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David Kessler's "A Question of Intent", 2008.
A review of David Kessler's book about the use of factual data and public policy, "A Question of Intent".
975 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 34.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that David Kessler's book "A Question of Intent" demonstrates how even something apparently objective, like factual data regarding science and human health, is still open to subjective interpretation and influence in the political arena. The paper points out that, during his tenure from 1990 to 1997 at the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Kessler created more aggressive agency policies in regards to tobacco regulation, food labeling and prescription drug approval. The paper then relates that, in his book, Kessler explains how and why he chose to take a more proactive regulatory role in regards to the agency's responsibilities overseeing the health of the American public.
Table of Contents:
Public Policy--"A Question of Intent"
Incident 1: Big Tobacco
Incident 2: Food (mis) Labeling
Incident 3: Drugs
From the Paper
"Although American consumers might like to think they have grown savvier about reading food labels and understanding food misleading food advertising, Kessler was one of the first FDA heads to realize that apparently innocuous labels could contain a great deal of misinformation because of the way they were marketed, and only contain accurate information if consumers interpreted the 'fine print' hidden in an inaccessible fashion on the label. He required food manufacturers to stop calling processed foods fresh if they had been made with frozen tomatoes or orange juice made from concentrate."
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Torture Defined, 2008.
A descriptive essay on torture, covering the historical background and the support for and against this treatment.
2,046 words (approx. 8.2 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 64.95
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Abstract
The paper defines torture and describes the two types of torture, physical and mental. The paper elucidates on the results of torture having life-long negative emotional and psychological effects. The paper then also describes torture as the utilization or threatened utilization of mind and body altering drugs, or the threat of imminent death or severe physical or mental pain. . The paper concludes that there is ample evidence that there is little if any validity to the use of torture in actually gaining information, or making the world a safer place, in fact in the case of terrorists our own acts of hypocrisy further feed the fire of hatred for the West and all she stands for.
Outline:
Introduction
History of Torture
Support for Torture
Arguments against Torture
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The work then goes on to describe the utilization or threatened utilization of mind and body altering drugs, the threat of imminent death, or the threat of imminent death or severe physical or mental pain to another. (29) In this message the acknowledgement of the legal and social restrictions of the use of torture is not only implied but demonstratively agreed upon by the preeminent legal body of the United States. It would seem strange then that this nation and others who have taken public stands against the utilization of torture continue to keep it in their own arsenal of tactics for use against those who are perceived as threatening to the nation or the world. In fact in Levinson's introduction it is stated that at the time of the compilation and publish of the work 130 nations had ratified the United Nations Convention Against Torture and other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, which went into force in 1987 some nations and organizations have spoken out individually in addition through national legislation and the ratification of other documents which are to be considered core national and international doctrines and law, and yet torture still occurs on a daily basis, and is condoned and utilized even by those nations that profess through official means to never use or condone it, including but certainly not limited to the US, Great Britain and Israel, all of who have been found in legal arenas to be guilty of it. Levinson even quotes a confessed and convicted torturer as saying that when we as a world stop speaking out against torture in official ways, we as a world will cease to be human. Of coarse this is not to say that rogue nations, terrorists and other political bodies do not also use such tactics, as can be seen in the autobiographical work, Prisoner Without a Name, Cell Without a Number, by Jacobo Timmerman. The work accounts a long ordeal of torture and imprisonment at the hands of the Argentinean government under a totalitarian regime in the 1970s. "
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Diffusing Religious - Based Tensions, 2008.
A research paper on methods of diffusing tensions between nations based on religion.
18,300 words (approx. 73.2 pages), 40 sources, APA, $ 249.95
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Abstract
The paper seeks to identify effective legal approaches to diffusing religious-based tensions in states where religious and political affairs are intertwined. The paper examines scholarly and governmental literature to provide an overview of the respective legal systems of six different countries, their experiences with religious-based acts of terrorism in recent years, and what the legal systems of these countries do on their own to address these pressing issues. The paper summarizes the research and salient conclusions.
