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Pharmaceuticals Industry, 2008.
This paper looks at the pharmaceuticals industry and discusses the political and social context of innovation.
1,500 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 49.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer covers the background and development of the pharmaceutical industry in the United States. The writer discusses the social facts and institutions, political actors, economic forces and environmental realities of this issue. In addition, most importantly, the writer looks at the demographics and income levels which have driven pharmaceutical innovation in the United States. The writer maintains that the high regulatory pressures, price pressures and lack of future such blockbuster markets dictates that pharma companies will have to innovate a lot more in niches, more products, smaller markets. The writer concludes that large pharma companies which grew up in a time of plenty will therefore have to radically change how they do business, from increasing acquisition, cooperative agreements, exemptions from regulatory approval and other such measures.
Outline:
Introduction
Where Pharmaceuticals are Today
Components of Pharmaceutical Innovation
Demographics
Social Institutions
Cultural Beliefs
Economic Forces
International Relations
Conclusion
Bibliography
From the Paper
"Since the US is largely a private-insurance country, there is a sort of free market for pharmaceuticals. Medicare sets prices through the CPT mechanism, but the prices for new drugs which are set by Medicare, and observed by other third-party players, are high as compared to other countries.
"Part of the reason that US prices are higher than elsewhere is that the government takes a much larger role in other major OECD countries, such as France, the UK, Canada and Germany. In those countries, the health ministry negotiates and publishes prices--generally much less than those in the United States. In developing countries, such as Mexico, a larger private-pay market and low incomes dictate that local branches of the pharma companies charge lower prices in order to stay in the market."
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Anticipatory Self-Defence Laws, 2008.
A comprehensive exploration of the laws of anticipatory self-defence in international law.
8,973 words (approx. 35.9 pages), 43 sources, APA, $ 187.95
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Abstract
The paper highlights the reservations the international community has had over the years towards the phenomenon of anticipatory self-defence within the international law structure. The paper looks at certain cases, namely the Nicaraguan case, the Six Day War between Arab states and Israel, the Israeli raid on Iraq, the America-Cuba issue and 9/11 attacks and the international community's and the UN's reactions to all these events. The paper examines the impact of Article 51 of the UN Charter and the limitations of anticipatory self-defence. The paper concludes that international legislators need to realize that they must reform the anticipatory self-defence laws in accordance to the changing times.
Outline:
Introduction
The Various Interpretations of the International Law on Anticipatory Self-Defence
A Small Illustration of the Use of Anticipatory Self-Defence
Understanding the Limitations of Anticipatory Self-Defence
The Impact of Article 51 of the UN Charter
The Complete History of the Application of UN Charter on Anticipatory Self-Defence
The General Restrictions on Use of Force
Discussion on This Issue
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The concept of anticipatory self defence in international law has become more prominent and has grown to be a dominant topic of discussion in recent years. The attacks on American soil on September 11, 2001 can be said as the primary reason behind the growing importance of anticipatory self defence. The event saw the passenger airlines being hijacked and used to target the destruction of important and strategic New York and Washington buildings i.e. the World Trade Center and the Pentagon. It wasn't a surprise that the U.S. reacted with aggression and force by initiating the war on terror under the reign of President Bush."
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Government Agencies and Ethics, 2008.
This paper argues in favor of the statement "Any agency which works in secret can behave in a scandalous manner, and the CIA is no exception to this rule."
1,500 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 11 sources, APA, $ 49.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer analyzes the following statement on two grounds: "Any agency which works in secret can behave in a scandalous manner, and the CIA is no exception to this rule". The writer first discusses whether it is true that agencies which act in secret behave in a scandalous manner and then if so, whether the CIA is an exception or a demonstration of this rule. The writer then makes the argument that all agencies, throughout history and in whatever country, region or empire, that act in secret are inherently prone to dishonesty and unethical acts. Next, the writer maintains that the CIA must act, to some degree, in secret with some of its operations. Finally, the paper argues that the CIA will always be prone to dishonesty and unethical actions, which requires more regular oversight.
Outline:
Introduction
First Hypothesis: There has been an ethical agency in history
Second Hypothesis: The creeping moves toward professionalism have reduced ethical inhibitions
Ethics, the CIA and Recent History
Politics by Innuendo: Contributing to Unethical Conduct?
Conclusion: Is the CIA Inherently Untrustworthy?
From the Paper
"All agencies throughout history and across nations are prone to act in a dishonest and unethical manner. The proof to this hypothesis is the null hypothesis: that is, if the author has been unable to find a government agency which acts in secret, which over time has not acted in an unethical manner. A second null hypothesis would be to find a spying operation which has operated in an ethical and honest manner over a long period of time, therefore disproving the above statement.
