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Council of Trent, 2007.
A description of the impact of the Council of Trent on the Catholic Church.
1,437 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the Council of Trent, which in its official form, lasted roughly from 1545-1563 and marked the beginning of a long road of reformation within the Catholic Church. It describes the purpose of the council, as well as its work and achievements within the Church.
From the Paper
"According to one experts the point of the development of the ideals that were realized through the reformative period that culminate in the Council of Trent was to take from the Renaissance the power it had stripped from the church by utilizing its own methods to combat it, hence "Christian Humanism." (Janelle 34)"
"Regardless of the terminology used to describe the Council of Trent it is essential to understand that it marks a turning point that was only partly influenced by outside sources, such as those of the Protestant Reformers and the various deemed heresies that were spreading across the world. The Council marks a point where centuries of demands for reform came to fruition and began to take shape in real doctrinal guidance."
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The Enlightenment and the Reformation, 2007.
This paper compares the social, economic and intellectual causes of the Enlightenment and of the Reformation.
990 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, unlike the gradual, cultural shift of ideas and attitudes, which characterized the Enlightenment, the Protestant Reformation had concrete institutional causes and was a profound institutional change in the governmental and religious structure of Europe. The author points out that the Enlightenment, which ultimately spawned the American and French Revolutions of the late 18th century, was not spurred into being by an increasingly strong set of nation-states like the Reformation but rather by the increasingly weak, corrupt and ossified monarchies of Europe, such as Louis of France and George of Great Britain. The paper relates that the intent of the Enlightenment philosophers was not to reject tradition in their quest for knowledge or to eradicate entirely the institutions, which had stimulated their own intellectual development.
From the Paper
"During the pre-Reformation, the age of the Renaissance, secular kingdoms with increasingly powerful chief executives and the decline of feudalism weakened the Pope's role in the political power plays of Europe. Before, popes had great power as they were the strongest land-owners in Europe, but now princes began to command armies of lords--secular power was less diffuse. And by far, the most famous allegations of Martin Luther against the Catholic Church were its sale of indulgences, which seemed to embody the church's craven and worldly institutional nature."
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Liberation Theology, 2007.
This paper discusses liberation theology as presented by Argentinean, religious writer Jose Miguez Bonino.
1,080 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 37.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that liberation theology refers to a new way of interpreting Christianity as a doctrine by applying the Biblical precepts and teachings to the historical and social contexts of humanity. The author points out that Bonino observes that the modern world is essentially political in most of its manifestations; therefore, Christian ethics have to adapt and to become a part of political ideology if it is to survive. The paper stresses that, if it can be deduced from the Bible that all God's actions are directed so as to save or liberate man from adverse conditions or from oppression, then man should follow the same example in his social world through his commitment to the cause of the poor. The paper includes several quotations.
From the Paper
"The theologian thus emphasizes the active role that a Christian needs to play in a world which is dominated by power relationships that are very remote from ethical doctrine of the Bible. For its activism, Liberation Theology has been often compared to the Marxist doctrine, as both emphasize the need for social change and advocate the precedence of the social over political. This is why the Christian must be active and pursue practical purposes, such as justice and the liberation of the poor. As Bonino contends, human action is the principle which shapes reality."
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Communication in Christianity, 2007.
An analysis of the history of communication within religion and a description of the writer's salvation to Christianity.
1,833 words (approx. 7.3 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 58.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the history of communication within Christianity, as found in the Bible. It describes the origin of Man's communication with God and how this communication has continued through the centuries. The paper then discusses the necessary steps of salvation and describes the writer's own salvation. It describes, in detail, the effects that salvation had on the writer's life.
From the Paper
"The Old Testament is a book that describes a covenant broken by the first humans. As men were sinful, they had to be cleansed by ritual sacrifice. While the Israelites do not understand it at the time, these sacrifices achieve nothing in themselves--"You not delight in sacrifice, or I would bring it; you do not take pleasure in burnt offerings. The sacrifices of God are a broken spirit; a broken and contrite heart, O God, you will not despise" (Psalm 51:16-17, NIV)--but were representations of the future sacrifice of Jesus Christ which would retroactively act as the true repayment for their sins. Even ritual sacrifices left the Israelites with little actual contact with God, and only one tribe was deemed worthy to enter into the presence of God, and then only with exceedingly meticulous preparation."
