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Metal Detectors, 2004.
This paper discusses metal detectors, the mainstays of building security.
1,115 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 38.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, since 9/11, countries with a high level of terrorism, such as Israel, use metal detectors, which were formerly used mainly in prisons, but are now used in airports and other public buildings. The author reports that there are three types of metal detectors in general use today, including walk-through, hand-held, and extended arm types. The paper relates that several newer technologies, such as back-scatter X-ray, millimeter wave analysis, and terahertz wave technology, are in various phases of development and deployment to supplement the basic equipment that has traditionally relied on magnetic induction fields and their interaction with electrically conductive and magnetically permeable materials.
From the Paper
"Most metal detectors utilize an electromagnetic field generated by passing an electric current through a wire coil. In the case of walk-through metal detectors, the electromagnetic field is projected in the form of a wall between the borders formed by the equipment; hand-held devices project a circular field surrounding the length of the device. In the case of walk through detectors, subjects (and any potential targets) pass completely through the electromagnetic field, whereas hand-held devices are employed by passing them close enough to potential targets to come within the known dimensions of the magnetic field surrounding the device. Extended arm detectors function exactly the same as hand-held devices, except that their design allows them to be more easily deployed to bring their electromagnetic field closer to the ground for their specific use in detecting buried weapons or contraband."
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Solar Energy, 2004.
Examines the history, future, and practicality of solar energy.
2,556 words (approx. 10.2 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 77.95
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Abstract
Scientists, environmentalists, and advocates of cheap, clean energy often tout solar energy as the answer to the world's energy problems and the energy source of the future. This paper examines whether solar energy is, indeed, the answer and whether its use on a large-scale is practical for use in the United States. It also looks at the history and types of solar energy.
From the Paper
"In addition, creating solar power generators it is a much smaller endeavor than building power generators for neighborhoods and businesses. Solar energy is quiet, reliable, and safe, and it makes sense in a variety of situations. Because of this, many states, including New Jersey, are adopting stricter standards for utility companies concerning utilizing more solar power. A recent amendment by the New Jersey Legislature requires the state's electrical utilities to utilize solar power as a portion of their power generation."
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Isaac Newton, 2004.
A biography of the great scientist and physicist, Sir Isaac Newton.
908 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 32.95
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Abstract
This paper presents a brief biography of Isaac Newton. The paper begins with his family history from his early days in England to his student days at Cambridge. The paper then explores Newton and his various fields of interest: Optics; Astronomy; and the Laws of Mechanical Motion. The writer believes that Newton laid the foundation and standardized the scientific approach, which revolutionized the whole mode of human life.
From the Paper
"Of all these laws Newton?s most famous is the law of universal gravitation, which explained that every object in the universe exerts an attractive force (gravitation force) on every other object. Thus Newton?s laws of mechanical motion in effect created a new perception in our understanding of the universe and the interrelation between the different heavenly bodies. Ernst Mach an eminent scientist had this to say about Newton?s law of mechanics, ?All that has been accomplished in mathematics since his day has been a deductive, formal, and mathematical development of mechanics on the basis of Newton?s laws.? [Michael .H. Hart, 44]. All these laws were published in his famed work ?principia? (Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy?) in 1687."
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Integrated Studies, 2004.
A discussion of the association between mathematics and science.
1,935 words (approx. 7.7 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 61.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how, for many who lack a strong grounding in math and science, the two are often associated as being the same. The purpose of this paper is to define mathematics and science, showing them as two distinct fields of inquiry and then to show how advances in theoretical mathematics contribute the framework needed for scientists in the study of quantum mechanics, a branch of physics, which in turn, is one of the many branches of science.
Outline
Introduction
Mathematics
Science
Quantum Mechanics
Mathematics and Quantum Mechanics
Science and Quantum Mechanics
From the Paper
"Finally, applied mathematics is a term loosely applied to a range of studies which have significant use in the sciences, specifically the empirical sciences, (branches of science open to practical or experiential experimenting). Applied mathematics makes use of numerical methods and computer science, seeking concrete solutions to explicit mathematical problems. In science and technology it has a major use as a way to model and/or simulate natural phenomenon or events. Examples include using mathematical models in computer generated wind tunnel tests to predict the behavior of a given shape of a prototype airplane wing without resorting to expensive actual wind tunnel testing."
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Health Issues and Mobile Telecommunication, 2004.
This paper evaluates the health effects of non-ionizing radiation as associated with the mobile phone.