"One can argue that any government agency requires power in order to be effective. Power comes through the purse--ability to fund, through coercion--ability to force, or through persuasion--ability to convince. None of these methods is, in and of itself, inherently unethical. One can persuade, coerce or bankroll activities in an open and above-board way."
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Jean-Jacques Rousseau's "The Social Contract", 2008.
An analysis of the views of Jean-Jacques Rousseau as defined in his "The Social Contract".
2,599 words (approx. 10.4 pages), 0 sources, MLA, $ 78.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how, in his book, "The Social Contract", Jean-Jacques Rousseau explains the relationship of the individual to society. The paper relates that Rousseau emphasizes the natural law of personal rights and sovereignty and argues that any government derives its legitimate power only from the collective choice of many individuals to allow government to act as a proxy for their personal exercise of those rights directly. The paper also examines how, for similar reasons, Rousseau opposed the concept of "rightful" ownership of slaves, especially those who did not choose to become slaves. Finally, the paper discusses how Rousseau questions the legitimacy of some forms of democratic.
Outline:
Introduction
Rousseau on the Origin of Legitimate Power
Rousseau on Political Representation, Democracy, Law, and the Need for Legislators
Conclusion
From the Paper
"According to Rousseau, legitimate governmental authority can only come from the voluntary will of many people, and those forms of governmental authority that derive their power elsewhere are fundamentally illegitimate. Rousseau acknowledges that allowing the collective will to establish rules that govern individual conduct might be a form of relinquishment of individual rights. He takes the position that this apparent contradiction is resolved by the fact that it is in the interest of every individual to give the power of social policy and rule enforcement to the government, because without some form of collective power, the individual cannot enforce any legitimate social concerns at all. Finally, Rousseau questions the legitimacy of some forms of democratic representation and suggests that affiliation or allegiance to sub-groups or representative political parties cancels out some of the main benefits of the principle of individual expression in political choice."
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American Healthcare and the American Government, 2008.
This paper looks at the American healthcare system and the American government healthcare agenda.
1,024 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that in generations gone by, medical treatment in America was little else than a local doctor, while small, regional hospitals existed to take care of surgeries and major medical issues, but in both cases, the options for treatment were limited, and in many cases, patients did not fare well. Luckily, as technology has advanced, so too has the American medical system to the point where many consider the American medical system to be among the best in the world. The writer discusses that this progress has come with a heavy financial burden, however, turning American medicine into an industry, and like most industries, the federal government has taken up a role. In this paper, the federal healthcare agenda is discussed and explored from several points of view in an effort to better understand the many facets of the topic. The writer concludes that American healthcare has in some respects been the barometer of social and economic change in the nation.
Outline:
Introduction
Healthcare Becomes Part of the Federal Agenda
Proposed Alternatives to Address the Issue
Successful and Potentially Successful Alternatives/Who Developed the Alternatives?
Concessions in Developing the Alternatives
Conclusion
From the Paper
" Introducing this paper, the assertion was made that American healthcare has become an industry and part of the federal agenda. Better understanding of how this came about requires an explanation of the evolution of the American healthcare "industry", and to look at that requires a glimpse into post Civil-War America, of the late 1860s. In that period, two very important events took place-one in America itself and another in Europe- which set the pace for the birth of the American healthcare industry. Domestically, America entered into a period of economic and commercial advancement that would in retrospect become known as the Industrial Revolution, attracting millions of people from rural areas to urban areas in search of work, which led to the demand for organized healthcare in the cities where industrial accidents and the disease associated with large numbers of people living in cramped areas became commonplace. In Europe, scientific discoveries into the nature of germs helped to develop more medicines which could be offered to the sick- at a price, of course."
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NATO Vs. United Nations, 2008.
An argument for the use of NATO and other alliances to counter international terrorism.
1,047 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
The paper argues that because the United Nations has proven itself an ineffective peacekeeping force and has exercised zero ability to confront terrorism, NATO and other alliance forces should be charged with preventing and combating world terrorism. The paper points out that Europe and the United States must be prepared to seriously deal with global terrorism through NATO and only then will NATO take on a useful role in the modern world.
From the Paper
"The increased use of terrorism to attack foreign nations has increased during the last decade at an alarming rate and on an even more alarming scale of destruction. Following the September 11, 2001, attack on the United States by organized terrorists, and because the United States' response to that attack has since itself come under world scrutiny and criticism, the time has arrived for the world community to take decisive action in coming to agreement on how, and by whom, action should be taken to prevent and to respond to acts of terrorism."
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Domestic Terrorism and the Ku Klux Klan, 2008.
This paper explains why the Ku Klux Klan can be considered a domestic terrorist group.
2,282 words (approx. 9.1 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 70.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how the Ku Klux Klan uses violence and different subversive means to promote their beliefs and racial convictions. The paper refers to the FBI definition of a domestic terrorist group and shows how in the light of their means used and their motivations, the Ku Klux Klan can be considered one of the first domestic terrorist groups of the US.
