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Nursing Theory, 2008.
An overview of nursing theories, focusing primarily on the theories of Madeleine Leininger and Betty Neuman.
1,395 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 46.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses various theories of nursing practice and demonstrates the success of each theory. In addition, it defines similarities between the Madeleine Leininger and Betty Neuman theories as well as two other theorists who believe that in order to treat the whole patient their environment needs to be taken into account.
Outline:
Introduction
Practical Similarities and Practical Dissimilarities
Philosophical Similarities
Related Theories
Examples of Personal Experience
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Madeleine Leininger's (2002) trans-cultural nursing theory combines humanism and science in treating the whole patient. Trans-cultural nursing involves treating a patient based upon their values, beliefs and way of life--their cultural. Nurses use a patient's cultural surroundings in their treatment. The foundation of trans-cultural nursing is terminology. Examples of trans-cultural terminology used are culture values, culturally diverse, ethnocentrism and race (Leininger, 2002, pp. 189-192).
"Betty Neuman is also a theorist who created the Neuman Systems Model. The Neuman Systems Model was designed to give nurses a wide range information about the patient. Physiological, socio-cultural, psychological, spiritual and developmental variables all having influence on a patient's health are considered in the assessment and treatment phases. The foundation of the Neuman Systems Model is that a patient's environment effects their resistance and defense in terms of illness. In other words a patient's environment defines the internal and external dimensions of the patient (Gigliotti, 1999, pp. 36-44)."
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Rural Health Care, 2008.
A close look at the health disparities present in rural communities in the United States.
1,367 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
The paper explores why poor individuals in rural areas in the US have great health disparities and have a high incidence of not receiving health care at all. The paper attributes this to limited access to care, language barriers, lack of education on health care and lack of communication technologies. The paper emphasizes that this is a population that primarily does not have health insurance, does not receive Medicare or Medicaid and has no means of receiving emergency room treatment if it were needed. The paper concludes that the only solution at this time appears to be to mandate federal funding for rural health care programs.
From the Paper
"The United States government relays that there are an estimated 45 million people in the United States that do not have health insurance (Desoto, Hofer & Tajalli, 2005, p. 67). This is primarily due to the high cost of health care and the continued decline in the number of employers that offer partial or full health care benefits to their workers. Of this population there are the working poor, who do not make a wage that is capable of supporting members of the household and cause those within the family to not be capable of affording health care at all. This is true of individuals in both urban and rural areas (Heirich, 1998, p. 3)."
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Interventions Regarding the End of Life, 2008.
This paper discusses families' experiences in the withdrawal of life support in the intensive care unit.
1,552 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that the decision to remove life-sustaining interventions in the intensive care unit (ICU) is a crucial event for persons responsible for end-of-life care decisions. Research into families' experiences with decisions to withdraw life sustaining interventions from a family member has indicated that the decisions made by the patient's immediate family can impact their perceptions and their psycho-social status. The writer discusses that appropriate educational and emotional support for families appears to improve their level of comfort regarding end-of-life decision-making and can facilitate the quality of the family's experience when dealing with difficult choices for a loved one. However, the literature in these areas demonstrates incongruity regarding how to best affect positive outlook among family members, and also the type of educational information needed and the methods required to deliver it. The writer therefore seeks to clarify which strategies are most effective in promoting a positive family experience when immediate family members make end-of-life decisions for a loved one receiving clinical health services.
Outline:
Introduction
Statement of the Problem and Purpose
Literature Review
Research Question
Hypotheses
Theoretical Framework
Hypothesis 1
Hypothesis 2
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Making decisions related to the withdrawal of life support in the ICU is one of the most demanding experiences the family will ever face. Nurses play a key role in the effectiveness of the decision making process and it is their understanding of the stages involved in that process which can determine the quality of the outcome. As McHale Wiegand maintains, as more families become involved in end-of-life decisions, it is essential that current research be assessed, the gaps in knowledge be identified, and that new directions for ongoing research should be established. Little is actually known about the interaction of nurses with families in this situation; what is certain is that the interaction is not uniform and that nurses need to realize what will be most effective with families who are experiencing high levels of stress."
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Care Management and Case Management, 2008.
This paper discusses current challenges in the healthcare system and offers case management and care management as a path to the solution.
1,123 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 38.95
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Abstract
This essay states that the greatest challenges in the healthcare system currently consist of controlling costs, improving clinical outcomes, and ensuring quality care. Barriers to those goals include the nursing shortage, a rapidly aging population, competition, and reduced government reimbursement. This article addresses the most problematic issues in healthcare today but offers direction for their solutions rather than facile solutions. The paper goes on to claim that the overwhelming question for the current healthcare system presently concerns how to improve quality while reducing costs. Case management and care management are two valuable strategies which can control costs while improving clinical outcomes and ensuring quality care.