3,215 words (approx. 12.9 pages), 14 sources, APA, $ 92.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses that the major concern is that the electromagnetic waves, or the EM, ultimately may cause cancer. The author points out that the energy generated from mobile phones is called non-ionizing because they are said to have photon energy to remove atoms from living tissues, which may cause a lot of serious biological problems. The paper concludes that various studies conducted to evaluate this situation state that there is no real connection between the usage of cell phones and the cause of cancer.
From the Paper
"The non-ionization of molecules has been always associated with the biological affects of X-rays. When the frequency is lower, such as that of visible light, the RF and the MW is very low to be able to disorder chemical bonds. This electromagnetic spectrum is called as non-ionizing. Since this non-ionizing electromagnetic energy cannot break chemical bonds there is no relation between these and the non-ionizing electromagnetic rays. But it is true that this non-ionizing electromagnetic energy can cause certain biological effects and the biological effects of these soft UV, visible and IR frequencies all rely on the photon energy that is emitted. But most of these consist of electronic excitation rather than ionization and most of these also do not occur at a frequency less than 3*10^11 Hz in terms of IR. These RF and MW radiations can cause heating in tissues in which they are in direct contact. It is the frequency of the source that determines the amount and the direction of the object being heated. The AM radio uses a frequency which is much below, 10^6 Hz, here the energy level is very low, and hence cannot cause any sort of damage to the human body or to animals."
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Magnetism, 2004.
Examining how the phenomenon of magnetism has made a great contribution to the technological revolution.
789 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 28.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the tremendous impact and the immense contribution of the science of magnetism in the technological arena. It begins by introducing the concept of magnetism and then discusses how it applies to nuclear magnetic resonance. It then discusses performing in-vivo studies and magnetoencephalography (MEG). It finally discusses how the technology is used in magnetic storage and magnetic chips.
From the Paper
"This era is characterized by the rapid advancements made in technology and the remarkable breakthroughs in every frontier of science have dramatically altered our lives. The phenomenon of magnetism in particular has made a great contribution in this technological revolution. The electron microscope, which is based on principle of magnetism, was one of the important and earliest scientific achievements (1930) which broke the barriers in the study of cell biology. Extensive research and development in the field has deepened our understanding of magnetic science and today we are better equipped than ever before to harness the power of magnetism. The application of magnetism is diverse and extends to almost all fields of science right from critical medical diagnosis to space engineering and information technology."
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Gun Silencer Theory, 2002.
An overview of the design and dynamics of gun silencers.
1,736 words (approx. 6.9 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 56.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the physics behind gun silencers, whose task it is is to take an explosive discharge of hot gases, which is the result of a controlled explosion in a tiny space, and eliminate the sound. It provides a brief biography of Hiram Maxim, the inventor of the machine gun, gas motor, mouse trap, and the first firearm silencer / noise suppressor, and the history of the development of the silencer over the years. It also discusses the dynamics of the gasses created in the explosion and evaluates the dynamics of an effective gun silencer design.
Outline
Sound Dynamics
Gas Dynamics
Gun Silencer Design
Disclaimer
From the Paper
"The explosion which is caused by igniting the powder in a fire arm munitions creates not only compressed air waves, and thus sound, but the explosion also introduces an additional volume of gas into the gun barrel which must also be diminished if the silencer is to effectively muzzle the sound. The gases take up volume in the barrel, increasing the speed at which the air travels. The additional gases also compress the air. So the explosion contributed to the sound in both of the ways described in the table above. In order to counteract these forces, the gas volume, and the compression level of the gasses must both be diminished."
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North Korea, 2002.
Discusses the present nuclear threat posed by North Korea.
1,340 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
North Korea has been intimidating the United States with a series of nuclear threats since October 2002, when U.S. officials stopped the supply of heavy oils to the North in retaliation of its confessed production of nuclear warheads, violating agreements signed in 1994. Shortly after, North Korea withdrew from the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NTP) and agreements with the United Nations. The paper shows that while there is little proof that North Korea has nuclear weapons, it is strongly suspected that it does. The paper discusses the North Korean weapon issue.
From the Paper
"Many world leaders are suspicious about North Korea?s withdrawal from the NPT for many reasons. For one, it is a well-known fact that countries developing clandestine nuclear weapons programs take many measures to conceal information about these programs from the rest of the world (NTI, 2003). Therefore, without membership in the treaty, North Korea has made it difficult for world leaders to obtain information about the country?s weapon capabilities."
