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The Steam Engine, 1991.
This paper discusses the history and development of the steam engine by James Watt and others and its effect on world economics.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 3 sources, $ 39.95
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From the Paper
"The purpose of this paper is to discuss the development of the steam engine, one of the most important inventions of the English Industrial Revolution.
The steam engine was the culmination, not quite the product of the Industrial Revolution. ... described all the components and principles of a practical steam engine in 1690. Thomas Savery built a steam-driven pump in 1698. Thomas Newcomen developed this (1708-12) into a machine in which steam generated by heated water was condensed by a jet of cold water, and the alternation of atmospheric pressure drove a piston up and down; this "atmospheric engine, remained the standard until James Watt transformed it into a true steam engine in 1765.
Unlike most of the inventors of his time, Watt was a student .. , "
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Radioactive Waste, 1991.
This paper discusses radioactive waste: Types, handling requirements, problems of disposal and contracting.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 5 sources, $ 39.95
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From the Paper
"As nuclear weapons and nuclear power plants have proliferated over the last ten years, the need to safely dispose of the nuclear waste associated with them has grown, as well. In addition to these two sources of radioactive waste, there are other, less dramatic sources. Complicating the issue of radioactive waste is the not-in-my-backyard-syndrome: while most individuals agree that something has to be done about radioactive waste, few individuals are willing to have a radioactive waste site in the immediate area. This research examines the various types of radioactive waste and the progress toward establishing long-term waste sites for them.
According to the U.S. government, there are four categories of radioactive waste: uranium mill tailings, which are what is left over after uranium is extracted from raw uranium; high-level ... "
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Solar Energy, 1991.
This paper discusses the advantages of solar energy: Cost factor, inexhaustible source, alternative to oil, pollution-free and non-monopolistic. Types & applications.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 5 sources, $ 63.95
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"Energy is a crucial building block for civilization: Without reliable sources of power, modern technology would not exist. Reliability does not always equal availability, however, and the search for renewable or inexhaustible energy sources that also are relatively inexpensive, nonpolluting and available to everyone has become of paramount importance - enter solar energy. This alternative to fossil fuels has all of these advantages and comes in several forms and applications, adaptable to most uses, and as part of the earthos domain (rather than one person's - or one country's - oil field), it is nonmonopolistic.
Solar technology operates on different principles, depending on the type of system used. For example, active solar systems use mechanical means such as solar collectors, pumps and fans to ... "
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Nuclear Energy, 1991.
This paper discusses the pros and cons nuclear energy and examines safety, efficiency, oversight, waste disposal and radiation.
2,025 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 6 sources, $ 71.95
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From the Paper
"One of the most pressing problems facing humankind today is the lack of long-term assurance of energy supplies. Most energy resources in use are finite; there are only so many coal, oil, and natural gas reserves that can be tapped-and those reserves are not bottomless in quantity. The limit is fast approaching, as technology demands higher and higher levels of what resources are available. One of the most controversial sources of alternative energy is that of nuclear power. The mere mention of the phrase brings immediate response, whether of the enthusiastic or the (more common) hostile variety.
The idea of nuclear power as a viable source of energy has been around for at least half a century now. Yet, general acceptance and usage of this potentially constant resource is no closer today than back when it was regarded merely as a science ... "
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U.S. Energy Policy & Solar Energy, 1991.
This paper reviews the potentialities of solar energy as an alternative fuel and discusses the need for federal funding into research and development of the relevant technologies.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 8 sources, $ 79.95
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From the Paper
"U.S. energy policy is a matter of ongoing concern. Our society makes use of massive amounts of energy of various types, and the need for energy is growing. Energy policy is tied to a number of other policies, from the economic to foreign affairs. The costs of energy have an impact on every aspect of society, and energy policy relates to foreign affairs in that the dependence of America on foreign energy sources creates a situation whereby the nation can be held hostage to the whims of external powers. In such an atmosphere, more and more concern has been raised that the United States discover a source of renewable energy, something that will not be depleted as will fossil fuels, something that is cleaner and safer for the environment than are fossil fuels, and something that is still economically viable, producing sufficient energy at a cost ... "
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Nuclear Fusion, 1990.
This paper discusses ucelar fusion: Process, effects, applications and problems. Diagrams.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 5 sources, $ 55.95
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From the Paper
"Process--Energy has always been an important ingredient in the development of civilization. Large amounts of energy are necessary for sustaining industrial nations and bringing forward Third World countries. An adult human requires approximately 2500 food calories or about 100 watts of power, to sustain life (3:1). In the United States, the per capita consumption of all forms of energy is approximately 100 times this basic sustenance rate. For the entire world population, energy consumption is about 15 times the basis rate (3:1). A number of questions continue to arise. Is enough energy available? How long will the energy supply last? When will new sources be required? What world events will disrupt the flow of raw energy material, and what countries will suffer? Clearly, an inexhaustible supply of energy is required. This inexhaustible supply of energy may be ... "
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Nuclear Power Hazards, 1990.
