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Job Satisfaction Survey, 2004.
Analyzes a job satisfaction survey to illustrate the sampling theory in research.
1,309 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that research requirements are statements of and a rational for the use of specifically chosen variables (independent and dependent), measurement or data assessment tools, statistical data analysis techniques, and potential error sources. The paper examines one source of possible error, namely that associated with sampling. The sampling theory is discussed, and the garnered information is applied to a specific study using a job satisfaction survey.
From the Paper
"Research studies, whether they are clinical trial based, experimental, case study designed, or descriptive, must exhibit and command interest, enthusiasm, and passionate commitment. The research investigator must catch the essential quality of the excitement of discovery that comes from research well done if expected results are to be gained. To this end the researcher is bound by a very stringent protocol for the development of all research endeavors. Not only must the investigator clearly define the research problem but must also plainly state a research question, followed by a testable research null hypothesis. Contained within the format of the research purpose, question, and hypothesis are various inherent constraints that will alert the reader as to the investigator's knowledge of, and adherence to, those tenets that make for sound, credible, and purposeful research (Ohlson, 1998)."
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Pay for Performance.
This paper is a research proposal to study the feasibility of implementing pay-for-performance in K-12 public school systems.
3,430 words (approx. 13.7 pages), 14 sources, MLA, $ 97.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that pay-for-performance, also known as "merit pay", refers to a compensation system, which provides additional employee rewards above and beyond base pay for superior job performance. The author points out that the pay-for-performance is an application of expectancy theory wherein employee motivation is considered to be extrinsic and follows B. F. Skinner's operant conditioning model; nonetheless, there is criticism of this program, which includes the difficulty of measuring the output upon which to base the merit pay. The paper relates that the methodology of the study will be a critical review of the peer-reviewed and scholarly literature and a three-part survey to collect responses from 100 K-12 public school educators to evaluate the feasibility of this system.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Problem Statement
Purpose of Study
Importance of Study
Scope of Study
Rationale of the Study
Definition of Terms
Overview of the Study
Review of Related Literature
Background and Overview
Historical Trends in Pay and Incentive Plans for K-12 Public School Teachers
Constraints to Pay-for-Performance in K-12 Public Schools
Methodology
Approach
Data-Gathering Method
Database of the Study
Validity of the Data
Originality and Limitations of Data
Summary
From the Paper
"In both the public and private sectors, pay-for-performance arrangements have emerged in recent years as a strategy for responding to increasing demands for improved productivity and management accountability. In the private sector, Hildreth et al. note that 92 percent of the manufacturing companies in the United States have such plans for their managers; and in a Canadian survey, 91 percent of the respondents answered affirmatively when asked: "Do you link pay or increases to performance?" These findings indicate that the North American private sector widely regards "Pay for Performance", as a viable strategy for improving worker performance today. In the public sector, the attractiveness of "Pay for Performance", involves similar concerns about accountability and productivity, but the political symbolism of public sector incentive plans makes such approaches particularly attractive to policymakers at every level."
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PALS and Research Methodology, 2005.
An examination of different forms of research methodology as it refers to PALS (Phonological Awareness and Literacy Screening).
5,841 words (approx. 23.4 pages), 18 sources, MLA, $ 139.95
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Abstract
This study attempts to discern whether a qualitative or quantitative approach to research methodology is appropriate for examining PALS. PALS measures young children's knowledge of important literacy fundamentals, including phonological awareness, alphabet knowledge, knowledge of letter sounds, spelling concept of word, word recognition in isolation, and oral passage reading.
Outline
Literature Review: Introduction to Research Methodology
History of Qualitative-Quantitative Research
Qualitative vs. Quantitative Research
Education and Literacy
Quantitative Methods
Research in Education
Analysis
Conclusions
From the Paper
"In fact, there are many that might argue that a quantitative approach is preferable to a qualitative approach in all situations regardless of the phenomena being studied (Myburgh, Poggenpoel & Van Der Linde, 2001) because it lends itself to less 'subjective analysis.' However further exploration into the matter suggests that qualitative analysis is not subjective in nature and may in fact be the preferred method for research analysis into complex behavioral issues, particularly when the researcher is attempting to determine patterns in behavior and conduct (Myburgh, et. al, 2001).
That there is a great deal of 'opinion' surrounding the issue of both qualitative and quantitative research methodology cannot be argued. Thus research will be examined from both perspectives, qualitative and quantitative, in order to ascertain which methodology is best suited to provide detailed analysis of the PALS program, and in order to determine which methodology should be adopted by the researcher to provide adequate insight into the given phenomena that the researcher is attempting to explore. No conclusions will be made with regard to the legitimacy of either research approach until the final portion of this analysis, where a determination will be made as to whether a qualitative or quantitative approach is more appropriate in this particularly setting."
