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Christianity and Western Philosophy, 2007.
An analysis of the impact of Christianity on western philosophy from the time of the Roman Empire.
1,085 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 37.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews the rise of Christianity during the time of the Roman Empire, its contributions to western philosophical thought over the last fifteen hundred years, and some significant philosophical issues of the present day that have been "Christianized" and/or deeply influenced by Christianity. In particular, the paper contends that a case can be made that the works of Thomas Aquinas and Saint Augustine helped popularize Aristotelian and Platonic philosophy and laid the groundwork for the "man-centered" philosophical leanings of the early modern, Renaissance period.
From the Paper
"Similarly, the philosophical rise of Christianity in the first centuries after the death of Christ was helped immeasurably by the fact that its early adherents went to considerable lengths to defend the "logic" of Christianity and to link it to Neo-Platonism. One Christian theologian and philosopher of the late-second and early-third centuries AD, Origen, became especially influential by showing how Christianity had its philosophical antecedents in not only Neo-Platonism but in Greek and Roman Stoicism, as well. In the end, Christianity came into intellectual acceptance in part because its focus upon the existence of a "unified and perfect being" residing at the center of the transcendent world was comprehensible to educated Romans reared on the dictates of Neo-Platonism (McGill 2005). "
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End of Life Issues, 2007.
This paper discusses end of life issues for the family.
1,458 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses end of life issues for the family and notes that all nurses are certain to encounter these issues in some form. The writer points out that with a rapidly aging population, it is vital to provide culturally and gender-sensitive end-of-life interventions to enhance patient/family satisfaction and to efficiently allocate resources. The writer maintains that women experience end-of-life problems differently from men and minority cultures encounter very different issues from the white dominant culture. The writer looks at the Calgary Family Assessment Model (CFAM) that allows for a systematic method to complete a comprehensive family assessment as well as the choice of the most effective interventions to ensure family functioning. The writer discusses this topic with regards to communication, roles and influence.
From the Paper
"This dimension includes the family life cycle and the continuity and change related to a chronic illness. Culture and class interact with family development. Family life cycles such as death demand that that the family change and adapt. In terms of developmental assessment, any recent significant events in the family along with impending death need to be discussed. This assessment establishes the family's developmental stage, provides a perspective by which the current stressors can be explored to determine the probable impact on the family and on its future development."
"Within the functional dimension, expressive functioning includes verbal, nonverbal, and emotional communication, roles, influence, beliefs, and alliances or coalitions. Good communication is vital when a patient is dying; in this situation, communication is particularly important for the family members who are subject to extreme stress."
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Hezbollah: Israeli/Arab Enmity, 2007.
This paper examines the history and ideology of Hezbollah.
2,603 words (approx. 10.4 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 78.95
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Abstract
The paper examines Israeli/Arab enmity in the Middle East and the problem of religious extremism. The paper discusses the need for true democratization to emerge in Muslim states and for the replacement of current corrupt political systems controlled by leaders who manipulate their people in order to demonize Israel and maintain their power. The paper maintains that American and Israeli policies have been counterproductive, for they have radicalized millions of Muslims, who have responded with unprecedented support for extremist groups such as Hezbollah and Hamas.
From the Paper
"Examining the history and ideology of Hezbollah indicates that there is much merit to the accusations of the American and Israeli governments that it is a terrorist organization led by religious fanatics intent upon the destruction of Israel. In response, the leaders of Hezbollah and its supporters and sympathizers reject accusations that they are terrorists and religious fanatics, and insist that Hezbollah and similar groups such as Hamas are simply defending the rights of Muslims against American and Israeli aggression."
"As is the case with most controversies, the truth is somewhere in the middle, for the philosophical observation that one man's terrorist is another man's freedom fighter certainly applies in the context of current Middle East unrest. According to Military.com (2006) Hezbollah's emergence in the aftermath of the Israeli occupation of Beirut and southern Lebanon in 1982 reflects these diametrically opposed perceptions, for it was due to the determination of Shi'ite Muslims to resist the Israeli presence and support Palestinians in their fight for statehood."