This paper argues against the continued planning and construction of partially completed nuclear facilities: Types, causes and dangers.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 12 sources, $ 63.95
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From the Paper
"Nuclear power is no longer a relatively new phenomenon which impacts both on culture and society. Since the early 1960s, companies have searched for an inexpensive way in which to generate power for the increasingly demanding American society. Indeed, the debate over nuclear power shows just how much the illusions of the nuclear age are "rooted in the economic and political institutions of our society. The system for threatening nuclear war - the designing, making, deploying, explaining of nuclear weapons - serves so many short-term interests that as a society we are crippled in confronting out most basic interest: physical, economic and spiritual survival".
In the 1980s, however, nuclear power has become an even greater political issue that has been thrust into national, and ... "
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Nuclear Generating Plants, 1990.
This paper examines arguments about the benefits and hazards of nuclear generating plants: Energy crisis, safety factors, thermal pollution, nuclear waste and meltdown possibility.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 8 sources, $ 47.95
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From the Paper
"Nuclear power plants, or using nuclear power to generate electricity, are a controversial topic in contemporary society. Proponents of nuclear power believe that the amount of inexpensive energy derived from nuclear power plants far outweighs the danger, while critics of the industry often point to the extraordinary dangers that could occur if an accident happened. For instance, imagine that a nuclear power plant is located on a natural geologic fault. The fault produces a powerful earthquake of a higher magnitude than the designers of the plant ever envisioned. During the earthquake, the reactor core is cracked, and poisonous radioactive particles are released into the air forming a dangerous cloud. As the prevailing winds push that cloud over a larger area, it drops poisonous debris over the land, killing and changing the ecological balance of the ... "
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Nuclear Power, 1983.
This paper presents a step-by-step description of the various stages in the creation of nuclear power, beginning with a description of atomic particles through the creation of nuclear fission.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 5 sources, $ 55.95
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"Atoms are the basis of matter. At the center of the atom, unchanged by the physical and chemical transformations of the whole, the nucleus is found. The nucleus is comprised of protons, positive particles, and neutrons, uncharged particles of the same mass. Since the nucleus is positively charged, the protons repel one another. Despite this negative attraction, a short-range nuclear force holds them together. This has been described as an "immensely powerful short-range attractive force acting equally between the protons and the neutrons" or as a "new kind of short-lived nuclear particle, called meson". Whichever image is used, this force holds the nucleus together. Lighter nuclei, containing fewer numbers of protons and neutrons in equal number are more stable than heavier nuclei, which require more neutrons than ... "
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Newton and Einstein, 1974.
This paper discusses the Newtonian conception of physics and evaluates Einstein's special and general theory of relativity.
2,025 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 5 sources, $ 71.95
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"Newtonian or classical physics pre-supposes a definite present in which all matter is simultaneously present. Posited against the importance of space and time, two distinct entities, is the notion of enduring organisms, of which man is a member. Endurance means that a pattern that is apparent in one event is also apparent in the parts of that event, and can be distinguished by a certain rule. Endurance pre-supposes a meaning for the lapse of time, where space consists of space only, time only of times, and where points and movements are limits.
In the traditional view, space and time are both experienced the same by most people; with space being characterized by extension in all directions and time characterized by duration."
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The Black Hole: An Enigma of Time and Space, 2002.
An insight into the phenomena of the black hole.
3,696 words (approx. 14.8 pages), 22 sources, MLA, $ 102.95
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Abstract
This paper is an in-depth treatise on the subject of black holes (it does not contain any sophisticated math). A black hole is a region of space where matters collapses in upon itself toward an infinite density, thereby endlessly increasing its mass and gravitational pull. It details the evidence for their existence both theoretical and empirical and describes the debates concerning their fundamental nature (how they warp time and gravity). It evaluates theories by Einstein and Stephen Hawking as well as related phenomenon such as white holes and wormholes.
From the Paper
"Man has always looked into the heavens and questioned the nature of the universe around him. Through the science of physics he has created such seemingly basic and ubiquitous concepts as time, mass, weight, and gravity. Held to be absolutes, these conceptual building blocks allow him to define, categorize, and relate the objects he discovers in the vastness of space. And without argument, his definitions and equations intercalating these abstractions hold true - except in one specific locus of space. A region of mystery possessing infinite depth yet of finite size, detectable in space yet emitting no electromagnetic radiation, an enigma of nature that beckons to be resolved. An entity first described as a ?frozen star? but then later dubbed a ?black hole? by John Archibald Wheeler. What is this black hole?"
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Gas Chromatography, 2000.
A definition, general principles, apparatus used, sampling, types and conductivity detectors.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 2 sources, $ 47.95
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From the Paper
"Gas chromatography is a method for the separation and analysis of complex mixtures of volatile organic and inorganic compounds (1:666). Most compounds with boiling points less than 250oC (480oF) can be analyzed using this technique. This paper will describe the apparatus used for gas chromatography, the principles on which it works, how a thermal conductivity detector works in gas chromatography, and whether or not it can be used with a sample of potassium t-butoxide.
General Principles of Gas Chromatography
There are two types of gas chromatography: gas-liquid chromatography, where the sorbent is a nonvolatile liquid called the stationary liquid phase, coated as a thin layer on an inert, granular solid support; and gas-solid chromatography, where the sorbent is a granular solid of large surface area (1:666). The..."
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