Outline:
Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Purpose of Study
Importance of Study
Scope of Study
Rationale of Study
Methodology
Overview of Study
Definition of Key Terms
Review of Related Literature
Summary and Conclusions
From the Paper
"Finally, and perhaps most regrettably of all, there appears to be an inverse relationship between how authoritarian and restrictive a society's legal system is compared to its incidence of terrorist activities. Those countries where free speech and democratic processes are well established have turned out to be the perfect place for terrorists to find accommodations while they plot acts of violence against the very same societies that allow them to operate with such impunity. How can these same social frameworks be transformed to counter these threats without sacrificing the essential elements of their society that makes them free? This question has perplexed historians, politicians and scholars, and it continues to present policymakers with a number of choices, most of which are bad - from a free society's perspective at least -- it would seem. Because the stakes are so high, there is little room for false starts or experimentation when addressing the fundamental issues involved in addressing a multifaceted and enormously volatile problem such as religious-based international terrorism. It would seem like a reasonable starting point for the respective legal systems reviewed herein would be to clean up their own acts making access to them easier for the average citizen, and to enforce the laws that are already on the books concerning conspiracy and terrorism. Placing further restrictions on a country's citizenry through the legal system only plays into the hands of terrorists who seek to foment unrest and dissatisfaction, just as the propagandists of the past and today. Yet, some limitations need to be considered on just how free a society can be and still tolerate the imposition of religious-based changes and remain a free state."
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Public Policy Implementation, 2008.
An analysis of public policy in theory and in practice.
7,674 words (approx. 30.7 pages), 18 sources, APA, $ 167.95
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Abstract
The first part of this paper defines the concept of public policy and explores how public policies are developed and implemented. The author discusses the various stages involved before a policy can be implemented and the difficulties entailed in implementation. In the second part, the author examines the practical side of public policy in a detailed analysis of Saudi Arabia's educational system and the challenges of reforming and modernizing it through public policies due to the religious nature of traditional education.
Outline
Introduction
Theoretical Aspects
Public policies in the educational system in Saudi Arabia
General Overview
Public policies in the educational system in Saudi Arabia
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Finally, due to the fact that Saudi Arabia is a rich, yet instable country, it is important to see the reasons for the lack of coherent public policies, as there are both winners and losers at the political level. In this sense, at least in the educational system, the conflicting political forces in the country tend to have a big influence over the framing of a reliable and adequate policy which would eventually lead to a reformation of the system, as intended by the current ruling Royal Family. The current debates focus especially on the differing views of the Wahhabis, which represent the religious authority in Saudi Arabia, and the Royal Family, which tends to identify itself with the trend of modernity and reformation in the country."
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Tactical Reconnaissance, 2008.
This work is a nine page comparative paper on the topic of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) versus manned aircraft in Tactical Reconnaissance.
1,840 words (approx. 7.4 pages), 20 sources, MLA, $ 59.95
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Abstract
This paper compares the use of unmanned arial vehicles (UAV) versus the use of manned aircraft in military observation tactics. The paper asserts that while there are limitations in the use of the UAVs and MAVs, as technologies in this area mature the limitations that are seen in today's craft will be replaced with new applications and technologies making these crafts even more viable for use than in the present. The number one advantage of these aircrafts is the fact that lives will be saved in the tactical reconnaissance mission phases of warfare. Savings will also be seen in the cost associated with reconnaissance missions in terms of fuel, costs of the aircraft, and the other savings of support for these aircraft.
Outline:
Objective
Introduction
Review of the Literature
Findings of the Research
From the Paper
"The application that is most important in use of the UAV is clearly the avoidance of human beings in flight during reconnaissance missions better handled by unmanned vehicles. The goals set out by the DAPO development program in terms of 'airborne communications node reconnaissance applications were stated by DAPO to be: (1) reachback to exploitations resources in the continental United States; and (2) direct dissemination to warfighter. (DAPO, 1998) DAPO states that the Information Workgroup Elements of the Global ISR Exchange includes the elements as follows:
(1) Information Consumers;
(2) Reconnaissance/Surveillance Product and Service Information Procedures;
(3) Value-added resellers;
(4) Information Brokers; and
(5) Exchange Regulators. (DAPO, 1998)
"Exchange regulators will be those responsible for establishment and enforcement of rules and regulations for operation and use of the global ISR information exchange."
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Terrorism in Afghanistan, 2008.
This paper discusses the resurgence of terrorism in Afghanistan and its repercussions for the United States and the world.
985 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 34.95
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Abstract
The paper explains why the U.S. began anti-terrorist activities in Afghanistan in 2002 and why United Nations forces are still in Afghanistan today. The paper discusses how terrorism against foreign forces and opposition to the current democratic government are on the rise in Afghanistan today. The paper concludes that until the government can prove that it will provide a better lifestyle for all Afghan people, bin Laden and his Taliban will continue to grow and gain the confidence of the people.
From the Paper
"Terrorism is not new to Afghanistan. The Afghan people have lived through several monarchies and regimes, and in December 1979, they were invaded by the Soviet Union. It took ten years, but insurgents and Afghan rebels defeated the Soviets in 1989. One of the insurgents who fought tirelessly against the Soviets was Osama bin Laden. He formed his al-Qaeda network to recruit and train terrorists to fight against the Soviets. After the Soviet-Afghan War ended, bin Laden returned to his home in Saudi Arabia, but continued his terrorist tactics, which eventually got him banned from his home country and began his intense hatred of the United States. He returned to Afghanistan and continued to recruit and train terrorists."