Outline:
Introduction
Rationale
Case Management vs. Care Management
Attempts for Quality
Journal Selected for Submission
From the Paper
"The current nursing shortage appears to be intractable. Recent government downsizing and cutbacks have been followed by reduced funding for the healthcare system that is about to be overwhelmed by the baby boom generation. Never have there been so many obstacles to cost-effective, quality care. Two choices are available: case management and care management, with the latter actually being the common alternative. High-risk patients need individual case management but the vast majority of patients require some form of care management (Doyle et al., 2003). Care management is evidence-based practice since such practice is an essential element in clinical pathways and protocols. Even though standard pathways are used, stringent pathways are being eliminated since evidence-based protocols and guidelines are becoming the norm."
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Social Work in Healthcare Nonprofit Organizations, 2008.
This paper explores social work in healthcare nonprofit organizations via an interview with a social worker.
1,522 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the interview the author had with a social worker who is directly employed by the Leukemia and Lymphoma Society of Central Florida. The paper draws general conclusions about the practicing social worker in a healthcare setting.
Outline:
Introduction
Susan, the Social Worker at the L&LS
Knowledge Level for Work
Required Learning on the Job
Interacting with Stakeholders in L&L Social Work
Frustrations with the Job
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Susan W. is 25 years old. She comes from a family in which her mother and sister were both nurses, and her father a hospital administrator. Her long-term interest in healthcare is combined with her wish to help people with difficult diseases on a psychosocial level. The author interviewed Susan W. to discover her motivations in joining this profession, and what she has found after a year of fieldwork.
"Susan works for the Central Florida Leukemia and Lymphoma Society, an NGO which is funded through charitable donations, and through contracts to local hospitals. Her salary is paid under contract by the Orange County Medical Center, the dominant healthcare system in the greater Orlando area. Her primary responsibility is to help patients with leukemia and lymphoma, and their families."
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Controlling Diabetes, 2008.
This paper addresses the underestimated effect of psychosocial predictors of success in managing diabetes mellitus.
1,827 words (approx. 7.3 pages), 15 sources, APA, $ 58.95
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Abstract
The paper addresses the role of patient education and compliance and other factors that have been seen in the literature to have a plausible effect on diabetes mellitus. The paper is of the view that most type 2 diabetes mellitus patients have fair to poor glycemic control in large part due to a lack of patient education on the part of the health care professional. The paper emphasizes that any approach to managing diabetes must involve the patient in the active management of his disease.
Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Complications
Current Situation
My Viewpoint
Viewpoints of Others
Future Outlook
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The prevalence rate of diabetes when age is factored in also shows an upward trend in the number of cases on a year-to-year basis; all age groups reported an increase in prevalence over the last 24 years (CDC, 2005b). The age group with the highest reported prevalence rate was the 65-74-year old age bracket (CDC, 2005b). The second highest group was the 75+ year old bracket, followed by the 45-64 year-old bracket and the less than 45 years old bracket (CDC, 2005b). The disparity between the groups with the highest and lowest prevalence of diabetes is quite large (16.7% of the population age 65-74 years versus 1.4% of the population less than age 45 years are diagnosed diabetics) (CDC, 2005b)."
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Conscious Perception and the Central Nervous System, 2008.
A discussion relating to conscious perception and its relationship to the central nervous system.
750 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 26.95
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Abstract
The paper examines whether our conscious perception is an epiphenomenon of the activity of our central nervous system. The paper states that the argument is based on the fact that perception is shaped by cultural factors, meaning that people from two different cultures do not perceive the world in exactly the same way and explains that if conscious perception was not an epiphenomenon of the central nervous system, there would be no significant differences between cultures.
From the Paper
"In order to prove this point it is necessary to look at the nature of perception. Emily A. Schultz and Robert H. Lavenda in Cultural Anthropology define perception as, "The processes by which people organize and experience information that is primarily of sensory origin"(Schultz and Lavenda 1995: 139). What this means is that perception involves two distinct components. The first components are
the sensory organs themselves. The detect stimulus from the environment. However,sensory organs can only detect, they can't process the information. The central nervous system processes the information that the sensory organs have detected."
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Community Health Nursing and the Elderly, 2008.
This paper explores the role of the community health nurse in the prevention of falls in elderly patients.
967 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 34.95
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Abstract
The paper reveals that although falls continue to comprise a significant contributor to morbidity and mortality amongst elderly patients, the use of physical or chemical restraints has declined. The paper then examines interventions that can be utilized by the community health nurse to help the elderly avoid falls without the use of restraints. The paper concludes with recommendations for future nursing research.
Outline:
Public Health Issue
Significance to Community Health Nursing Practice
Incorporate into Nursing Practice
Recommendations for Future Nursing Research
From the Paper
"Falling is a normal part of motor development early among children and is a preventable injury. However, it is an unusual occurrence for adults and may therefore signal the presence of other underlying conditions (e.g. cognitive dysfunction due to illness). Degenerative neurological diseases, syncope caused by sudden hemodynamic instability visual impairment or motor weakness are some of the precipitating factors for falls in the elderly population. Unlike falls in the non-elderly population, trivial falls can cause significant indirect causes of morbidity and mortality. This is especially seen with hip fractures, where prolonged immobility can lead to venous stasis and fatal pulmonary embolisms during this course."
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Women's Health: A Case Study, 2008.