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Stem Cell Research, 2004.
This paper discusses an article about stem cell research entitled, "The Stem Cell Challenge," by Nadia Rosenthal and Robert Lanza, June 2004.
1,700 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 55.95
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Abstract
This paper not only evaluates and critiques the article, "The Stem Cell Challenge" by Nadia Rosenthal and Robert Lanza about stem cell research, but also evaluates whether the article's format was research-correct, data-supportive, and topically appropriate and sustainable. The author points out that, once the research goal is identified, the investigator must abandon all forms of bias and look at the research situation as a controlled, rational process of reflective inquiry. The paper relates that this article presents the reader with an excellent opportunity to understand clearly the benefits of stem cell research with respect to diseases that currently lack a cure, namely, Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, diabetes, spinal cord injuries, and cancer.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Investigative Research Requirements
Article Overview Evaluation and Problem Statement
Research Data Reporting
Study Limitations
From the Paper
"In the article, Rosenthal and Lanza go on to explain to the reader that in the stem cell process, stem cells are generally extracted from surplus frozen embryos that are left over from in-vitro fertilization procedures. Once extracted the cells can be grown in a laboratory and subjected to medical application. In addition to the frozen embryo procedure, stem cells also can be extracted from adult tissue without any harm being inflicted upon the patient."
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Preventive Hearing Loss, 2004.
This paper is a research proposal to study preventive hearing loss programs in the U.S. Army.
6,210 words (approx. 24.8 pages), 11 sources, APA, $ 145.95
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Abstract
This paper explains the multiple problems of preventing hearing loss in the army: (1) while the command structure demands the use of hearing protective equipment, the exigencies of military maneuvers might make it difficult for soldiers to comply readily and still carry out their major missions; (2) the loss of army audiologists; and (3) military equipment is even noisier, so that the need for protection is greater than ever before. The author states that, in order to determine what strategies the U.S. Army can take to improve HPD use and concomitantly decrease hearing loss, current instructions and sanctions regarding that issue need to be determined. The paper relates that the research methodology will examine, in one command only, the protocols for issuing HPDs and for ensuring their use, the sanctions imposed for noncompliance, and their auditory history as compared to the Army in general.
Table of Contents
Introduction and Statement of the Problem
Cost of Hearing Loss
Literature Review and Research Questions
Behavioral Issues
Technical Investigations
Methodology
Appendix A: New Generation Earcups and ANR
Appendix B: Tables of Hearing-Related Issues, U.S. Armed Forces
From the Paper
"If it were not true that the armed forces experiences many departures from perfect adherence to use of protective equipment, then the vast numbers of military audiologists deployed to increase the armed forces? capability for monitoring audiometry would not have been needed. For a long time, ?the Army had more than three times as many military audiologists than the Navy and twice as many as the Air Force. In addition, the Army has had a mainframe database of audiometric records for the last 16 years?.?. However, Ohlin noted that there had been a loss of more than 50 Army military audiologists in the decade before he wrote his report, effectively removing ?the message bearer for hearing conservation and the functional linchpin that in large programs is required to coordinate the implementation of all hearing conservation program elements.? "
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Excessive Force, 2004.
This paper is a research proposal to examine the outcome of excessive psychological and physical force on victims and the public.
975 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 23 sources, APA, $ 34.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that a preliminary literature review suggests excessive use of force by police agencies is very much an issue in modern society. The author outlines the proposed research questions: (1) To what extent is excessive force problematic within policing agencies? (2) What impact does excessive violence have on victims/families (short and long term) and on the public?s opinion of police agencies and attitudes/responses to police efforts? (3) What can police agencies do to minimize use of excessive force within their organizations? The paper proposes an exploratory study that uses surveys to examine public opinion of the police force and a literature review from which the researcher will draw comparative conclusions with the information reaped from the survey results.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Purpose of the Study
Study Objectives/Methodology
Preliminary Literature Review
Conclusion
Proposed References
From the Paper
"A Gallup poll conducted in March of 1991 suggested that 20 percent of citizens knew someone who had been ?mistreated? or abused by police? and estimates of excessive force from observational studies ?range from 1.05 to 5.1% of citizen contacts?. Other studies suggest that excessive force may be used more frequently. The aim of this study will be in part to examine to what extent use of excessive force is problematic. Some studies suggest that police are out of control and use excessive force in unnecessary situations. There is a large body of research to support this opinion. The survey conducted will in part measure public opinion regarding this issue."