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Economic Development in Africa, 2008.
This paper is a thorough analysis of economic development issues in Africa, along with theories that may be applied to the situation.
26,070 words (approx. 104.3 pages), 49 sources, APA, $ 249.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses economic development in Africa through leadership, along with the impact of such development. The paper first looks at many theorists, such as David Hume, Frederick Nietzsche, John Locke and Karl Marx, and how their theories relate to modern issues in Africa. The paper posits that according to these theorists, nothing has changed in Africa because the people do not want the change. However, the author asks the question: Do the people of Africa know that there is a chance for change? Have they been told, in a way that they understand, that they can work to make a difference? People must have hope for the future, and if that hope can be coupled with knowledge of things that can actually be accomplished, there is a high probability that at least some of them will attempt to do something that will improve their lives and the lives of others. The most important part of this is that these people must be aware of the possibilities, and they must also see that there are actual, realistic ways to attain what it is that they want and need. If they can be shown these things, they may move forward into the understanding that there are other ways to look at the problems and issues that they face. Furthermore, the paper then applies these theoretical statements to a case in Ethiopia in order to make suggestions of how to help the region grow stronger and how to correct some of the problems it has been seeing.
Outline:
Section I. Theory
Section II. Literature Review and Current Research Issue
Section III. Practical Application: Ethiopia
From the Paper
"Despite this, though, these countries are also growing, and this has been taking place more rapidly in recent years as society becomes more global, and as outsourcing takes place. Because these countries are starting to expand and grow, they are more interesting to investors and other business individuals. As their growth increases, so will the direct investment that many companies are making into them. In turn, this will help their growth increase still further, boosting their economies and prompting others to invest in them more strongly. Based on this, not only will the investors prosper, but the developing countries will prosper as well, and this will benefit everyone that is involved.
"This is not to say that foreign direct investment is always good, or that it completely helps every country because, with economic growth comes changes to the way that people live and work, and some of these changes are not always wanted. More people having nicer things due to a better economy, for example, can make those that still do not have much envious, which can turn them to crime and other problems. However, overall, foreign direct investment appears to be a fast-moving and growing industry that is, for the most part, providing much to individuals in developing countries. Without further study of the issue, though, this cannot completely be determined. Foreign direct investment is not always the best choice, however, and there are other ways to encourage economic growth and development for countries that are not doing well, either because of governmental problems, because of wars, or for other reasons, such as famine and disease."
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Legitimate Authority, 2008.
This paper discusses the principles of just war and legitimate authority.
733 words (approx. 2.9 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 26.95
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Abstract
The paper explains the principle of legitimate authority, which mandates that war cannot be waged against any government, nation or population without it first being authorized and approved by the proper legal authorities. The paper shows how the current war in Iraq and civil war in America are used as examples of this principle.
From the Paper
"One example of this policy can be seen in the United States. In America the body of Congress is able to declare war, and in fact is the only body of government with the authority to do so(Principle of Legitimate Authority http://atheism.about.com/od/warandmorality/a/jusadbellum_3.htm).
"Because Congress is comprised of many political representatives, and a majority must agree to declare war, the US public is protected from having its government go into a war without considering the consequences first."
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Business Entry into Thailand, 2008.
This paper looks at business entry into Thailand for a Swiss company.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 31.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that, in general, when market entry into a foreign country is considered, a company has several issues to take into consideration. The writer discusses that elements such as economic and political risk, as well as market penetration, entry methods, and foreign exchange rates need to be considered in order to successfully enter the foreign market. Thorough research is therefore necessary to establish the extent of each risk before making the entry attempt. The same is true for a Swiss-based company attempting to enter Thailand. The writer discusses that the basic problem with market entry into Thailand is the cultural and political barrier, as well as possible economic risks. The writer maintains that a solution to this can be thorough initial research of cultural differences and the consulting strategies that would appeal to the Thailand market, as well as initially entering into a limited geographical range.
From the Paper
"The Swiss and Thai markets are vastly different as a result of the fundamental cultural difference between the Western and Eastern paradigm. The Swiss consulting company should therefore invest in a thorough research strategy before attempting entry. This research should focus on the cultural paradigms and values of Thailand, as well as the marketability of the consulting service. Such research is then used to modify the service to cater to the Thailand market.
