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Trauma and Disasters, 2008.
This paper discusses post traumatic stress disorder, focusing on children and disasters.
1,244 words (approx. 5.0 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 42.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that disasters in modern society have traumatized a great many people. The writer explains that one of the great difficulties of such disasters is the recurrence of the severe, debilitating, and sustained condition known as post-traumatic stress disorder. The writer also points out that however grim the scenario is of studying the lives of the people who have suffered through traumatic events, such studies are extremely important because they allow us to gauge the effects of disasters and the effects of efforts to assist the victims of those disasters. The writer concludes that although it is a tragedy that children have their lives destroyed in events such as hurricanes, floods and the like, out of these disasters have come studies on post-traumatic stress disorder in children. It is a small ray of light in an otherwise dark experience.
From the Paper
"One of the prime problems with post-traumatic stress disorder is that it often manifests itself long after the actual event. While post-traumatic stress disorder is relatively common after major crises, it is hardly universal. Given the fact that resources for addressing severe cases of post-traumatic stress disorder are in short supply, particularly in the wake of a major disaster, it is critical to determine who has suffered major trauma and who has not. However, there have been remarkably few studies examining how to diagnose post-traumatic stress disorder among children. There are also several critical questions about post-traumatic stress disorder among children. Much is known about post-traumatic stress disorder in adults, but we do not know what factors carry over to children also."
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Albert Ellis, 2008.
A biography of the life, work and theories of psychologist Albert Ellis.
1,065 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 37.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how Albert Ellis falls under the school of thought of cognitivists and how Ellis' rational emotive behavioral therapy (REBT) is a misnomer suggestive of a behaviorist orientation of his therapeutic methods. The paper then examines how, unlike the behavioralists' perspective, Ellis' ideas do not dwell on behaviors per se, but rather on the cognitive processes (i.e. irrational beliefs), which can give rise to these behaviors.
Outline:
School of Thought
Contributions to Personality Psychology
Occurrences During the Individual's Lifetime
Application in the Workplace
From the Paper
"Ellis' pragmatic perspective on therapy may draw heavily from his experiences growing up and working prior to and during the Great Depression. Growing up, Ellis was a sickly child, suffering from a chronic kidney disease that forced him to be more bedridden than physically active. In spite of this, he was also forced to work, along with his siblings in order to help the rest of his family. In spite of these life circumstances, Ellis did not allow them to negatively influence him (Dobkin, 2005). As he grew up, other seemingly frustrating life circumstances such as his short-lived stint as an entrepreneur and prolific, albeit unpublished fiction writer and the Great Depression failed to deter him from pursuing the latter as an equally prolific non-fiction writer, which would eventually lead to his pursuit of counseling as an interest and training under the psychoanalytic school of thought (Boeree, 2006)."
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Theories of Human Development, 2008.
This paper explains eight different theories of human development.
957 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 15 sources, APA, $ 33.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the main theories of human development, including environmental versus epigenetic theories, Freud's psychoanalytic theory, Watson's behaviorist theory and Skinner's classical conditioning theory. The paper also examines Bandura's social learning theory, Piaget's cognitive theory, Maslow's concept of humanism and Kohlberg's seven stages of moral development.
Outline:
Introduction
Environmental versus Epigenetic Theories
Psychoanalytic Theory
Behaviorist Theory (Watson)
Classical Conditioning
Social Learning Theory
Cognitive Theory
Humanism
Stages of Moral Development
Conclusion
From the Paper
"There has always been a substantial disagreement between 'nature versus nurture.' Epigenetic theories assume that the human is primarily influenced in his/her development by genetic factors (Ojiem, 2006), while environmental theorists emphasize the influence of environmental--'nurture'--as the primary influence on development.
"Most recent works have cited the combination of the two (Groduitskii, 2001) as providing an influence on overall development."
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Psychology: State of Mind - A Critical Analyses, 2008.
A report on an individual's state of mind and the impact on responsibility for criminal activities.
780 words (approx. 3.1 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 27.95
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Abstract
The paper examines the controversial issue regarding the extent to which an individual's state of mind should impact his or her responsibility for criminal activities. The paper bases most of its discussion on D.W. Denno's article, "A Mind to Blame: New views on Involuntary Acts", from the "Behavioral Sciences and the Law" journal and concurs with Denno's call for a three-tiered approach that will allow for the inclusion of "semi-voluntary acts" to the legal conceptions of voluntariness and involuntariness .
From the Paper
"In terms of how the courts should handle such a matter, I am convinced that - for criminal offenses - it is best to take into account the defendant's altered consciousness after conviction, during the sentencing process, in other words. The reason is that a crime has clearly been committed and some form of redress is appropriate. However, a "discount" should be applied to the sentence in proportion to just how "conscious" the individual's actions were; in other words, if they were acting in a suspicious manner weeks prior to the event, that could be construed as premeditation and would work against them. As for individuals who are acquitted because of an altered state, it is fairly evident that they should receive some kind of conditions imposed upon their freedom insofar as their mental state did lead them towards the commission of criminal acts ."