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Religion and Culture, 2007.
This paper looks at beliefs regarding the structure of organized religion.
750 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 26.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses the understanding that organized religion is mandatory in the lives of some individuals, while it is cast aside by others. The writer notes that within her own personal experience in relation to the larger social order, these practices are both acceptable, depending on the individual. The writer maintains that the acceptance of this belief is due to a background in which hypocrisy has been seen in religion, as events over the last several decades have demonstrated that organized religion is not always about God, but about wealth. The writer concludes that due to culture, gender or the structure of organized religion, the true basis of religion is consistently ignored and this creates issues in theology that are detrimental to the beauty of faith.
From the Paper
"This knowledge has affected how I envision a divine ministry because it forces me to question the truthfulness of those that represent the church. Additionally, these experiences have led me to believe that my personal connection to God is more devout that many ministers or supposed faithful. This is because when representatives of the church seek to gain prosperity from innocent believers who are struggling in this world, they are overlooking the real core of religion. Religion must be about a personal relationship with God, not about ensuring that the poor remain so throughout their lives in the name of God."
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Kosher Food, 2007.
An analysis of the Jewish dietary laws pertaining to food preparation and consumption.
1,889 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 60.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes kosher food and Jewish dietary laws. It looks at the various types of kosher food, the Jewish laws pertaining to kosher food, and the selection and preparation of kosher foods. The paper begins by defining what makes food kosher or not. It looks at the differences between meats, dairy products and canned goods. The paper also describes the prevalence of kosher food consumption in the United States.
Table of Contents:
What Is Kosher
The Rules Regarding Kashrut
Laws Concerning Meat and Dairy Products
Canned Foods: Are They Kosher
The Packaging of Kosher Foods
From the Paper
"Is it important to consider the packaging of kosher foods? Yes. If restrictions are used in canning these foods and in the food additives that are used, should not the packaging be kosher? It is important to understand that the printing inks and other types of packaging may have materials that are not kosher. "Many components of inks, coatings, adhesives, and packaging materials may be animal-based (glycerols, stearates, peptones, etc.), and several, such as caseins and lactic acids, are dairy in nature" (Lustig 140). If these materials come in contact with the food, then the item is no longer kosher. It is important for these inks to be certified as kosher."
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Justice and Religious Traditions, 2007.
This paper discusses how organized religion is not the steward of justice for all, but it does offer inspiration.
1,653 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 53.95
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Abstract
This paper refers to writings by Khaled Abou El Fadl, Rene Trujillo and Martin Luther King Jr., which refer to concepts of justice that connect to religious traditions. The paper shows how in the 21st century, organized religions cannot be hoped to produce a steward of justice for all. The paper explains, however, that religious traditions and concepts can inspire attempts to discuss what a government should be, what laws are meant to put in place, what they should seek to avoid and how they can be viewed differently across different cultures.
Outline:
Introduction
Islam and Democracy
Rene Trujillo - Human Rights & the 'Age of Discovery'
Martin Luther King, Jr. - Letter from Birmingham Jail
Concluding Discussion
From the Paper
"Khaled About El Fadl writes like an ambassador between Muslim history and tradition addressing justice and a contemporary world that needs to understand more of this 'foreign' tradition. (2004) His chapter opens by describing how, centuries ago, a Muslim jurist would point out that there were three kinds of political systems in the natural or primitive state of nature, a place of anarchy and the abuse of power. A second system would involve custom by which tribal elders told what should be upheld or obeyed as would work as long as an elder had sufficient power, or a prince or king who might direct others by decree. A third development has been the caliphate of Shari'ah law, a body of Muslim religious law based on the Qur'an and the example of the Prophet. (2004: 130-131) A conservative Muslim jurist of today may still argue that Shari'ah fulfills all criteria of justice and legitimacy, laying out the duties of governors and the governed, the law taking the lead ahead of the arbitrary authority of one human being over another. (2004: 131)"
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Gay Rights and Civil Rights, 2007.