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Durkheim in Sociology of Religion with Marx, 2007.
A comparison of the philosophies of Karl Marx and Emile Durkheim with regards to religion.
5,963 words (approx. 23.9 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 141.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the philosophies of both Karl Marx and Emile Durkheim. It attempts to show how similar the two sociologies are and how the same conclusions were reached despite vastly different approaches to the same problem. The paper further highlights some of the substantial differences between the philosophies. It also offers some insights into religion that both Marx and Durkheim may have overlooked. This paper also briefly explores materialism and functionalism and discusses how they equate to each other. The paper includes an example of an outline at the end.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Body
From the Paper
"Marx does not examine the facets of society, but this is because Marx is a materialist. Thus, Marx focused on the material foundation of religion, this being its economic origins. Once these original theoretical differences are overcome, the underlying components can be discussed."
"It is here that Durkheim and Marx are very similar. Both believe religion was created by society. Both believe its purpose is, despite neglecting the aspect of loyalty that I covered, positive in nature. And both believe that the roots of these assumptions are rooted in the examination of primitive societies. Therefore, despite the differences in their respective paradigms, Karl Marx and Emile Durkheim's sociologies of religion are very similar."
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"Sinuhe the Egyptian", 2007.
This paper examines the story of "Sinuhe the Egyptian", as a work of ancient Egyptian literature.
1,300 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
In this paper, the writer maintains that to read "Sinuhe the Egyptian" as solely a piece of political propaganda would significantly underestimate the narrative qualities of the tale and the maturity of ancient Egyptian literature. The writer notes that Miroslav Barta, an Egyptologist, claims that the text serves primarily as political propaganda, idealizing Egyptian society and especially its monarchy. The writer maintains that the lengthy poetic interlude at the point in the story at which Sinuhe meets the Syrian King for the first time does suggest an idealistic attitude toward the Egyptian theocracy. However, the writer notes that other scholars point out that Sinuhe demonstrates literary prowess; its ending comes as a surprise but only when read within a modern framework and corresponding biases. The writer concludes that rather than being propaganda, "Sinuhe the Egyptian" is more clearly an epic literary journey.
From the Paper
"In the first case, Sinuhe naturally waxes poetic about the ruler from whom he fled; he never once suggests that he doubts the divinity of the pharaoh's office. His fear of civil strife stems not from a disregard for the court but from personal cowardice (Lorton). Furthermore, he praises the new king so as to not appear weak and pitiable in the eyes of the Syrian King who discovered him. His positive attitude engenders favor, causing the Syrian King to trust him immediately and give him his daughter's hand in marriage as well as scores of wealth and land. If the Syrian King suspected that Sinuhe were a disloyal subject it is unlikely he would have offered such kind service."
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Ontological Arguments, 2007.
This paper discusses Thomas Aquinas and St. Augustine's "ontological arguments" in favor of God's existence.
920 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 32.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the "ontological argument" in favor of God's existence has remained one of the keys to the fundamental notion that the existence of God can be verified through logical argumentation. The author points out that Aquinas introduces the idea of the first, unmovable mover, which is responsible for all of the cause and effect events witnessed today, and investigates what aspects of the world betray the existence of God and why His existence is questioned so readily. The paper relates that Augustine's position is that human beings are positioned so that they can act rightly but that the actions and sins of the past have hindered the path towards God.
From the Paper
"The first sin Augustine characterizes as being like an act of a prisoner who creates false freedom for himself by breaking the rules and intending not to be caught. Obviously, Adam was caught, and all the subsequent sins of man have created a world in which God cannot be found without help; it has become too easy to commit acts of moral evil that those who do so often act out of ignorance. In other words, ignorance of God is not an innate facet of the human condition but is the burden that all human beings carry as a result of past sins."