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Poverty and Education, 2004.
This paper is an introduction to a research plan to study the effects of poverty on educational outcomes.
6,490 words (approx. 26.0 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 149.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, even though a disproportionate number of non-Caucasian individuals live in poverty, many Caucasian families face this problem as well; this poverty effects children and adults at all levels of education. The author points out that the main focus for this study is the fact that there are definite correlations between poverty and low educational expectations or outcome; therefore, the central research statement is that children who attend school on a regular basis and do not fall into the 'poverty' category have better educational outcomes than those who live in poverty. The paper outlines that the research, will analyze quantitative data from the ?Reading First? results, a test printed by the State Department, using two years of this information.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Background
Statement of the Problem
Purpose of the Study
Importance of the Study
Scope of the Study
Definition of Terms
Limitations of the Study
Rationale for the Study
Overview of the Study
From the Paper
"Those that find themselves in poverty deal not only with issues such as a lack of money, but they often also find that they have a great lack of time because they must work so hard simply to provide food, clothing, and shelter for their families. These individuals often are not able to pursue an education, and their children may have many of the same problems. These children do not have parents that can afford to send them to college but their ability to get grants and loans may be reduced by the amount of money that their parents do make. They are stuck somewhere between having too much and not having enough, and they have fallen through the cracks in a system that is, theoretically, designed to help them and to ensure that all people in this country can get a higher education."
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Hypertensive Patients, 2005.
A research proposal dealing with the importance of implementing lifestyle changes to help pharmacotherapy achieve its goal in hypertensive patients.
3,655 words (approx. 14.6 pages), 15 sources, MLA, $ 101.95
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Abstract
This proposal investigates whether the concurrent implementation of lifestyle modification techniques, such as weight loss, sodium reduction, increased physical activity, and limited alcohol intake can improve pharmacotherapy in the treatment of hypertension.
I. Abstract
II. Introduction
III. Literature Review
IV. Problem Statement and Significance
V. Goal and Objectives
VI. Methods and Procedures
VII. Evaluation
VIII. Ethical Considerations
IX. References
X. Budget and Justifications
XI. Appendices
From the Paper
"When treating and evaluating the disease of hypertension, it is important that the full scope and consequences of the disease be understood as well as the underlying diseases which may be responsible for hypertension. Although fewer than five percent of patients have secondary hypertension (hypertension attributed to an underlying disease) rather than primary hypertension, clinicians must be alert to these secondary causes once a patient has been identified with hypertension. Some of the secondary causes of hypertension include renovascular disease, thyroid disease, pheochromocytoma, Cushing?s syndrome, hyperaldosteronism, hyperparathyroidism, renal parenchymal disease or sleep apnea. When the secondary causes for hypertension have been ruled out, the clinician must then make the decision as to which patients require drug therapy after diagnosis. It is noted that for patients who do not have additional cardiovascular risk factors, the patient may initially be prescribed a regimen of aggressive lifestyle modification to include weight loss, aerobic exercise, sodium restriction and alcohol limitation. This aggressive lifestyle modification may be continued for up to six months if the risk factors warrant such intervention and if the patient is one who is highly motivated to alter his or her lifestyle. For those patients in whom end organ damage has already occurred (as identified by abnormal renal function testing, abnormal EKG, etc.) patients with diabetes, or stage 2 or 3 hypertension (appendix A) drug therapy is generally the preferred initial treatment. For all other patients, the stratification of risk factors should determine the therapy to be initiated. The major risk factors for cardiovascular risk stratification are smoking, dyslipidemia, diabetes, age greater than 60 years, sex (men and postmenopausal women) and any family history of cardiovascular disease of women younger than 65 and men younger than 65. The target end organ damage associated with clinical cardiovascular disease includes left ventricular hypertrophy, angina, or prior myocardial infarction, prior coronary revascularization, heart failure, stroke or transient ischemic attack, nephropathy, peripheral arterial disease or retinopathy. (Appendix B)."
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Gang Involvement, 2005.
Presents a literature review on gang involvement and a research design to show that gang activities can result from a long list of reasons.
4,700 words (approx. 18.8 pages), 11 sources, APA, $ 121.95
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Abstract
Gang involvement among teenagers is a well-researched topic of interest. Themes such as age of participation, reasons for gang involvement, demographics for gang relations, initiation rights, and family relations among gang members have all been studied and examined in current literature. The first section of this paper presents an overall view of that literature and discusses those studies and their findings. The second section of the paper presents a research plan with the hypothesis that gang activities are complex in nature and can result from many different influences. The study examines the relationship between gang activities and the independent variables and summarizes the methods and procedures used in this study. The paper includes tables.
