethical/moral dilemmas that sometimes arise in these situations.
Outline:
Introduction
Themes and application
Most meaningful themes
Significant learning
Conclusion
From the Paper
"At the beginning of the course, I saw black and white and would be very close minded about ethics. The main thing I have learned is to incorporate new and deeper knowledge of ethical theories and principles with the analysis of an ethical issue. The key word in my learning is 'complexity'. I see that ethical issues are never simple. For example, the utilitarian idea of the greatest good for the greatest number (Beauchamp & Childress, 2001) sounds perfect but does not always work. My own favorite ethical theory is deontology because of its concern with others and with life. However, I learned I cannot limit myself to one view or I will never be able to deal with ethical dilemmas. Basically, I have learned that we need to have a complete understanding of all ethical theories and principle."
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Tenuous Connections: Anxiety Disorders and Substance Abuse, 2008.
An examination of the relationship between anxiety disorders & substance abuse and whether substance abuse can be viewed as a product of anxiety disorders.
1,974 words (approx. 7.9 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 62.95
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Abstract
The paper questions whether there is any evidence that increased levels of anxiety result in a higher incidence of substance abuse. People who are very anxious may consume larger quantities of alcohol, smoke more heavily or resort to drugs as a way of self medication in treating an anxiety disorder. The paper relates that the higher the levels of self-reported anxiety,the more difficult it is to complete a treatment program, with the possibility that the person will return to the disorder of abuse on completing the program. The paper continues and discusses subtle affinities of anxiety disorders with that of substance abuse, by indicating that there are minor differences between the amount of abuse by alcoholics who have anxiety disorders, and those that do not. This indicates that anxiety disorders are an independent factor in the study of substance abuse.
From the Paper
"However, trait anxiety levels were positively correlated with negative substance abuse consequences, i.e., relapses even after treatment. Trait anxiety levels were also negatively correlated with the number of days an individual spent in treatment. In other words, the more anxiety problems that an individual experienced, the more likely it was that they would be substance abusers and the longer it would take for that individual to successfully complete the treatment program. Additionally, both state and trait anxiety levels were positively correlated with the level of addiction that the individual expressed, as measured and documented by the researchers (O'Leary et al., 2000). The implication of this finding is obvious: the higher the level of anxiety that an individual experience--in other words, the greater the possibility of an anxiety disorder--the more likely it would be for that individual to have a greater substance abuse problem."
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An Ethical Dental Dilemma, 2008.
Describes an ethical dilemma facing a student employed in a dental practice.
1,461 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses a dilemma facing a student witnessing unethical practice whilst in employment in a dental office. The paper questions situations in what should be done where an action appears to be correct but in reality is totally incorrect. The paper stresses that the patient's safety is of foremost importance and cannot be endangered in any manner during treatment. The paper also questions whether the negative activity should have been reported as an incorrect procedure, which the student found difficult, as the student was not a permanent staff member.
Outline:
Introduction
Concrete experience
Reflective observations
Abstract concepts
Active experimentation
Conclusion
From the Paper
"This experience was certainly a shock merely because the act was done in a setting associated with cleanliness and a professional environment that was autonomous and upheld the highest standards of health care. Moreover, it sent a message that real life in general was wrought with gray areas and more importantly, less than ideal practices. What is meant here is that, as a profession that is self-governed, its constituent members should perform their duties to the best of their abilities without compromise up to the standards set by governing professional organizations. As clear cut as this may seem to do, reality is often wrought with conflicting interests such as this one."
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Maternal Breastfeeding Program, 2008.
A research proposal for an education program for expectant and new nursing mothers.
2,762 words (approx. 11.0 pages), 15 sources, APA, $ 82.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the prevalence of breastfeeding through a critical literature review and the impact of a pro-breastfeeding education program delivered to expectant and new mothers. The paper also looks at how the information communicated through the education program can be enhanced through contact with peers, as peer mediation may potentially improve the subjects' acceptance of the information contained within the education program. The paper explains that breastfeeding is the traditional method of nourishing a child and is a physiological response to childbirth on the part of the new mother. The paper then points out that despite this naturally-occurring link between the new mother and her child, breast milk substitutes - commonly referred to as formula - were developed in the late 1950s and were increasingly marketed to new mothers through the 1980s as a superior means of nourishment. The paper shows that breastfeeding and the clinical trials related to the practice are of the utmost significance since the immediate and long-term well being of both mother and child depend on its success. The paper concludes that nurses play a major role in effective breastfeeding and need to be completely knowledgeable about appropriate and successful strategies.