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Women's Image in Advertisements, 2007.
This paper is an analysis of the portrayal of women's image in magazine advertisements in the United Arab Emirates (UAE), as based on a content analysis of the literature and on a convenience sample survey of 50 female students.
17,435 words (approx. 69.7 pages), 34 sources, APA, $ 249.95
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Abstract
This paper states that the the main purpose of this study is to determine the characteristics of women's image in advertisements' contents as depicted in the most widely circulated Arab women magazines in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and to identify the effect of such contents in formulating the societal image of women. The study also examines how women feel about the presented image of women in advertising. The author points out that, in the UAE, women not only are gaining ground in workforce participation but also are filling positions once held primarily by men; however, this is not always reflected in ads. The paper indicates that the majority of female students felt that the relationship between the woman's image in published advertisements and society's view towards her is a highly positive one. The paper includes the data generated by the survey and several figures, tables and quotations.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Introduction
Need for the Study
Purpose of the Study
Research Questions
Procedures
Research Hypotheses
Review of Literature
Background and Overview
United Arab Emirates Today
The Impact of Advertisement
The Importance of the Visual Image in Advertisements
The Women's Image in the Visual Advertisements
Depiction of Women in Magazine Advertisements
Methodology
Sample
Instrumentation
Data Collection Procedures
Results
Data Analysis
Discussion and Conclusion
Discussion of Results
Recommendations
Questionnaire
From the Paper
"Arab information media have by and large been established on a weak economic base throughout the Middle East. For example, Arab newspapers were introduced when national incomes and populations were small, and the literacy rates were low; as a result, both advertising revenues and mass-circulation sales (the two primary sources of commercial newspaper income elsewhere), were restricted. Even after World War II, as the Arab economies enjoyed a new level of prosperity, advertising remained sufficiently insignificant to most Arab businessmen, and did not appear to represent a viable avenue of revenue-generation in the modest-circulation press, to enable newspaper publishers to generate many advertisements in the first place."
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The Church and Human Sexuality, 2007.
This paper concentrates on the Christian view of human sexuality.
3,153 words (approx. 12.6 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 91.95
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Abstract
In this paper, the writer notes that in recent times, there has been a tremendous amount of discussion about Christianity and its approach to human sexuality. The writer points out that depending on the commentator, the Church's position on sexuality is empowering, negative, supportive, or neutral. In addition, the writer discusses that some suggest that it is impossible to describe one Christian view about sexuality because of the various positions that differing Christians have taken regarding the relationship between one's sexuality and one's spirituality. However, such an answer belies the fact that, until recently, Catholics, Orthodox Christians, and all of the mainstream Protestant denominations took a negative view of human sexuality except for the purposes of procreation. The writer concludes that one must assume that the Christian view of sexuality will continue to evolve, as science and society gain a greater understanding of human sexuality.
From the Paper
"It is important to recognize that there is not one version of Christianity. Orthodox Christians and Catholics have a similar approach to the church, and their religions are shaped and formed by much outside of Scripture. In fact, with Catholicism, given that the Pope is considered to be the voice of God, some extra-scriptural things are given more weight than the words in the actual scripture. This attitude has allowed for the development of a religion that expands upon, explains, and even contradicts, the teachings in the Bible. Protestantism, as the name implies, began as a reaction to the Catholic Church's deviations from scripture, and has been characterized by faithfulness to the literal interpretation of the Bible. The problem with the Protestant approach is that the Bible relays information about events, which has been perverted by people into an endorsement of those events and behaviors. In fact, Biblical literalism may have damaged the Church, especially in gender and race relations. Anti-Semitism, slavery, homophobia, and sexism have all been explained away and even justified by the use or misuse of Scripture."
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Politics of Toleration, 2007.
This paper discusses the politics of toleration, analyzing the beliefs of John Locke and Pierre Bayle.