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Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, 2008.
An analysis of the significance of the lack of research into drug treatment for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
2,210 words (approx. 8.8 pages), 22 sources, APA, $ 68.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the lack of research that exists with respect to attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and its treatment. It particularly discusses the research available with regard to drug treatment for the disorder. The paper discusses some of the issues related to ADHD, the research that is available and the areas that have not been clearly researched or are lacking definitive answers. The paper also discusses the significance of the lack of research and why more research needs to be done into this area.
From the Paper
"In closing, the last several pages have clearly shown that ADHD is a problem for which there are, as of yet, few definitive answers. This is significant because we are, in effect, plying children with drugs even as we have yet to determine which ones are best for which elements of ADHD - or if any one of the drug products now on the market really work at all in overcoming all of the symptoms that make Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder such a complex and frustrating thing to treat. When time is taken to review the literature, it is fairly clear that we should be retreating from our heavy reliance upon drugs in this matter until we can develop products capable of addressing all of the facets of ADHD and not merely one item or the next. Further, it would also help if we could arrive at some consensus about which drugs really work for which symptoms. In the end, much more work remains to be done."
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The Drug Xanax, 2008.
A look at the drugs Xanax and Xanax XR (extended release), brand names of a tranquilizer produced and marketed by Pharmacia & Upjohn, whose generic name is alprazolam.
1,075 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 37.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews the historical background of Xanax. The paper first describes Xanax's mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics and pharmacotherapy. The author then presents alternative forms of therapy, which can be used in conjunction with or instead of Xanax. The author concludes that, while newer generations of therapy and drugs have emerged to treat these problems, Xanax still plays an important role in longer-term reduction of anxiety.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Historical Background
Mechanisms of Action
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacotherapy
Complimentary Therapies
Alternative Therapies
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Xanax belongs to the family of benzodiazepines. These compounds increase the level of GABA (Gamma Amino Butyric Acid), which is a neuroinhibitor. The increased GABA production results in the inhibition of anxiety-producing substances.. GABA is secreted by neurons, and is present in many of the nerve endings of neurons in the brain. GABA inhibits presynaptic transmission in the central nervous system and the retina."
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Bargh and Ferguson: Beyond Behaviorism, 2008.
This paper analyzes the goals and conclusions of John Bargh and Melissa Ferguson's article, "Beyond Behaviorism: On the Automaticity of Higher Mental Processes."
1,802 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 1 source, APA, $ 57.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes John Bargh and Melissa Ferguson's article, "Beyond Behaviorism: On the Automaticity of Higher Mental Processes." It describes the goals of the paper and the issues that the authors analyze. It then discusses the empirical evidence that is provided to support the goals or propositions of the paper. Finally, the paper discusses the implications of the research that was done.
Table of Contents:
Goals of the Paper
Empirical Evidence of the Paper
Conclusion of the Paper
Implications for Social Cognition
Further Investigations
Holes in the Research
From the Paper
"Bargh and Ferguson cover a tremendous range of information in their study. They begin with a consideration of behaviorism (926-27), with particular emphasis on its failure to open itself to any consideration of the higher order mental processes, so that it tried to treat man as something on par with a rat or a pigeon. Its most noted advocate, B.F. Skinner, eventually failed in his effort to present his doctrine. Turning to the development of cognitive psychology, they discuss the evidence of the automaticity of higher mental processes (928-29), the effects of non-conscious stimuli (929-30), evaluation, emotions, and judgments (930-32), goal-directed behavior (932-38), and controlled processes (932-39)."
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Public Relations and the Schools, 2008.
Reviews literature relating to public relations approaches for school leaders coping with crisis situations.
1,470 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 10 sources, APA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that school leaders, from elementary school through college, need to develop and use public relations skills in order to sooth parents, assert authority and reduce tensions at times of crisis and during the normal course of administration. The author points out that school leaders must be familiar with grief counseling methods not only because of a community-wide crisis but also to assist when the student or the student's family faces a crisis. The paper concludes that the school leader achieves better public relations simply by visibly addressing problems as they develop, with a successful outcome being the best public relations of all.
From the Paper
"Graseck (2005) sees a need for administrators to take a more nurturing role, bringing the community into the process, and so serving the role of public relations on an ongoing basis rather than waiting for a crisis to begin the process. Graseck finds that administrators too often fail to see this need until there is a crisis and so lose touch with the community but that administrators even tned to lose touch with their own teachers. School administrators too often see their own survival as the paramount task rather than the improvement of the school."
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Community Analysis, 2008.