From the Paper
"Terrorism has become in recent decades one of the most important phenomena affecting the society, both inside a state and at the international level. The events that took place in the US on September 11, 2001 represented an alarm signal for the world that terrorism is a flagellum that would influence the evolution of international relations to a degree never met before.
"There are other forms of violence manifested inside a country which do not receive the same international attention. Domestic terrorism is one of them. Taking into account the fact that in most cases domestic terrorism is a matter which must be dealt with by the exercise of a state's sovereignty over its territory it rarely becomes the focus of international attention."
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Domestic Terrorism, 2008.
A discussion of the terrorist phenomenon that is inside the borders of the United States.
1,720 words (approx. 6.9 pages), 11 sources, APA, $ 55.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at domestic terrorism as separate from international terrorism and identifies the different approaches to political violence of people such as Mao, Che Guevara, Carlos Marighella and Franz Fanon. The paper first discusses some forms of the early domestic terrorist activities and their similarities with events taking place today. The paper then considers right-wing and left-wing terrorism as well as interest-based terrorism, using Greenpeace and People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) as examples. The paper concludes that domestic terrorism represents one of the most important threats facing national security, no matter the form of terrorism they promote.
From the Paper
"Domestic terrorism has been regarded in recent times to be one of the most important threats facing internal security in the US. In order to have a complex view on the terrorist phenomenon taking place inside the borders of the United States, it is important to take into account certain theoretical delimitations and examples that would support them. In this sense, domestic terrorism must be seen apart from international terrorism."
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Literature and Democracy in the Middle East, 2008.
A look at Middle Eastern authors who are celebrated with Nobel prizes, yet are prosecuted in their home countries.
973 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 34.95
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Abstract
The paper uses Egyptian writer Naguib Mahfouz, the Turkish author Orhan Pamuk and his Turkish compatriot, the feminist Elif Shafak as examples of those writers who, although are loved abroad, are prosecuted in their own country. The paper shows that until nations such as Egypt and Turkey embrace a broader conception of free speech, authors from these countries seem doomed to suffer either a kind of love/hate relationship with the powers that rule their nations or be threatened with out-and-out hostility.
From the Paper
"Modern Middle Eastern writers have often had a conflicted relationship with their national leadership and the people of their nation, even while Western readers and prize-giving committees welcome their unique perspectives with open arms. The authors are celebrated for their innovative style, such as the elusive, yet powerful deployment of symbolism in the works of the Egyptian writer Naguib Mahfouz or the magical realism of the Turkish author Orhan Pamuk."
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| Term Paper # 108831 |
temporarily unavailable
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Poverty in the US, 2008.
A look at the poverty levels in the United States and what can be done to change them.
1,412 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
The paper reveals statistics on the extent of poverty in the United States and discusses strategies to end poverty in the United States. The paper explains that overdependence on the government is not solving the problem, rather there needs to be sufficient people in our communities who are committed to work towards the goal of eliminating poverty. The paper explains how the elimination of poverty will have a positive effect on the US economy and then posits that he would certainly work towards its elimination and not just leave it alone.
Outline:
The Extent of Poverty in the United States
What Would You Do to Get Rid of Poverty in US?
How Would Eliminating Poverty Affect the US Economy?
Would You Eiminate it, or Would You Leave it Alone?
From the Paper
"According to the statistics released by the Current Population Survey -- CPS, 2007, Annual Social & Economic Supplement -- ASEC based on the sample survey of 100000 across US, the official poverty rate during 2006 was 12.3% marginally down from 12.6% in the year 2005. During the year 2006, 36.5 million people were poverty stricken which is almost the same as that of the year 2005. The poverty rates during 2006 remain unaltered for non-Hispanic Whites which is 8.2%, Blacks which is 24.3% and Asians which is 10.3% from 2005."
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Justice Sandra Day O'Connor, 2008.
This paper looks at the achievements of Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O'Connor.
1,826 words (approx. 7.3 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 58.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the appointment and unanimous confirmation of Justice Sandra Day O'Connor to the Supreme Court. The paper shows how O'Connor demonstrated the fact that women, especially women of caliber, had every right to come and go from the workplace without sanction. The paper also looks at how O'Connor was integral to several monumental court decisions. The paper concludes that O'Connor proved her worth as a justice and demonstrated immense skill in the resolution of extremely difficult legal questions posed to the court.
From the Paper
"Traditionally nominations to the supreme court have been a very political act of the executive branch of government, as it is a singular power of the president that frequently goes by with only limited challenges from congress and the nomination if approved is a nomination for life, unless the justice chooses to step down. The legacy, therefore of the Supreme Court appointment can be long and prosperous for a president as they tend to seek out candidates who share commonalities with themselves and their political party and the opportunity of a president to nominate a Supreme Court Justice does not come frequently due to the length of the office."
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