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The Black Hole: An Enigma of Time and Space, 2002.
An insight into the phenomena of the black hole.
3,696 words (approx. 14.8 pages), 22 sources, MLA, $ 102.95
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Abstract
This paper is an in-depth treatise on the subject of black holes (it does not contain any sophisticated math). A black hole is a region of space where matters collapses in upon itself toward an infinite density, thereby endlessly increasing its mass and gravitational pull. It details the evidence for their existence both theoretical and empirical and describes the debates concerning their fundamental nature (how they warp time and gravity). It evaluates theories by Einstein and Stephen Hawking as well as related phenomenon such as white holes and wormholes.
From the Paper
"Man has always looked into the heavens and questioned the nature of the universe around him. Through the science of physics he has created such seemingly basic and ubiquitous concepts as time, mass, weight, and gravity. Held to be absolutes, these conceptual building blocks allow him to define, categorize, and relate the objects he discovers in the vastness of space. And without argument, his definitions and equations intercalating these abstractions hold true - except in one specific locus of space. A region of mystery possessing infinite depth yet of finite size, detectable in space yet emitting no electromagnetic radiation, an enigma of nature that beckons to be resolved. An entity first described as a ?frozen star? but then later dubbed a ?black hole? by John Archibald Wheeler. What is this black hole?"
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Gas Chromatography, 2000.
A definition, general principles, apparatus used, sampling, types and conductivity detectors.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 2 sources, $ 47.95
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From the Paper
"Gas chromatography is a method for the separation and analysis of complex mixtures of volatile organic and inorganic compounds (1:666). Most compounds with boiling points less than 250oC (480oF) can be analyzed using this technique. This paper will describe the apparatus used for gas chromatography, the principles on which it works, how a thermal conductivity detector works in gas chromatography, and whether or not it can be used with a sample of potassium t-butoxide.
General Principles of Gas Chromatography
There are two types of gas chromatography: gas-liquid chromatography, where the sorbent is a nonvolatile liquid called the stationary liquid phase, coated as a thin layer on an inert, granular solid support; and gas-solid chromatography, where the sorbent is a granular solid of large surface area (1:666). The..."
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Forensic Radiology, 2000.
The uses of x-rays in medico-legal contexts. Includes physical abuse, examples, neuroimaging, interpretation, identifying human remains and archaeology.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 19 sources, $ 79.95
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From the Paper
"The purpose of this research is to examine the emerging field of forensic radiology. The plan of the research will be to set forth a working definition of the discipline of forensic pathology and then to discuss the ways in which the discipline is developing, not only on account of methods employed in recent years to exploit the technical capabilities of x-ray technology but also (and more crucially) on account of the enlarged range of medical and legal applications implied by improved technical capabilities.
What must be understood first about forensic radiology is that as of late 1998 it is not a term in wide and common use in the professional literature. To be sure, forensic medicine has long been a part of scientific discourse, associated in both the popular culture and in scientific, professional, and law-..."
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Sir Isaac Newton, 2000.
The impact of the discoveries and writings of the English mathematician on the evolution of scientific thought and practice.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 8 sources, $ 55.95
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From the Paper
" Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727) was one of the greatest scientists in history and, after an initial period of resistance, his discoveries, theories, and methods proved to be a major force in the emergence of modern science. Newton became the best-known scientist in the world and, even though most of the eighteenth-century public understood little of his work, his fame eventually provided the impetus to elevate scientific research to a new level of respectability. Other seventeenth- and eighteenth-century scientists participated in the general move away from the Aristotelian paradigm of science that had dominated the Western world for two millennia. But Newton's inspired work resulted in what has justly been called the Newtonian Revolution in science. Ironically, however, Newton's progress in mathematizing science and opening it up to the full play of scientific method meant..."
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Vision and Night Flying, 2000.
An examination of the nature and function of visual perception and its role and significance in night flight, focusing on autokinesis (visual illusions).
8,550 words (approx. 34.2 pages), 13 sources, $ 135.95
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From the Paper
"This study examined visual perception issues associated with night flying. While several visual perception issues were examined, an important focus was placed on the issue of autokinesis.
Autokinesis and other visual perception issues associated with night flying are elements of the broader concept of spatial perception. Spatial perception involves the ability to estimate depth or distance between points in one's field of vision. The human eye is optimized for daylight vision. At night, human vision is much less acute than in the daylight. Depth perception, which is of critical importance during the landing of a..."
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Big Bang Theory, 2000.
An examination of the arguments attempting to support or discount the theory of the origins of the universe.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 4 sources, $ 47.95
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From the Paper
"Background
The Big Bang Theory is an explanation for the beginning of the universe. The universe today is expanding, as can be seen in the way all matter is moving outward. Tracing this movement back through time takes all matter to a single point, leading to the view that at one time all matter was concentrated in a singularity which for some unknown reason exploded, throwing all material now seen in the universe outward from that central point. There are various corollaries to this theory, such as the issue of whether the expanding universe will continue to expand forever or will eventually reach an end point and fall back on itself. There are also various consequences of the Big Bang which can be used to determine if the theory has validity. A number of researchers have examined aspects of the Big Bang theory and developed ideas..."