A nurse practitioner in a family practice setting describes a case involving congestive heart failure (CHF).
3,428 words (approx. 13.7 pages), 21 sources, APA, $ 97.95
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Abstract
In this paper, the writer relates the pathophysiology of congestive heart failure (CHF) and describes a patient with CHF and her prognosis. The writer also provides a review of related literature and describes the relevant treatment plan. Furthermore, the writer talks about an education program to educate the patient and her husband about what disease she had, what caused it and how to prevent recurrence. Lastly, the writer discusses the benefits of group therapy and relates the patient's follow-up care.
Outline:
Introduction
Patient Presentation
Prognosis
Review of Related Literature
Application and Evaluation
Education Program
Support Group
Regular Follow-Up Visits
Opportunities for Teaching and Quality of Care Improvement
From the Paper
"After Susan's cardiac intervention and return home, I knew that the chances of her encountering a second M. I. were fairly high, and that the subsequent treatment in the community and at our family practice would play a key role in preventing another infarction. Improving her longer-term chances of remaining healthy would depend on her remaining on drug, diet and exercise regimens with the support of her husband and family. I knew that proper adherence to drug therapy alone, even without improvement in diet or exercise, could reduce her chances of a second ACS episode by up to 77% (Douglas, 2005)."
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Americans Without Health Care, 2008.
An examination of the current US health care system, highlighting the necessity for the introduction of reform and improvements in order to assist all sections of the community.
1,186 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 40.95
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Abstract
This paper deals with the necessity to introduce a health care program in the US that is available to all persons and that deals with all relevant issues. The paper highlights the decline in the effectiveness of the current system and calls on the nursing profession to introduce a cost effective program and to encourage co-operation between patients and the health care programs. The paper continues by emphasizing that the nursing profession is in the front line and is able to introduce an affordable medical aid system to suit all facets of society.
Outline:
The issue
Background
Nurse's relevance on the issue
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The quality of health care continues to decline and be inadequate as crisis management is more and more becoming the patchwork solution for the nation's ineffectual healthcare system. This is not to say that there are not certain elements that of the current health care system that should not be maintained and continued. Reform should build upon the best parts of the current health care system and begin moving toward patient wellness and care. Nursing organizations realize what is needed in the area of reform and plan to convert rather than eliminate the current health care system."
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Challenges facing the Nursing Profession, 2008.
A discussion about nurses' moral obligations to patients.
830 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 29.95
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Abstract
This paper reports the writer's observations about ethics as they relate to the nursing experience. The paper is written in narrative form and discusses the writer's ideas about autonomy, beneficence, and nonmaleficence. The writer notes that she has come to understand that each nurse-patient situation is different and can often be complicated, and as such, cannot limit herself to one ethical theory when dealing with the ethical/moral dilemmas that sometimes arise in these situations.
Outline:
Introduction
Themes and application
Most meaningful themes
Significant learning
Conclusion
From the Paper
"At the beginning of the course, I saw black and white and would be very close minded about ethics. The main thing I have learned is to incorporate new and deeper knowledge of ethical theories and principles with the analysis of an ethical issue. The key word in my learning is 'complexity'. I see that ethical issues are never simple. For example, the utilitarian idea of the greatest good for the greatest number (Beauchamp & Childress, 2001) sounds perfect but does not always work. My own favorite ethical theory is deontology because of its concern with others and with life. However, I learned I cannot limit myself to one view or I will never be able to deal with ethical dilemmas. Basically, I have learned that we need to have a complete understanding of all ethical theories and principle."
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Tenuous Connections: Anxiety Disorders and Substance Abuse, 2008.
An examination of the relationship between anxiety disorders & substance abuse and whether substance abuse can be viewed as a product of anxiety disorders.
1,974 words (approx. 7.9 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 62.95
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Abstract
The paper questions whether there is any evidence that increased levels of anxiety result in a higher incidence of substance abuse. People who are very anxious may consume larger quantities of alcohol, smoke more heavily or resort to drugs as a way of self medication in treating an anxiety disorder. The paper relates that the higher the levels of self-reported anxiety,the more difficult it is to complete a treatment program, with the possibility that the person will return to the disorder of abuse on completing the program. The paper continues and discusses subtle affinities of anxiety disorders with that of substance abuse, by indicating that there are minor differences between the amount of abuse by alcoholics who have anxiety disorders, and those that do not. This indicates that anxiety disorders are an independent factor in the study of substance abuse.
From the Paper
"However, trait anxiety levels were positively correlated with negative substance abuse consequences, i.e., relapses even after treatment. Trait anxiety levels were also negatively correlated with the number of days an individual spent in treatment. In other words, the more anxiety problems that an individual experienced, the more likely it was that they would be substance abusers and the longer it would take for that individual to successfully complete the treatment program. Additionally, both state and trait anxiety levels were positively correlated with the level of addiction that the individual expressed, as measured and documented by the researchers (O'Leary et al., 2000). The implication of this finding is obvious: the higher the level of anxiety that an individual experience--in other words, the greater the possibility of an anxiety disorder--the more likely it would be for that individual to have a greater substance abuse problem."
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