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Lise Meitner, 2005.
The life and times of female physicist Lise Meitner, mother to the atomic bomb.
800 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 28.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the life of Lise Meitner who was born in Vienna on November 7, 1878. It looks at how, in order to become one of Germany's leading physicists, she overcame huge obstacles as a woman and as a Jew, and how she was the first to identify nuclear fission. It discusses how, even though she was denied the Nobel Prize and due recognition during her lifetime, Lise Meitner is now considered one of the most significant woman scientists of the century.
From the Paper
"Lise Meitner was born in a liberal Viennese family. The Viennese system of education did not allow girls to enter high school. So from 1892 to 1901 she had to struggle a lot to get her education. The government opened high schools for girls in 1899. Lise's father hired a tutor to get her ready for university entrance when she was 21. In two years she completed 8 years' worth of schooling. Around 1905 she began studying radioactivity. She entered the University of Vienna in 1901 and received her doctorate in physics in 1907. She went to Germany to pursue further studies in physics; she stayed there for the next 31 years, adding a lot to German science."
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Remote Sensing, 2005.
An overview of Old World and New World remote sensing.
766 words (approx. 3.1 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 27.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how remote sensing can be broken down to New World and Old World. It looks at how New World involves aerial photography from artificial satellites and how Old World involves procedures like electromagnetic and resistivity surveying.
From the Paper
"The world emits energy in the form of electromagnetic waves. There are many sources of energy and the most important one is the sun. Satellites mostly portray the land with respect to the electromagnetic spectrum. There can be two types of sensing active and passive sensing. Active sensing involves the satellite to send waveforms that interact with certain parts of the land (including water) and give off different waveforms in the spectrum. The passive sensing involves just reading the waveforms from different sources (like the sun) and portraying them. One advantage of active sensing as opposed to passive is that measurements can be recorded anytime where in passive it has to be done when the naturally occurring energy is available."
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Johnstown Flood, 2005.
The paper explains the faults of the dam and the cause of the flood's damage on Johnstown. It also has some background on a relative in the flood.
1,625 words (approx. 6.5 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 52.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the Johnstown Flood of 1889 was due to poor construction of the dam. The writer states that there will never be another flood like this again due to laws passed in the state of Pennsylvania.
From the Paper
"The Johnstown Flood was caused due to the poor construction of the South Fork Dam. In 1839, the Pennsylvania commonwealth began building a dam. The dam was to be used in times of drought for the canal basin in Johnstown, Pennsylvania. Fourteen years later the South Fork dam was completed. Diann Olsen stated that the dam took so long to build that the canal system became obsolete by the Pennsylvania Railroad. The Pennsylvania Railroad bought the dam and the canal in 1857. The dam broke in the summer of 1862 while under the ownership of the Pennsylvania Railroad (Olsen, 3). The lake was only halfway full and it was a dry summer, so the dam did not cause much damage."
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Power Semiconductor Devices, 2004.
A comparison and analysis of the bipolar junction transistor (BJT), the metal oxide field-effect transistor (MOSFET), and the insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT).
1,228 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how, although power semiconductors were first developed in the late 1940s, they have matured significantly in sixty years and how in today?s society, they can be found everywhere. They are essentially the solid-state version of the mechanical relay or the vacuum tube. Some of most common applications include motor drives, uninterruptible power supplies, audio amplifiers, and fluorescent lighting. In particular, it looks at how, for the best device suited for the job, it has become a competition between the bipolar junction transistor (BJT), the metal oxide field-effect transistor (MOSFET), and the insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT). It shows how each has inherent advantages over the others and how the IGBT has seemed to dominate the industry in recent years.
From the Paper
"The MOSFET was introduced in the 1970s and, unlike the BJT, is a voltage controlled device. It also has three terminals, though they differ from the BJT: the source, the gate, and the drain. The source and drain diffusions are separated by the gate. The MOSFET has a p or n channel and can operate in depletion or enhancement mode. In enhancement, no current flows when the gate voltage is zero. In depletion mode, however, a narrow n channel is formed under the gate such that current will still flow when the gate voltage is zero."
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Holography and Data Storage, 2004.
An introduction to holography and the concept of holographic data storage.