Outline:
Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Purpose of the Study
Literature Review
- Socio-Cultural Influences and Breastfeeding
- Health Outcomes Associated with Breastfeeding
- Challenges within the Literature
Theoretical Framework
Research Question/Hypotheses
- Hypothesis 1
- Hypothesis 2
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Research was ongoing during this time and the majority of credible information stressed that breastfeeding was sufficient in terms of the nutritional content required for infants. Additional benefits were also isolated: children who breastfed during infancy demonstrated enhanced immune systems and were less likely to succumb to childhood and adolescent illnesses (Cunningham, Jelliffe, & Jelliffe, 1991; Saarinen & Kajossaari, 1995); breastfeeding was linked to improved cognitive development in children; research even suggested that the emotional development and attachment abilities of the child were improved and that the child may demonstrate improved psychosocial stability as an adult (Lawrence & Lawrence, 2005) and that breastfeeding "yields health care savings by reducing illness events" (Ahluwalia et al, 2000; 85)."
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Arab Muslim Culture and Medical Intervention, 2008.
A case study analysis of the factors of the sunrise model in Islam, how it affects medical care and the importance of its understanding for nursing practice.
947 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 33.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, of the seven influencing factors in the Sunrise model, the one which is most prevalent in the Muslim tradition is religious and philosophical factors. The paper then attempts to demonstrate just how complex these factors can be and the dilemmas they create unless the principles of transcultural nursing are applied. The paper also presents a case study that addresses the issue of serious illness and how it is perceived as God's will. It also illustrates the cultural conflict that is almost unavoidable and therefore, why culturally congruent care must always be the central goal.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Analysis
Accommodation/Negotiation
Approaching Cultural Conflict
God's Will and Resignation
Culturally Congruent Care
Conclusion
Appendix
Case Study
From the Paper
"There are several points in the case study where a nurse can be tempted to wonder why the parents do not simply use common sense. Such an attitude means imposing Western views. The only way the situation can be resolved is through the use of religious and philosophical factors. Through these factors, the nurse can fully understand all the issues confronting the family. In this way, the appropriate approach to this situation also can be taken. Culturally competent care essentially refers to providing care that will enable people to regain and maintain their well-being and prevent later health issues (Leininger & McFarland, 2002). In order to accomplish this type of care, nurses must become completely familiar with different cultures. They must also be able to relate these cultures to their own cultural experiences and their own cultural beliefs and values."
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Mental Illness, 2008.
Compares the view and prevalence of mental illness among modern and traditional societies.
2,085 words (approx. 8.3 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 65.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the view that traditional societies are less friendly to individuals with mental illness, which leads to the perception that there is less mental illness when, in truth, it is simply more well hidden. The paper then compares views of mental illness in modern socieites, and, in particular in Canada, to those of traditional socieities such as China, the Aboriginal socieites of Canada, and Middle Eastern societies and concludes that there is no single answer to how traditional cultures treat mental illness.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Mental Illness in Modern Societies
Mental Illness in Canada
Mental Illness in Traditional Societies
Mental Illness in Canada's Aboriginal Population
Conclusion
From the Paper
"It is this kind of practice that differentiates the Chinese and the Canadian process of caring for the mentally ill and may lead to a difference in how they are perceived. However, the practice goes far beyond simple numbers on a percentage scale. Some traditional cultures rely first on their own traditional forms of mental healing, turning only to modern solutions when their preferred methods fail to work. In Morocco, for example, a Berber family might first consult a fquih, a traditional healer, before turning to the services of the Centre Psychiatrique Universitaire Ibn Rochd (CPU) to treat mental illness."
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Job Communications Report, 2008.
An evaluation of the value of advanced practice nurses.