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Isaac Newton, 2002.
A brief account of Isaac Newton's life and the three laws of motion.
1,133 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
This essay provides a brief background on Isaac Newton, the man and the scientist. The main focus of the paper is Newton's three laws of motion. 1)Law of Inertia; 2)Law of Acceleration; and 3)Law of Interaction. The paper explains what each law is, how it applies to the behavior of motion and what its significance is to the world of physics. Through these three laws, Newton was able to prove the nature of objects in the universe, and how they interact with each other.
From the Paper
"The First Law of Motion is stated as follows: ?An object at rest tends to stay at rest and an object in motion tends to stay in motion with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force? (Physics Classroom 2003). The first law is also called the Law of Inertia, and explains the concept of inertia, which is an object at rest. The first law explains that, in properly defining inertia, ?the tendency of an object to persist in its state of rest or uniform motion in a straight line is called inertia? (Navaza 1996 110). Theoretically, the first law of motion is just a restatement of Galileo Galilei?s analysis about the nature and behavior of motion."
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Gasoline, 2002.
Describes the process of making gasoline from crude oil.
1,224 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
This paper presents an overview of the process whereby crude oil is turned into gasoline in a refinery. The paper gives a breakdown on all the components used in the process. It then looks in detail at the four steps used in the process: separation, upgrading, conversion and blending.
From the Paper
"The various constituents of crude oil have one big difference in their physical properties that can be used to separate them, i.e., their boiling point. Distillation is a process wherein a liquid is boiled to a point that it vaporizes and then it is collected and cooled down again to get it in liquid form again. However, if the original mixture that was being boiled consisted of two of more liquids with boiling points that are sufficiently far away, it would be possible to boil and vaporize one of them and then collect only that liquid at the other end. This is the process called fractional distillation. In the separation stage, this is the principle that is fundamentally at work."
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Terminal Ballistics, 2002.
This paper examines a category of ballistic science known as terminal ballistics, the study of how a projectile penetrates solids and thus is the mechanism of incapacitation.
1,505 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 49.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the penetration and ?stopping power? of a bullet can be measured using the kinetic energy and Taylor Index equations. The paper reveals that wound ballistics is concerned with the motions and interactions of the projectile with tissue. The author believes that, through understanding of the physics behind bullet impacts and penetration, the criminologist more fully understands how different types of projectiles react when striking flesh or other resistant mediums and can lead to better a understanding of the whys and hows of a crime. Formulas included.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Physics behind the Bullet
Wound Ballistics
Conclusion
From the Paper
"To get the bullet in a vital area you need penetration. As a rule of thumb, velocity times sectional density is equal to relative bullet penetration. This is valid for bullets of similar composition. In good hunting bullets, expansion is consistently in the neighborhood of double the diameter and we assume the bullet will retain its weight. If the bullet goes to pieces, losing weight and consequently its sectional density, you might as well forget about it. The heavier bullet has a higher sectional density and will maintain the higher sectional density when it has expanded to double its diameter. In addition, the heavier bullets tend to have lower velocity. At lower velocity the resistance and consequently crushing force on the bullet nose, is lower, so expansion is delayed. This is why heavy bullets have delayed expansion, and do not show the same tendency to blow up on the surface as light bullets even though they have identical impact energy. It is how a given bullet interacts with tissue that determines its lethality."
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Psychology Is Not a Science, 2002.
A paper which discusses Descartes' philosophy and why he thought psychology cannot be considered a science.
1,058 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 37.95
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Abstract
This paper considers why psychology can never be a science like physics by looking at Descartes' philosophy in detail. Descartes' thinking related to this issue is discussed - it begins with a discussion of the nature of the body and the mind and the link between them. The nature of ideas are then described including why Descartes believed that science could only be studied on the basis of observations and experiments.
From the Paper
"The first important part of Descartes' philosophy relating to the study of psychology is his consideration of the difference between the body and the mind. Descartes saw the body and mind as having different features. He saw the body as an object, based on his definition of an object as something that occupies space, is flexible and is movable. These same features are not true of the mind. The mind does not occupy space. It is important to note here, that the brain occupies space. However, when Descartes refers to the mind he refers to its thinking capacity, and this does not occupy space. The mind is also not flexible or movable. Therefore, according to Descartes the body is an object and the mind is not. This explains one reason why psychology cannot be a science like physics. According to Descartes, only an object can be dealt with scientifically. Since the mind is not an object, it cannot be treated scientifically."
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