This paper compares and contrasts gay rights with civil rights.
880 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 31.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses whether homosexuals should receive rights guaranteed in the Bill of Rights. The writer questions whether gays should receive rights compared to civil rights. The writer argues that while it is true that gays and minorities are often mistreated, the difference is in the ability to make a decision. The writer maintains that gay rights are different than civil rights because homosexuals make the decision to be gays and even the Bible shows that it is wrong, but African-Americans are born "black" and the Bill of Rights guarantee rights to "all men". The writer then points out that the Civil Rights Act was passed to guarantee that all African-Americans be treated equally with other Americans. The writer argues that comparing gay rights with civil rights shows that gays make a decision to date or love another person of the same sex, while African-Americans are born with their skin color and they should be given the same rights as any American.
From the Paper
"Before determining whether gays should have rights it is important to look at the definition of homosexuals. The definition of homosexuals will show that it is defined as a sexual orientation with romantic love and sexual desire of the same sex or gender. When a person falls in love with another person, a decision must be made to love the person. Homosexuality is a decision. The gay person decides to fall in love with another person of his or her same gender. This is the same as if a person decides to never date a person or if a person decides to fall in love with another person of a difference sex. Since it is a decision, people should not receive certain rights because they make a decision. Many homosexuals and minorities are rejected jobs and other freedoms so many people believe they should have rights as guaranteed by the Bill of Rights. However, it is important to remember that homosexuals decide whether they want to have a love life with a member of the same sex."
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The Falun Gong of China, 2007.
This paper discusses the puzzle of the complex role of the Falun Gong religious movement in contemporary China.
3,595 words (approx. 14.4 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 100.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the rise of Falun Gong, its history, fundamental principles and practices and its situation with respect to older Chinese religious traditions, such as Taoism and Buddhism. The author points out that the Falun Gong, which is little over a decade old, was founded in 1992 by Li Hongzhi, a minor provincial bureaucrat who began practicing a variation of traditional Chinese qigong exercises in the 1980s and rapidly rose to prominence. The paper concludes that, although it appears clear that religious violence in the form of martyrdom is a component of the Falun Gong movement's protests against the Chinese government, the nature of the Falun Gong's political threat is more ambiguous.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
The Rise of Falun Gong
Spirituality and Religious Synthesis in Falun Gong
Religious Violence and Nonviolence: The Problem of Falun Gong
Conclusion
From the Paper
"By 1996 Li's books, spreading these ideas about the powers that Falun Gong offered its adherents, were selling millions of copies in China. This year also marked the beginning of the Chinese state crackdown on Falun Gong - and all qigong movements - with the banning of Li's works and tight controls on public displays of qigong. In 1998 Li emigrated to the United States in order to practise his system more freely. A year later, President Jiang Zemin outlaws Falun Gong and orders it "smashed" in China."
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William Paley, 2007.
A review of William Paley's arguments of the divine design of the Universe.
867 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 30.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at William Paley's conception that the design and purpose of the universe is such that it is impossible for anything other than an omniscient designer to be responsible for its formulation. Specifically, the paper argues that Paley's theory about a divine creator falters for the reason that the teleological arguments upon which it is based depends upon a number of assumptions that are both un-provable and arbitrary.
From the Paper
"In closing, it seems clear that Paley's argument is fraught with difficulty. Not least of all, he rests it upon a number of complacent, subjective and anthropomorphic assumptions that are ultimately un-provable and therefore unsatisfactory as defenses for intelligent design. Not to be overlooked, Cline argues that Paley simply "takes it for granted" that human beings can actually divine that there is a purpose to the universe; such a view is problematic inasmuch as we really have no way of knowing what purposes were in the "mind" of the "creator" who brought the universe into being (assuming such a thing happened) whereas we are all aware that watch-makers who put watches together are clearly guided by the design purpose of building a watch. In the final analysis, Mr. Paley's work is a noble effort, but it cannot be supported after a careful review."
