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"Toward a General Theory of Hurricanes", 2002.
Summarizes and analyzes the article, "Toward a General Theory of Hurricanes" by professor of meteorology Kerry A. Emanuel.
1,523 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 1 source, $ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper summarizes the article written by Prof. Kerry A. A. "Toward a General Theory of Hurricanes" which appeared in the July, 1988 edition of "American Scientist" and which calls for the placement of the physics of hurricanes in a more general context. The paper shows that Emanuel's reasoning behind this is that it would allow scientists to predict how the frequency and intensity of these storms would respond to changes in climate and allow scientists to relate hurricanes to seemingly different phenomena such as oceanic storms of the polar night and dust devils.
From the Paper
"The question of why hurricanes are so rare is considered next, for it is often known that there are several empirical condition that are necessary but not sufficient for the formation of hurricanes. There is some limitation which prevents these from being sufficient in most cases, and Emanuel considers a number of numerical simulations which may give a clue. He says there is a need for a strong starting disturbance, and this is consistent with the observation that real hurricanes never start spontaneously. The model of Rotunno and Emanuel is asymmetric and does not allow variations of the explicitly calculated fields around circles centered at the storm center. To start a hurricane, it was necessary to impose on the basic state a weak vortex which decays upward from the surface. This is the disturbance which starts the process toward a hurricane."
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Device Isolation of Integrated Circuits, 2002.
This paper is a literature review of recent articles about the evolution of the universal building blocks used by logic circuit designers.
3,650 words (approx. 14.6 pages), 26 sources, APA, $ 101.95
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Abstract
This paper states that interconnects and isolation has been, is and will continue to be the key factors that limit the performance and costs of integrated circuits. The author points out that as technology is scaled below a quarter micron, the problems associated with interconnect are ever more pressing and could potentially become the roadblock to progress. This paper concludes that technology is changing the physical size of circuitry, allowing an 11 Million transistors on an 80 mmz die, but this is only a short respite before other technologies allow more and more processing to be done in smaller spaces with less.
Table of Contents
Overview
The Need for Device Isolation Defined
The Evolution in Manufacturing and Deposition Technology
The Evolution in Materials Choice for Device Isolation
A Critical Review of Literature from 1997 through mid-1999
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Essential to chip fabrication is a process called lithography, which resembles the printing of a photograph by shining light through a negative onto a photosensitive surface. To produce features less than 0.1 mm wide, semiconductor companies face the task of developing methods that involve light or other electromagnetic radiation of wavelengths much shorter than those commonly used today. The shorter the wavelength, the finer the line can be sharply drawn."
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The Mystery of Modern Science, 2002.
A discussion of the effect of magic and religion on modern science.
895 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 31.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how magic and religion have always seemed to be at odds with the scientific community and how ironically enough they were major contributors to the motivation and means behind the Scientific Revolution. It looks at how many of the leaders of discovery in that time were heavily influenced by religious matters and how men like Descartes, Newton and Galileo saw their work as evidence of God?s infinite wisdom. It examines the specific circumstances surrounding scientific discovery in the 1600s and the natural philosophers themselves and evaluates the influence of these factors on methodology and motivation.
From the Paper
"Magic was redefined as well. The new interest that began the Scientific Revolution was due in part to a desire for more practical convenience. Mechanism and alchemy came directly from magic and the occult, but according to our present definition of magic, this fact is blurred. We tend to view the mystical, demonic, or spiritual side of magic as the whole, but in truth, scientists took the physical, known use of magic and renamed it SCIENCE. At one time, using an herb or a mineral solution to cure a physical ailment was considered natural magic. To use one thing in nature to affect another, to study their interaction closely, and to derive conclusions from this intimate knowledge of the natural power of things, was an early form of the Scientific Method. This method was taken directly from natural magicians."
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Albert Einstein, the Hero, 2002.
This paper sets out to prove that Albert Einstein was a modern-day hero.
1,280 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses what makes Albert Einstein a hero. The writer claims that according to the definitions in Webster's Dictionary, Einstein was indeed a hero of the world community. The paper gives examples from the life and work of Albert Einstein to show that, unlike heroes of legend, Einstein was a modern hero.