"Of course there are substantial economic costs associated with market research and service modification, particularly for a foreign market that is as vastly different from the Western market as Thailand. The first step is therefore to conduct a cost/benefit analysis on the basis of an initial market and culture research program. Furthermore, local employees can be recruited to work with Swiss employees in order to facilitate the research process. These local Thai employees can also be used in establishing the Thailand branch of the organization, and to work as liaisons between the Thai market and the Swiss company."
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Labor and Industrial Relations in South Africa, 2008.
A discussion of the impact of the unique political and socio-economic situation in South Africa on labor relations and human resource management.
771 words (approx. 3.1 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 27.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how South Africa's unique cultural, socio-economic, and political situation imposes difficult challenges for labor relations and human resource management. The paper explains that since the end of apartheid, the country has faced the problem of how to bring about substantive equality, including economic equality. The paper then looks at how the new South African government eschewed the redistribution approach, and instead opted to implement systematic and sometimes extreme forms of affirmative action. The paper also points out that a good example of the affirmative action policies the new South African government put in place is the Black Economic Empowerment initiative (BEE), which was established with the Broad Based Black Economic Empowerment Act in 2004. The writer believes that this initiative is a good one from a human rights perspective. However, from a human resources point of view, the challenge of this situation must be that artificially speeding up the promotion of people who have been systematically denied good education for so long, creates a danger that under-qualified people will be in management positions. The paper concludes that the problem of providing adequate training for people who have for so long been excluded from management positions is likely the biggest current problem facing human resources managers, as South Africa continues to change towards becoming a normal society.
From the Paper
"However, despite such descriptions, this initiative does primarily aim to improve the economic lot of blacks - given that it is they who suffer most from inequality. It does this with measures such as legislation and regulation, which aim among other things to put more blacks in management. For example, there is the balanced scorecard, which assesses whether there is sufficient black ownership of companies, sufficient black senior management, sufficient black human resource development and employment equity, etc. These factors are imposed as codes on state bodies, public companies and foreign investment companies. How well companies do on the score card affects vital economic factors, such as whether they are awarded contracts (Alexander, 2004)."
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Make America A Welcoming Place, 2008.
An argument for the freedom for and encouragement of foreigners in the United States.
1,140 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
The paper relates Ernesto "Che" Guevara's views of travel, that everyone should have the right to not only travel freely, but immerse oneself in the very essence of the culture and situations of the native inhabitants. The paper discusses how Che's view of travel as a freeing and learning experience is completely contrary to the American view of travel in the post September 11th era. The paper describes how Americans perceive travelers as suspicious individuals that need to be consistently monitored and constrained. The paper argues that America needs to change its views and reduce restrictions, since by limiting what travelers can actually see and treating them with hostility and suspicion, America is actively losing supporters on the international stage.
From the Paper
"Che's understanding of travel is to that it not only allows for one to have reckless fun, but more importantly it opens up your eyes to the all of the multitudes of manners in which people live their lives. Throughout his journey, he did not only try to receive a surface level understanding of the places that he went to, but rather delved deeply into every aspect of life. In Chile, he goes and visits a woman dying of tuberculosis, and is appalled to find the failings of the public health system that prevents the woman from receiving adequate treatment. He receives a tour of a copper mine and finds out the stark reality of deaths that occurred to make it possible. He even goes as far as to visit a leper colony and live among their inhabitants. Che's view of travel is that everyone should have the right to not only travel freely, but immerse oneself in the very essence of the culture and situations of the native inhabitants."
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Outsourcing U.S. Labor, 2008.
An argument that outsourcing American jobs is harmful to the US economy and national esteem.
1,341 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
The paper notes that outsourcing American jobs benefits consumers with lower prices of goods. The paper argues, however, that this small benefit comes at the cost of American jobs sent overseas, US production capacity relocated to cheaper markets and the economy weakened by the net loss of jobs and capital. The paper argues further that outsourcing jobs and production undermines the US economy and makes it dependent on foreign markets in the developing world. The paper asserts that measures should be taken to protect jobs and production capabilities and limit the degree to which corporate greed can destroy the economy.
From the Paper
"One common trend in the modern, globalized economy has been the persistent outsourcing of US jobs and production to other--usually less developed--nations. In an effort to maximize profits by decreasing the cost of production and labor, many US companies have actively downsized their US labor force and shifted the equivalent jobs to labor markets and firms in the Third World. Nations such as China and India have notably benefited from this tendency. For the United States, however, despite the claims of supporters, outsourcing of jobs and manufacturing to the Third World has had a tremendously negative effect on the national economy. Outsourcing labor and production to foreign countries weakens the US economy and undermines national esteem by increasing unemployment and eliminating the nation's productive self-sufficiency. "
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