793 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 28.95
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Abstract
This paper presents a report on the communications aspects of an advanced practice nurse (APN). It suggests different case scenarios that reinforce the fact that APNs play a large part in formulating and implementing patient care plans, evaluating their outcomes and continuously improving the quality of care
Outline:
Introduction
Profile and Scenarios
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Information problem. Teaching and coaching people utilizing both verbal and written communication in almost every media format is used interchangeably. From patients, peers or students, the APN must be able to convey complex ideas and concepts in order to be an effective team member or mentor. Collaboration is also an essential information exchange role the APN must be comfortable with. This may even include formulating new clinical queries relevant to her specialty. Being a researcher is also constant challenge, as S.M. found out when she had to adapt a novel approach to meet one particular patient's needs as hospital guidelines did not cover the specific situation. She applied evidence-based practice, the process of arriving at a clinically relevant research question(s), attempting to gather evidence that answered these questions, determining the applicability of evidence in practice by determining its benefits, risks, cost-effectiveness, etc. and putting the answers to practice. The evaluation of the new practice (compression stockings for patients without bathroom privileges for an extended period after becoming ambulatory) went hand in hand with implementation in order to determine effectiveness in the target population, make changes for quality improvement based on established benchmarks and assess whether the research was implemented properly (DePalma, 2004)."
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Nursing in an Acute-Care Psych Ward, 2008.
This paper applies P.L. Chinn and M.K. Kramer's approach to nursing to an acute-care psych ward.
1,499 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 49.95
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Abstract
The paper supports the modified philosophical approach to nursing championed by Chinn and Kramer and shows how their contribution to Dorothy Orem's theories improve the process of thought. The paper further shows how Chinn and Kramer codify, in a stepwise function, how to improve practice and apply conscious theory development to the profession. The paper discusses their "third-level" philosophical approach and relates that although this approach may seem distant to nurses involved in the day-to-day chaos of the acute care wards, they provide a useful conceptual framework for an improvement of the profession.
Outline:
Introduction
Implementation of Orem as Interpreted by Chinn and Kramer
Discussion
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Nursing has progressed from a 'helping,' or 'mothering' profession in the mid-1900's to a profession which incorporates the same basic human emotions, but also combines with empirical evidence to help improve the patient's quality of life. Applying a concrete definition to the concept of nursing was a pioneering effort from Orem in the 1980's. Subsequent work by Fawcett, Chinn, Kramer and others in the 1990's added a more philosophical level to the practice of nursing."
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Newborn Medical Screening Around the World, 2008.
An account of screening tests carried out on newborn babies.
1,683 words (approx. 6.7 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 54.95
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Abstract
This paper describes the various tests that are carried out on newborns around the world for early detection of abnormalities, and includes a long list of conditions that can be found. While the author does include evidence of some controversy regarding various screening tests, the overall indication is that such testing can only be beneficial.
From the Paper
"In the United States, newborns have been routinely screened for abnormalities and conditions affecting the infant's overall health, with routine tests such as biotinidase deficiency, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, congenital hearing loss, congenital hypothyroidism, cystic fibrosis, galactosemia, homocystinuria, maple syrup urine disease, MCAD deficiency, PKU, Sickle cell disease, and tyroseinemia. China has taken neonatal screening seriously in recent years, and with assistance from the United States, a "provincial laboratory quality control program has been established and provides oversight for a newborn screening system from blood collection through treatment of patients" (Chen, He, Shen, Wang, Zang, & Zhang 37). Israel has also determined how valuable nationwide neonatal screening is to societal health and in 2006 selected PerkinElmer, Inc., "a global technology leader in Health Sciences and Photonics...to create a comprehensive newborn screening program intended to cover every child born in Israel" (PerkinElmer). This is a definite step in the right direction, as more and more countries follow the lead the United States has had in the realm of neonatal screening."
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Uninsured Families in America, 2008.
This paper discusses the gaps in health insurance coverage in the United States, particularly affecting low socioeconomic status families and individuals.
2,220 words (approx. 8.9 pages), 13 sources, APA, $ 68.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the gaps in health insurance coverage for families as a significant health care problem in America. The author goes on to assess that these problems are experienced mostly by impoverished immigrants and minorities in the form of dissatisfaction with services, barriers in enrolling themselves or their children due to legal or political "fallout" from adapted U.S. foreign policy or incompatible cultural health beliefs. Furthermore, the paper shows that these issues present themselves in worsened health and increased risk for the uninsured. Lastly, the paper states that culturally sensitive initiatives must be established.