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Black Holes, 2000.
A definition, creation of, theory, methods of discovery, observation and analysis.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 5 sources, $ 47.95
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From the Paper
"Black Holes
Background
Many areas of astronomical research are inter related so that knowledge gained in one area causes a rethinking of other issues and provides evidence to solve old and new problems. One area of research that offers information useful to astronomers and physicists on many different issues is the search for black holes, an ongoing process that has been enhanced by the creation of the Hubble Space Telescope, and a central location for studying black holes is the Space Telescope Science Institute, the nerve center of the Hubble.
Black holes are theorized celestial bodies with a surface gravity so strong that nothing can escape from them, including light. If a star more massive than the Sun should undergo gravitational collapse at..."
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Electricity, 2000.
An examination of the history of discoveries and inventions related to electricity and its practical applications, from the 16th century to nuclear energy, fiber optics and superconductors.
2,700 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 15 sources, $ 95.95
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From the Paper
"Electricity is such an integral part of daily living that it is difficult to imagine a time when it did not "exist" a time when there were no lights, no computers, no phones, and no appliances. A time when everyday tasks like laundry, cooking, and vacuuming were not made easy with mechanics run by electricity. However, such a time did exist. But with the observations and experiments of curious and intelligent scientific figures, electricity was discovered and harnessed.
Awareness of electricity dates back to the Greeks who discovered that amber, when rubbed, attracted lightweight particles such as straw (Dunsheath, p. 1). However, the value of this force was not determined until much later when scientists began to study it in more depth and invent equipment that could measure and capture it."
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Taoism and Science, 1999.
Examines similarities between Eastern religion and Western science, ways of knowing, faith & revelation, mysticism and physics.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 5 sources, $ 63.95
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From the Paper
" The search for knowledge in the West today is based very much on the scientific method and on rational inquiry, and this is often contrasted with the way of knowing in Eastern mysticism. Indeed, even in the West there is a strong contrast made between scientific inquiry and the knowledge of faith and revelation. Taoism is one Eastern philosophy which has elements that mirror certain findings of modern physics and so which brings into question the supremacy of the Western way of knowing. This has been indicated recently by an analysis offered by writer Fritjof Capra, but others as well have noted the parallels between Eastern and Western thought in terms of results if not method. Taoism might thus be viewed in a new light as a source of insight that would be valuable in the West as in the East.
Taoism is a Chinese doctrine that made up for the lack of..."
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Lise Meitner, 1999.
A discussion of the life and career of the 20th Century Austrian physicist.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 3 sources, $ 47.95
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From the Paper
" Lise Meitner (1878-1968) overcame extraordinary odds to become one of the great physicists of the twentieth century. At a time when Austrian women were denied higher education and during a later time when Jews were persecuted and murdered, Meitner managed to obtain her doctorate and lead an extremely successful professional life. Her private life centered around her friends, many of them colleagues, and she did not marry or have, so far as is known, any romantic involvements. Politics and other circumstances denied her some of the rewards and the professional continuity that her achievement entitled her to enjoy. And, late in life, she was also distressed (even after having failed to get full credit for her role in the discovery of nuclear fission) to be identified with the development of the atomic bomb. Meitner, however, always said that she was very..."
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Lightning, 1999.
Examines the physics of this natural phenomenon, types, structure, theories, flash and thunder.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 5 sources, $ 63.95
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Abstract
Lightning is a natural phenomenon that is dramatic, often beautiful, and yet deadly and dangerous at the same time. A bolt of lightning involves the rapid discharge of a massive amount of electrical energy producing both the bright flash of light and the sound of thunder
From the Paper
"Lightning is a natural phenomenon that is dramatic, often beautiful, and yet deadly and dangerous at the same time. A bolt of lightning involves the rapid discharge of a massive amount of electrical energy producing both the bright flash of light and the sound of thunder. There are a number of different kinds of lightning produced by different conditions, and new information on lightning is discovered all the time. By its nature, lightning is an ephemeral phenomenon, making it difficult to study under all conditions and explaining why new types of lightning have been found as man makes his way higher and more often into different regions of the upper atmosphere. Lightning is an extremely common natural phenomenon. Since Benjamin Franklin demonstrated the electrical nature of the lightning bolt, lightning has been subjected to many scientific studies."
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Plants & Electricity, 1997.
Negative effects of electrical fields on plant development & growth. Dicussing root elongation, electrotropism, flowering and more.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 11 sources, $ 47.95
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From the Paper
" Recently there has been considerable public concern and scientific interest over the hazards associated with exposure of plants to extremely low frequency electrical fields (60-Hz), particularly those related to high voltage electric transmission lines. Using specific examples, this paper discusses the detrimental impact of such electric field on various aspects of plant development and growth including root elongation and electrotropism, phloem transport efficiency, species susceptibility and flowering rhythms.
Each plant cell consists of a highly conductive cytoplasmic core surrounded by a thin insulating plasma membrane which is in turn surrounded by a porous - but rigid - cell wall. The insulating plasma membrane plays a prominent role in the electrochemical balance between the cell cytoplasm and the.."
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