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Women's Literature, 2007.
This paper discusses the most important social and political issues that confronted twentieth century female writers.
918 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 32.95
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Abstract
The paper looks at the works of Eavan Boland, Sharon Olds, Stevie Smith and Margaret Atwood. The paper examines the imperatives of Christianity, the notion of women as physical adornments and the concept that women since the time of Eve have been blamed for many things and compelled to accept a man as their lord and master on earth. The paper considers that the social upheavals of the twentieth century had their origins in the rejection of Christian patriarchy and suggests that the writers mentioned above played a key role in that revolution.
From the Paper
"Eavan Boland's work seems preoccupied with Christianity, as well as with the burdens women must bear in a society in which they are identified by their bodies. Christianity is still the predominant religion in America, as it was throughout the twentieth century. In "Anorexic," Boland comments about a woman grappling with an eating disorder. Not only does it touch upon the suffering and privation of anorexia, it also uses Christian imagery to convey the sort of self-sacrifice involved. Boland writes "Flesh is Heretic / My Body is a Witch/I am burning it . . . . I will grow / Angular and Holy" (lines 1-3, 34-36)."
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Catholic Belief, 2007.
This paper discuses, based on Catholic belief, the ways Jesus expresses God.
1,775 words (approx. 7.1 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 57.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Catholic belief states that Jesus did not divide himself into three different parts--the Father, Jesus, and the Holy Spirit--but rather Jesus continually reflected the wishes of his Father. The author points out that beginning with the first miracle Jesus performed until his last miracle on earth, the purpose of each miracle was to glorify God and to show that his authority came from God. The paper relates that Jesus agreed to come to earth as a baby, perform a ministry and to be crucified to express the glory of God, which continues today. The paper includes several quotations.
Table of Contents:
Miracles of Jesus and How They Expressed God
Jesus' Love Reflects God
Jesus Reflects God by His Ministry
From the Paper
"Jesus expresses his love for mankind by becoming a human. "At the same time the Church has always acknowledged that in the body of Jesus 'we see our God made visible and so are caught up in the love of the God we cannot see." The church recognizes the love Jesus had for mankind because the human form of Jesus was created as a gift of love to mankind. The human form of Jesus showed the individual characteristics God has toward people including his great love. Jesus as a human expresses the divine nature of God."
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Religion in Japanese Culture, 2007.
This paper discuses two major religions in Japanese culture---Shinto and Buddhism.
825 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 29.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that religion in Japan is an amalgamation of various historical influences that has evolved over the last approximate 2000 years. The paper states that the major religions are Shinto, Daoism, Buddhism and more recently Christianity. The author points out that the historical relationship between Japan's imperial symbol and the Shinto faith is causing an ongoing international disturbance in contemporary foreign relations between Japan and its war-time victims. The paper relates that Buddhism, which has been predominant in Japan's culture because of its very early association with Confucianism, was never complicated by any connection with the divinity of the Emperor; thus, for Japan's neighbors, Buddhism is largely viewed as a common cultural thread.
Table of Contents:
Overview
Shinto
Buddhism
From the Paper
"Japan's Prime Minister, Junichiro Koizumi, has taken it upon himself to visit the Yasukuni Shinto Shrine in Japan on several occasions. Ostensibly, Koizumi's visits to the Yasukuni Shrine are to pay respects to Japan's war dead, which is a fairly innocuous act in itself but because of the religious, national, and historical combination of Shinto and the Japanese state, this act is viewed as disrespectful by Japan's war-time victims. Although Shinto had been associated with the state and the imperial throne since the 4th century A.D., in 1868 Shinto was made the official religion during the Meiji Restoration and in 1869 the Yasukuni Shrine was erected."
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