From the Paper
"Because of the anti-semitism he experienced and his dislike of the German military character, Einstein renounced his German citizenship in 1896 and was granted Swiss citizenship in 1901. He attended college in Zurich graduating in 1900 as a teacher of mathematics. In 1905 he earned a doctorate from the University of Zurich. It was also in 1905 that he wrote his revolutionary paper on the special theory of relativity. By 1909 he was recognized as a leading scientific thinker. In 1914 he returned to Germany to take up a prestigious research post. Einstein received the Nobel Prize in 1921 not for his theory of relativity but for his work on the photoelectric effect. He accepted a post at Princeton University and came to the United States in 1932, becoming a citizen in 1940 (Mathematicians/Einstein)."
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Two Kinds of Color, 2002.
Explores the distinction between phenomenal and physical color, using the views of philosophers.
4,634 words (approx. 18.5 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 119.95
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Abstract
This paper advances the argument that the colors we consciously experience are not the same as whatever colors may exist in the external world/ This means that even if color is a real physical property of things in the world, the colors objects ?actually? have are not the same as the colors we experience them as having. This is not to say that things we see as being red may actually be blue, but rather that red, blue, and all of the other colors that comprise human color experience do not exist outside of that experience, regardless of whether there is an objective property of color in the world. This paper uses considerations put forward by George Berkeley and John Locke as well as current philosophers, neuroscientists and physicists. It approaches the topic from both a scientific standpoint as well as a philosophical one, though more emphasis is put on the latter.
From the Paper
"Berkeley simply extends this argument to additionally cover Locke?s primary qualities, which he argues are likewise only known to us through our senses and perceptions. If colors, smells, tastes, etc., do not exist objectively in the world because they are not independent of the senses, then, by Berkeley?s reasoning, nothing can exist independently of perception because our knowledge of everything in the world ? including the primary qualities, which are the basic entities of all objects ? also stems entirely from our senses. Berkeley?s argument is largely based on the false reasoning that physical things in the world could not possible cause ideas in us , so his conclusion is easy to shrug off. But there is something very intriguing in the points he makes leading up to that misstep: We are indeed limited in our knowledge of the world by our inability to observe external things independent of our senses."
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Turing Machines, 2002.
Discusses Classical Turing Machines.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 9 sources, $ 79.95
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Abstract
Discusses Classical Turing Machines. Their relationship to quantum computing and Quantum Turing Machines. Defines a Turing Machine, what it does and compares present day computing to the Turing Machine. Quantum computational approaches. Quantum mechanics. Major results associated with quantum computing. The Turing Machine as a theoretical model. Its use in science. Recursive functions.
From the Paper
"Abstract
An overview is presented that investigates Classical Turing Machines and their relationship to quantum computing and Quantum Turing Machines. The examination begins by exploring the original work of Alonzo Church and Alan Turing, defining what is a Turing Machine, and discussing the differences between recursion and interation and how this relates to the overall debate on comparing present day digital computing to the Turing Machine.
Because the Turing Machine is a theoretical contrivance, it still has limitations placed upon it that can be generally overcome by considering quantum computational approaches. In order to understand quantum computing, one must first become familiar with the basics of quantum mechanics as they relate to this approach."
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Physics and Taoism, 1995.
Examines the relationship between the views of modern science and ancient Eastern religion on material reality.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 7 sources, $ 55.95
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From the Paper
"The purpose of this research is to examine certain relationships between the conception of material reality in modern physics and Taoism. The plan of the research will be to set forth the philosophical context in which physics and Taoism have been considered together, and then to discuss the details of intersection between these two seemingly disparate disciplines.
To see how 20th-century physics relates to Taoism, which essentially dates from the life and writings of Laotse (born 571 B.C.),1 it is necessary to explore how the development of theoretical physics in modern Western culture appears to have uncovered affinities with the more ancient culture of the East. The connections have entered the popular culture since the 1970s, notably with the publication of Zukav's Dancing Wu Li Masters: An Overview of the New Physics in 1979, and Capra's The Tao of ..."