1,695 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 54.95
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Abstract
This paper is an introductory essay on the physics behind holography and the growing number of applications, paying particular attention to the emerging field of data storage. It offers comparisons with more traditional methods, such as optical and magnetic data storage, and gives an historical context for the whole field.
From the Paper
"In today?s society most people are familiar with the concept of a hologram. They are a well known security feature and can be seen on bank notes, credit cards and video labels to name but a few. They hold a fascination for many people, perhaps largely because they seem so mysterious, and yet the closest many people get to understanding how they are made is to think of them as a trick of lights and mirrors."
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The Ring Method, 2003.
Examines surface tension measurements of pure water, ethanol solution, and 1.5N NaCl using a Pt-Ir ring on a Du Nuoy tensiometer.
2,200 words (approx. 8.8 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 68.95
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Abstract
This paper is a technical report on a laboratory experiment on surface tension measurements using the Du Nuoy ring. Samples are pure water, ethanol solution, and 1.5N NaCl. Calculations for the correction factor and other necessary values are included in the discussion.
From the Paper
"The Du Nuoy ring is the most commonly used apparatus for surface tension measurements. The group used pieces of paper to determine the weight needed to depress the lever arm to zero. For the experiment proper, the ring was thoroughly cleaned and flamed to red heat for a few seconds. The vernier was turned to zero reading and the lever arm made to just touch the zero indicator. The ring was made to contact the surface of the liquid and was carefully submerged until good contact is established. This was then slowly recovered from the liquid by careful downward movement of the platform and of the thumbscrew. It is important that the lever arm is kept at the zero indicator until the ring is detached from the liquid."
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The Capillary Method, 2003.
Examines surface tension measurements of pure water, NaCl solutions, and HOAc solutions using the capillary rise technique.
2,048 words (approx. 8.2 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 64.95
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Abstract
This paper is a technical report on a laboratory experiment on surface tension measurements using the capillary rise method. Samples are deionized water and varying concentrations of NaCl and of HOAc. Calculations are included in the appendix.
From the Paper
"Increasing concentrations of HOAc solutions tend to lower surface tension of water, while NaCl solutions increase surface tension of water. The former results to a condition called positive surface concentration, where the solute tend to concentrate slightly in the neighborhood of the surface; the latter is due to negative surface concentration, where the solute molecules become less concentrated in the neighborhood of the surface."
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Silica Aerogel, 2001.
This paper gives an overview of aerogels, with a focus on those made from silica and their household uses.
1,417 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 16 sources, MLA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at aerogel, a lightweight material that is a cross between gel and air, whose superb physical, mechanical,and optical properties make it useful for high-tech applications, such as insulating the Mars rover. In particular, it explores how future uses extend to household applications, such as clear, insulating windows and sunroofs. It discusses the physical, mechanical, and optical properties of silica aerogels, as well as their general method of preparation and their applications.
Outline
What are Aerogels?
What Makes Aerogel a Super Material?
How are Aerogels Prepared?
Applications of Aerogel
From the Paper
"A material that closely resembles aerogel, called xerogel, may be prepared at home or in the laboratory. The process will not require a high-pressure vessel as is in preparing aerogels. The simplest way to make a xerogel is to form a variety of gels and leave them out in the air to dry. Ordinary gelatin may be used for this purpose. Silica xerogels, however, may be prepared using sodium silicate gel-forming liquid. This is commonly used as a lubricant and is available at pharmacies. Xerogels are much denser than aerogels but provide some of the same high-temperature insulation."
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Nuclear Fusion, 2002.
A thorough overview of nuclear fusion reactor construction.
5,596 words (approx. 22.4 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 136.95
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Abstract
Nuclear fusion is the process by which nuclear reactions between light elements form heavier ones, up to iron. Significant amounts of energy are released in cases where the interacting nuclei belong to elements with low atomic numbers. Fusion reactions comprise the fundamental energy source of stars, including the Sun, and represent an alternative energy source in a energy-starved world. This paper provides an overview of nuclear fusion reactor construction, typical costs associated with nuclear fusion research and development, the types of energy that would be replaced by nuclear fusion, and a comparison of nuclear fusion energy and hydrogen energy. A summary of the research is provided in the conclusion.