An explanation of the various nested systems in the family unit involved in the psychological development of a child.
1,751 words (approx. 7.0 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 56.95
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Abstract
This paper provides an explanation of the four nested systems of roles, norms and rules that have a direct impact on the psychological development of a child. The author draws on her own experiences within her family unit and the influence of the microsystems of her family to illustrate her points and suggests that mothers should be educated and empowered on how to educate and empower their daughters from birth.
From the Paper
"This binary gender system comes complete with expectations for all aspects of existence. I believe these are dictated by the macrosystem, but interestingly, are primarily communicated and enforced by the microsystem. Thus, this interaction is that the microsystem acts as a conduit, passing on the values of the macrosystem, and making sure they are enforced. For a start, it defined the role I was supposed to play: nurturing, caring, empathetic, passive, meek, accommodating, with a particular love of housework drudgery and sewing. Secondly, it defined a wide range of norms I was supposed to conform to: feminine, with a love of pretty dresses and other adornments, and a disdain for dirt and sweat. Later, I was supposed to become coquettish yet fundamentally chaste, and to use indirect wiles to achieve my goals, rather than direct demands. Finally, all of this came with iron-clad rules that were not to be broken. There were so many of these that it is impossible to record them all. However, examples would be: Girls must not climb trees; girls must never fight; girls are allowed to cry if there is a good enough reason; all girls must love to play with dolls at all time; all girls must wear pink dresses at least three times a week; girls are expected to exhibit extra diligence with their schoolwork to make up for their natural inferiority; etc."
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Effects of Tobacco, 2008.
This paper discusses the effects of smoking on the individual.
1,200 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer examines the history of tobacco's inculcation into mainstream culture and looks at the pleasure it provides smokers. The writer also discusses the health risks involved in smoking tobacco, addiction and second hand smoke. The writer maintains that organizations that are raising awareness about the dangers of smoking are no doubt creating a healthier environment for everyone. The writer then concludes that though quitting is difficult, every smoker should make every effort to break the habit. This step would not only benefit them, but also everyone they associate with, casually or otherwise.
Outline:
Introduction
The History of Smoking
Smoking and Health
The Allure of Smoking Tobacco
Heart Disease
Cancer
Addiction
Second Hand Smoke
Recent Government Reaction to Tobacco Research
Conclusion
From the Paper
"It could be argued that tobacco's colourful history is part of the substance's attraction. The first recorded European smoker was Rodrigo de Jerez, who was a colleague of Christopher Columbus during his exploration of the New World. Jerez started smoking cigars in Cuba. Having returned to Europe, Jerez lit a cigar publicly in 1493, which led to his imprisonment in 1493 by order of the Spanish Inquisition."
"Tobacco was initially slow to take over European consumers. It is believed that not until well into the following century that tobacco was brought to Europe from its native Americas."
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Susan McCaslin's 'The Call', 2008.
Examines Susan McCaslin's poem 'The Call' from her book "Flying Wounded".
1,085 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 37.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, in her poem 'The Call', Canadian poet Susan McCaslin relates the experience of mental illness to the Cathars, a religious group concentrated in France in the eleventh century. The paper points out that the inquisition and oppressive pursuit of the open-minded Cathars is used by McCaslin as a metaphor to describe mental illness. The paper stresses that, although the poem and the book are not entirely an autobiography, McCaslin is the daughter of a mentally ill woman whose tumultuous driving mental voices impact on everyone around her.
From the Paper
"McCaslin's historical references continue in the third stanza, where the schizophrenic voices that pursue the mother "blazon" her face, an old-fashioned word associated with heraldry, of officers of arms. A blazon is a description of a coat of arms or flag used to depict an image, typically involving banners or seals. Such formal, historical imagery is conveyed by McCaslin to represent the mother's mental state, which the woman carries around as a logo - a logo which automatically exempts her from deserving love from Canadian society as a whole."
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Dual Relationships in Counseling, 2008.
This paper discusses the danger of dual relationships in the counseling field.
750 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 26.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses the dangers of dual relationships within the mental health field. The writer maintains that counselors and therapists should avoid establishing or allowing the establishment of dual relationships within the context of their professional capacity. The writer concludes that this is not only an ethical imperative with respect to the client/patient continuum but also extends to dual relationships among patients in group therapy settings as well as relationships between coworkers and colleagues.
Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Dual Relationships in Group Therapy
The Counselor/Client Continuum
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Clearly, these negative developments that arise due to the existence or the establishment of dual relationships can have a very real and a potentially very harmful impact on the counseling process within the group therapy setting. Yet, all of these negative attributes can just as easily develop within the dual relationship context in the single-patient counseling environment or in the back office relationships that arise within the clinic or treatment facility setting. In all instances, the effectiveness and the objective of the counseling process is undermined and made almost irrelevant due to the dual relationships allowed to develop."
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