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John Dalton's Atomic Theory, 1995.
Examines the ideas of this 18th Century-19th Century scientist and natural philosopher on chemical structure.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 6 sources, $ 63.95
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From the Paper
"John Dalton's Atomic Theory
Through his study of gases, John Dalton arrived at some of the most important theoretical concepts in modern chemistry. He established a system whereby relative particle weights can be obtained from available chemical data. In addition, he devised a simple system of rules for chemical combination. Dalton also provided a framework for a system of atomic symbolism. His atomic theory is very useful for explaining a wide variety of physical and chemical phenomena.
Some have called John Dalton the father of the atomic theory of chemistry (1:83). His exact birth date is unknown. By his death in 1844 at the age 78, Dalton had devised some of the most fundamental ideas of modern chemistry (3:984). Indeed, many view the scientist as one of the founders of modern chemistry."
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Optical Circuits and Chips, 1995.
Examines developments in optical computer technology. Discusses processing, storage, integration, bit-serial architecture and more.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 9 sources, $ 47.95
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From the Paper
"OPTICAL CHIPS AND CIRCUITS
Technological and theoretical innovations ranging from ranging from DNA computing to optical circuitry hold the potential to revolutionize computing [1:1363]. This paper provides an overview of developments in optical circuitry as these developments apply to computer technology.
In search of new computational power, some researchers are attempting to use light as an information carrier [5:245]. Pulses of light are "the fastest messengers in nature," and the light pulses "pass through one another without effect. That should allow any number of activities to take place simultaneously in an optical circuit" [1:1363].
To construct the elements of an optical circuit, some optics researchers are developing light guides that carry photons around ..."
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El Nino, 1995.
Examines the causes and effects of this unusual climatic condition in California. Discusses its history, patterns, name, the role of jet stream, costs and its impact on weather and wildlife.
2,025 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 6 sources, $ 71.95
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From the Paper
"INTRODUCTION
The weather stands as one of the phenomena of the natural world that has a great effect on human activity but which human beings seem to be incapable of affecting, or even predicting with any accuracy. In this age of satellites, space travel, and computer simulations, though, we learn more and more about how the weather is formed and about different natural forces related to the weather either as cause or effect. Among the forces being studied today for the effect they have on weather conditions are the jet stream high above and the condition known as El Nino found in the Pacific ocean. The two in concert have a profound effect on the weather in California and throughout the Pacific region, with other effects extending far beyond that immediate area. El Nino has been blamed both for massive rains and drought ..."
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Global Warming and Storm Systems, 1995.
Examines the causes of the greenhouse effect and its impact on climatic turbulence, including hurricanes. Includes an outline.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 6 sources, $ 47.95
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From the Paper
"Outline: The Effect of Global Warming on Storm Systems
Thesis: The emission of anthropogenic greenhouse gases may eventually cause global climatic changes that result in storms of increased severity.
I. Global warming has occurred in recent decades.
A. There has been a corresponding increase in the release of anthropogenic greenhouse gases.
B. These gases trap solar radiation and cause an increase in average global temperatures.
C. If current trends continue, by about the year 2030 the world's average temperature could increase by 1.3?C to 2.3?C.
II. Global warming may dramatically affect weather.
A. The impact of global climatic change on weather is ..."
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The Physics Of Color Television, 1995.
This analysis is a survey of how each of several branches of physics (quantum physics, molecular physics, biophysics, electrophysics, spectralphysics qne astrophysics) combine to create the medium of color television.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 4 sources, $ 39.95
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From the Paper
"The Physics of Color Television
Most people who claim they do not understand physics, or who wonder if physics is important to learn about, do not realize that they probably spend two or more hours a day staring at complex multiple physics in action -- their color television sets (Dasgupta, 1994, 62). There they see in operation quantum physics (QP), molecular physics (MP), biophysics (BP), electrophysics (EP), spectralphysics (SP) and astrophysics (AP) -- to name just the more obvious (Basalla, 1988, 62). This analysis is a survey of how each of these branches of physics combine to create the medium of color television. To save space, the abbreviations of the physics fields will follow each application."
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