From the Paper
"Practical efforts to achieve fusion energy involve either of two basic approaches to contain and sometimes sustain a hot plasma of elements that undergo nuclear fusion reactions: magnetic confinement and inertial confinement. Late in the 1960s, major advances were made in efforts to harness fusion reactions for practical energy production: when the Soviets announced the achievement of high plasma temperature (about 3,000,000 K), along with other physical parameters, in a tokamak, described as a toroidal magnetic confinement system in which the plasma is kept generally stable both by an externally generated, doughnut-shaped magnetic field and by electric currents flowing within the plasma itself."
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Positron Emission Tomography Imaging, 2003.
An analysis of the efficacy of positron emission tomography imaging versus gamma camera imaging today.
1,904 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 60.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how nuclear medicine is a medical specialty that involves the use of radioactive isotopes in the diagnosis and treatment of disease. It looks at how positron emission tomography (PET) imaging is used extensively as diagnostic tool in the U.S. and Europe, but has limited availability in the U.K. It shows how the information obtained from these examinations can differentiate between different organs without the need for the patient to undergo surgical procedures. It also examines how, despite the long history of PET development, the costs and effectiveness of its use in routine clinical practice remain unknown. It reviews the relevant literature to determine whether PET imaging should be used more extensively in the U.K. instead of conventional nuclear medicine imaging.
From the Paper
"These researchers report that despite the long history of PET development, the costs and effectiveness of its use in routine clinical practice remain virtually unknown. However, what is known is that the bottom line for these and other advances in medical technology is clinician and patient accessibility. According to Michael Johns, ?Physicians who do not have access to or choose not to utilize cutting-edge technologies could potentially limit the care provided to their patients. But for many in the developing world, the cost of new equipment and materials continues to be prohibitive. Even in the West, both public and private insurance agencies take into account the cost of a test or therapy before deciding whether to pay for it? (2001, 132)."
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Oxygen, Radon, and Lead, 2002.
An examination of the elements oxygen, radon, and lead.
2,972 words (approx. 11.9 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 87.95
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Abstract
This paper provides a scholarly examination of the elements oxygen, radon, and lead, including who discovered them and when, how they are isolated from the environment, and some of their commercial applications. An analysis of what the impact of the loss of these elements on life and society is also provided.
From the Paper
"Dmitri Mendeleyev's discovery of the Periodic System can be traced to when he first began his scientific work in 1855. At this time, the central axiomatic assumption of chemistry was the notion of a chemical ?element.? Tennebaum says that this notion was associated with the idea that researchers cannot differentiate or divide substance down indefinitely, without encountering some kind of a limit, boundary or, ?singularity? (Tennenbaum, 1994, p. 3). In the specific practice of chemistry up to the time of Mendeleyev, the exploration of this area took the form mainly of what are called chemical separation methods as distillation, precipitation, electrolysis, centrifugation, and so forth (Tennenbaum, 1994, p. 4). It was through this type of exploration that chemists that chemists had discovered about 64 elements at the time of Mendeleyev?s initial research. The French chemist Antoine Lavoisier, on the other hand, adopted the view that these chemical elements are ?singularities? (moments of change, in a search not for ultimate building blocks, but for what he called the ?principles'' of matter."
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Madame Marie Curie: Early Martyr to the Atomic Age, 2004.
A comprehensive analysis of Madame Marie Curie's life and contributions.
1,658 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 53.95
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Abstract
This paper provides a scholarly biography of Marie Curie and an assessment of her unique contributions to humanity, followed by a summary of the research in the conclusion.
From the Paper
"Albert Einstein said she was "the only person to be uncorrupted by fame" (Davis 1986:1). Marie Curie (n?e Maria Sklodowska) was born September 12, 1897, in Paris and died there on March 17, 1956 (Marie Curie 2004). While many people suggest that it takes 35 years to become an overnight success, Marie Curie was successful from the outset and while her personal life was marred by tragedy, her professional career has been widely recognized as being an early example of the contributions women in the scientific community could make given the opportunity. According to Lydia Davis, Curie ?was a proud, passionate, and hard-working woman who played an important role in her time because she had the ambition and the means to do so, and who has played an important role in our own time too, since there is a direct relationship between Marie Curie-Sklodowska and atomic energy. It was also atomic energy that caused her death? (1986:2)."
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