1,917 words (approx. 7.7 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 61.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses two different theories regarding political toleration. The writer notes that the views discussed are those of John Locke and Pierre Bayle. The writer argues that of the two philosophies, Bayle seems more applicable to modern times particularly on the issues involving Roman Catholics and atheists. The writer maintains that the doctrine of an "erring conscience" can work better today in that it allows a person to perform an act based on his best knowledge. Further, the writer points out that it also acknowledges that there is no way to determine the difference between a right conscience and a wrong one. The writer concludes that unlike Locke, Bayle allows any view to deserve toleration but also requires the sincere but erring conscience to take diligent efforts to correct itself.
From the Paper
"His prejudice was shared by the Whigs who were behind the 1688 Glorious Revolution, which excluded Roman Catholics from participating in English political life until the Catholic Emancipation of 1829. The spirit of this prejudice endures to this day in the Act of Settlement, which has excluded Roman Catholics from the English throne since its promulgation in 1701. Locke wrote about the bitter experience of the English nation from the leadership of a Roman Catholic monarch, Mary Tudor, under whose reign religious and civil liberty was lost. The Roman Church decreed that Queen Mary's loyalty was first of all to the Church and the Popes and not to the land. The Roman Catholic's loyalty was to the Vatican and the Vatican is a government in itself. It consists of an apostolic successor from Peter's time and a temporal power, which wields the Pope's authority over the kings of the earth. Some Roman Catholics might be rebellious and refuse to submit to the Pope's authority as God's, but this would still be the doctrinal position of the Roman Catholic Church of which they were members. Locke construed the English nation as a particular and geographically existing political commonwealth with members of its own."
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Life Choices, 2007.
This paper discusses the process of making life choices that lead to developing a person's "best self".
1,130 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the author believes that the two most basic areas needed to develop his or her "best self" are religious faith and making ethical and moral choices instead of leaving everything in life to chance. The author points out that the concept of choice, as one of the elements needed in the quest to live his or her "best self" comes from philosophers, such as Socrates, and modern day leaders, such as President Dwight D. Eisenhower. The paper stresses that, to make a good life, a person must give back to society; therefore, volunteering is a vital part of the "best life".
Table of Contents:
Choice
Religion
From the Paper
"Because we are gifted by higher powers with the ability to choose, we are provided with a vehicle by which we can make choices that help us live to be our best selves. One example of this in action in my own life is my decision to further my education. Being my best self includes becoming more educated so that I can use that education to help my community and society as a whole. I believe that through education we will be able to improve the path we are currently on and avoid many pitfalls in the future. Choosing education is one place where I am exercising my ability to make choices so that I can work to help others who may not be as fortunate as I am. "
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View of God, 2007.
This paper examines the idea of human beings as manifestations of God.
1,520 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer maintains that the idea that human beings are manifestations of God is not just a New Age platitude, because it has serious implications for the healing professions. The writer notes that nurses who cultivate this attitude can help their patients develop more constructive attitudes toward their illness or discomfort. Moreover, the writer claims that patients who embody the notion that they are manifestations of God can use their subconscious mind for healing, as Joseph Murphy suggested in his classic book 'The Power of Your Subconscious Mind'. The writer discusses that the science of unitary human beings also demands that health care practitioners take into account issues related to family background, culture, ethnicity, religion, and personal taste. The writer concludes that when viewed as manifestations of God, all human beings will be treated equally.
From the Paper
"These two theories share several features in common, although they were developed separately. Murphy did not focus exclusively on the healing professions. He suggested that the same mental tools and attitudes could be applied to all areas of one's life: a unitary principle in itself. Rogers' science of unitary human beings was applied specifically to the nursing field and applies equally as much to the practitioner as to the patient. Both Murphy and Rogers present a humanistic vision of the universe but one that does not presume human superiority. Rather, human beings are viewed as integral parts of a vast universe of interrelated life forms. One of the core tenets of Rogers' philosophy is diversity. No two people are alike. The needs and backgrounds of individuals differ greatly, allowing for a panoply of divine manifestations. Inherent in this idea is a paradox: God is both unity and multiplicity. Similarly, human beings are simultaneously unified and diverse."
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