Outline:
Population Description
Significance of the Problem
Related Health and Social Problems
Evaluation of Current Strategies
Ethical Implications of Current Strategies
Proposed Community and Public Health Nursing Interventions
From the Paper
"Flores, Abreu and Tomany-Korman (2006) identified risk factors that made a child more likely to be uninsured in interviews conducted among 1,100 parents, of which 900 were of Latino ethnicity. The probable factors studied included having older children with a mean age of 9 years, being poor (income < $20,000 per annum), possessing a limited English proficiency, being non-U.S. citizens and if both parents were employed. It is of significant note that ethnicity was not a factor (OR 0.94; 95% CI 0.49-1.81) with regard to child's age (1.11; 1.07-1.15), documented (1.96; 1.09-3.53) or undocumented (6.06; 3.22-11.4) immigrant status, two working parents (2.08; 1.01-4.29) and income $15,000-19,999 per annum (1.84; 1.13-3.00) (Flores, Abreu & Tomany-Korman, 2006). Nonetheless, apart from income, immigration status and plan ineligibility and the availability of state-funded health insurance, cultural aspects regarding health beliefs need to be factored in, especially with regard to delayed or not seeking medical treatment in times of need and the absence of a regular primary care physician (Greenwald, O'Keefe & DiCamillo, 2005; Flores, Abreu & Tomany-Korman, 2006; Shone, Dick, Brach, Kimminau, LaClair, Shenkman et al, 2006)."
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Models of Nursing, 2008.
This paper discusses two models of nursing: the Neuman Systems Model and Dorothy Johnson's theory.
748 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 26.95
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Abstract
The paper explains the Neuman Systems Model and Johnson's theory, which rely on the identification of past, present and future stressors and behaviors. The paper points out that both theorists look at the whole person and only differ as to how the environment influences a person. The paper also relates that by Neuman and Johnson introducing behavioral and environmental stressors and patterns into the medical profession through the role of nurses, the quality of medical treatment has improved dramatically.
From the Paper
"The Neuman Systems Model was created in 1970 at the University of California by Betty Neuman as a way of teaching Introductory Nursing to freshman nursing students. The model encompassed a unique approach in teaching physiological, psychological, socio-cultural, and developmental aspects of the human condition. The basic concept of the Neuman Systems Model is to study the hair color, body temperature, body system functions, cognitive ability, physical strength and values of a person. These elements of humanity are always evolving and changing in a normal life cycle. Normalcy ends when the elements become static--the energy exhumed is greater than that used by the person. The human process is a series of inputs, outputs, feedbacks and compensations that create balance in a person's nature (Heyman & Wolfe, 2000)."
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Diabetes: History and Background, 2008.
This paper informatively discusses diabetes in North America in term of its history, definition, types, prevalence and contributing factors.
750 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper acknowledges that diabetes is a serious chronic, life-long disease that is one of the leading causes of death and disability in North America. The paper also relates that there are many long-term complications that can stem from this disease. The paper then goes on to discuss the long history of diabetes and the complications in treatment, the current definition of diabetes as a disorder of metabolism, along with the prevalence and distribution of the disorder between the types.
From the Paper
"Diabetes is a disorder of the metabolism. Our body breaks down food in glucose, a form of sugar, which is carried in the bloodstream and taken to cells in order to provide energy for them. In order for glucose to pass from the blood into the cells, insulin, a hormone produced by the pancreas, must be present. There are three types of diabetes: Type 1 diabetes, also called insulin-dependent or juvenile-onset; type 2 diabetes, also called noninsulin-dependent or adult onset; and gestational diabetes. Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease as 'the immune system attacks the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas and destroys them. The pancreas than produces little or no insulin' (Matthews, 4). In this type of diabetes the symptoms appear suddenly and intensely. In Type 2 diabetes, the pancreas is producing enough insulin, but the body cannot use the insulin effectively. After some time, the production of insulin decreases. Hence this type of diabetes develops gradually, over several years. Gestational diabetes develops during pregnancy, and usually disappears after delivery, although the mother is at an increased risk of getting type 2 diabetes later in the life."
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