From the Paper
"Arthur and Erickson (1992) found similar results when they identified four factors that are associated with gang involvement in schools. When youths experience a sense of isolation, they tend to seek others that can relate to them. Additionally, gang members tend to target these youths for membership. The isolated youths feel a need to gain control over their areas, especially in high population school systems, where there is more competition and less likelihood to stand out in sports or other school sponsored activities. In lower income areas, the lack of social structure within the school systems lends to the alienation of youths, and increases even further the likelihood of gang involvement (Arthur and Erickson, 1992)."
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Research Designs, 2004.
An overview of different methodologies for studying anxiety in a hospital radiology department.
1,344 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
There are many different ways to study human emotional patterns in specific situations. Generally, there are five methods of research, including experimental, correlation, naturalistic observation, surveys, and case studies. Within each group, there are also subsets designed to further expand study options. This paper discusses the various methods of research, compares and contrasts those methods, and determines which method would be most suitable for studying anxiety of patients attending the radiology department of a hospital.
From the Paper
"Experimental designs work well in cases where the independent variable can be manipulated in such a way as to limit any other possible variables that could affect the independent variable (Levine, 2001). In the case of anxiety research outside of a laboratory setting, this would not be practical. Anxiety can be caused by any number of variables, and a subject attending a radiology department in a hospital may show signs of anxiety simply from attending the appointment. Additionally, there is no control of outside variables in this setting, and no clear way to measure a dependant variable."
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Positron Emission Tomography (PET), 2004.
This paper is a research proposal to determine the current and potential clinical applications for positron emission tomography and to develop a ?best practices? approach to developing a partnership between cognitive scientists and neuroscientists.
3,065 words (approx. 12.3 pages), 21 sources, APA, $ 89.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Positron Emission Tomography (PET), an
imaging technique, allows clinicians to localize safely and monitor accurately the activity of areas in the normal human brain during specific mental tasks. The author points out that the traditional methods of research, such as experiments in memorizing and observation of individuals who had suffered localized brain damage, have been facilitated by innovative methodologies, such as positron emission tomography, that connect human behavior to specific brain structures and functions. The paper relates that the research methodology will be a critical review of the scholarly and relevant literature, followed by a qualitative and quantitative analysis of how partnership between cognitive scientists and neuroscientists can be created and improved based on the technique?s demonstrated efficacy in various clinical settings. Color illustrations.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Purpose of Study
Importance of Study
Review of Related Literature
Background and Overview
How Positron Emission Tomography Works.
Figure 1. Typical Positron Emission Tomography Device, Clinician and Patient
Radionuclides Used in PET
Figure 2. PET Scan of Damaged Human Brain
Methodology
Data-gathering Method and Database of Study
From the Paper
"PET provides clinicians with a functional brain-imaging technique to identify brain regions activated in motor, sensory, cognitive, and emotional processes. ?PET is based on a simple principle: a radioactive isotope that emits [[Beta].sup.+] particles (i.e., positrons, with a mass equal to an electron but with a positive electrical charge) is artificially integrated into a biological molecule and then injected intravenously.? In the various PET applications, a chemical compound that is ?labeled? with a short-lived, positron-emitting radionuclide (either carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, or fluorine) is injected into the body. The activity of such a radiopharmaceutical is then measured quantitatively throughout the target organs through the use of photomultiplier-scintillator detectors."
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Placebo-Controlled Studies, 2004.
A discussion on the ethics of placebo-controlled studies.
3,761 words (approx. 15.0 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 103.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how placebo studies of drugs and surgical procedures have become standardized to the point that few people think to question the ethical basis of such studies. It argues in favor of the potential and actual damage that can be caused by placebo studies and provides numerous examples that support this position, including studies that have utilized placebos to harmful effects, as well as studies that have specifically researched the efficacy, ethical as well as practical, of placebo studies. It also examines the common themes and assertions among these examples.
From the Paper
"Third, there are concerns about the ability of all subjects to fully understand the terms of the study. For example, people who have intelligence levels that are less than adequate to understand the logical implications of a double-blind study can be put at risk. So can people who speak languages other than the one(s) spoken by the researchers. Although translators can be utilized, the old adage that ?something gets lost in the translation? was never more applicable than to such situations. Furthermore, there have been numerous historical examples of times when particularly vulnerable populations were recruited for placebo studies either against their true, voluntary consent (i.e. because they were incarcerated or institutionalized) or without their true voluntary consent (i.e. they had no idea what was happening)."
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