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Second Language Learning, 1994.
Sociocultural & linguistic influences of SLL & effects on teaching & teacher's role, emphasizing communicative over grammatical approach. Research, feedback, models and techniques.
3,600 words (approx. 14.4 pages), 21 sources, $ 127.95
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From the Paper
" Introduction
Snow (1993) has noted that most of the people in the world are at least somewhat bilingual; many others are multilingual. In other words, most people have learned at least one language in addition to their native language. Lambert (1990) has introduced an important distinction in bilingualism, one that has implications for the field of second language learning.
Specifically, Lambert (1990) states that there are two kinds of bilingualism. The first is additive bilingualism in which an individual acquires proficiency in a second language with no loss in his or her first language; in other words, both languages are associated with prestige and respect much as are people in Quebec, Canada who speak both English and French.
The second kind of bilingualism is subtractive bilingualism.."
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Chomsky-Halle Phonological Feature System, 1994.
Describes & analyzes method of linguistic classification (meaning, sound, phonetics, grammar) as compared to traditional approaches.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 6 sources, $ 55.95
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From the Paper
"NOTES ON THE CHOMSKY-HALLE PHONOLOGICAL FEATURE SYSTEM
Traditional categories and approaches
There are various ways in which languages have been transcribed. For example, one may symbolize one aspect of a contrast (e.g. length) or some other quality. One may show only underlying phonemes, or only some allophonic differences. Traditionally, a broad transcription designates one that uses a simple set of symbols, whereas a narrow transcription exhibits more phonetic detail. Diacritics increase precision, such as for indicating voicelessness, or a dental rather than alveolar sound.
Conventionally, transcription has two aspects, viz. the text itself and its interpretation. One set of conventions ascribes general phonetic values to symbols. Ladefoged (1993) thus regards symbols as approximate specifications of the.."
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Code-Switching in English across Cultures, 1993.
Looking at language integration & assimilation, diglossia, intersentential shifting, bilingualism and English as second language.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 42 sources, $ 47.95
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From the Paper
" CODE ALTERNATION IN ENGLISH ACROSS CULTURES
As in most new fields of research, labels can be disconcerting and confusing, because they change as new theories see the light, even when such theories are neither new nor bearers of significant modifications. So it is with code alternation, variations of which can be found in code switching, code mixing, code-shifting, code-choice, code-swaying, situational switching, and language switching--all subjects to refinements such as intersentential, intrasentential, diatopic, and diastratal code-switching. "According to estimations, about half of the earth's population speaks at least two languages... The alternating use of more than one language is one of the most striking features of many interactions in bilingual communities" (Auer, 1984:1). Most code-switching research has thus been.."
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Mandarin Chinese Language, 1993.
A look at the background, sounds, dialects, social/cultural aspects, regions of use, polite form and structure.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 7 sources, $ 79.95
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From the Paper
"Mandarin Chinese Language
I. Historical background
Chinese is usually regarded as one of the oldest languages in the world. The Chinese literary idiom, which is widely used for all purposes though in modern pronunciation, is largely based on the language of the ancient classics. Another reason for Chinese language reputation for antiquity is the relative social and cultural homogeneity and stability in China during more millenniums that has been the case with most other peoples of the world. There was no large-scale borrowing of words such as followed the Norman invasion of Britain (Chao, 1967, p. 3).
The Chinese language seems old because, instead of spreading by subdivision into various national languages, which would then seem new, as do the Romance languages descended from Latin, it..."
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Second Language Acquisition: Noam Chomsky, 1993.
Discusses Chomsky's theory of language acquisition, in which there exists some sort of "language organ" that makes language possible for humans & impossible for animals.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 9 sources, $ 23.95
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From the Paper
"Nativist Theories of Second Language Acquisition: Noam Chomsky
Introduction
According to Larsen-Freeman and Long (1991), nativist theories posit the existence of a specific, innate biological capacity or organ that makes learning possible. Some of those nativist theories are specific to language acquisition, with Noam Chomsky perhaps the earliest and foremost exponent of the theory that language acquisition follows a universal pattern based on an innate language organ, or system of hard-wiring within the brain.
Noam Chomsky and Universal Grammar
Chomsky became most visible in his struggles with the researchers who were working with chimpanzees and gorillas to ..."
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English, 1992.
A look at the internal and external changes in the history of the language from the Indo-European period to the 20th century.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 7 sources, $ 63.95
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From the Paper
"The purpose of this research is to examine internal and external changes in the history of the English language from the Indo-European period to the modern period. The plan of the research will be to set forth the context in which language as such appeared, and then to elaborate, with reference to geographic, schematic, and vocabularic elements of discussion, the emergence of principal and subsidiary shifts in English expression that illustrate a pattern of development and maturation.
To discuss the evolution of the English language is in many ways to discuss the evolution of English-speaking civilization as expressed by and through the language. Advanced in the early years of the twentieth century, Wells's view is that language as an abstraction in semiotical form of human experience dates back..."
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American Sign Language, 1989.
Compares components & acquisition of ASL & verbal English. Discusses grammar, ideas, timetables, symbols, naming, vocabulary and holophrasic words.
2,025 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 3 sources, $ 71.95
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From the Paper
"The acquisition of language in a child is a wondrous and complex act, not fully understood by professionals in the field of linguistics. To understand how humans acquire language would be to understand the very inner nature of man, what separates him or her from other animals, the physical and social evolutionary process among humans, and the precise structure of the thought processes that are learned and inherent, similar and unique, in every human being."
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The Concept Of Race, 1973.
This paper discusses the history of the word "race" according to anthropologists & linguists.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 5 sources, $ 55.95
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From the Paper
"The history of the word "race" had much of an effect on the concept of race, according to anthropologists and linguists. This is true although as much confusion has existed about the concept as the actual knowledge about it. For example, one reputable atlas still in circulation has Finland colored yellow for Mongoloid simply because the Finns share a linguistic stock with Asiatic people who are either partly or wholly Mongoloid; the Finns are definitely not Mongoloid themselves. Even Sir Winston Churchill once called the British a race and too often the Jews have also been called a race when they are actually are a religion. However, linguistic affinity, common residence on an island and the possession of a common religion tend to facilitate the flow of genetic material between groups of people but not necessarily to a race-forming degree. Thus, Finns, Britons, and ... "
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Non-Verbal Language Acquisition, 2002.
This paper discusses non-verbal language acquisition by examining various articles on the topic.
3,220 words (approx. 12.9 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 92.95
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Abstract
This paper is composed of annotated bibliographies and a literature review of ten different research articles dealing with the acquisition of nonverbal, gestural, or sign languages. It addresses non-verbal language as a first language and a second language, as well as non-verbal language and symbolic communication systems in non-human primates and prehuman ancestors.
From the Paper
"Sharon Begley's main point in this article is that "the human brain is wired for gestural communication" just as it is for spoken language, from a nativist perspective. She draws on examples from apes who have learned signed languages, deaf-mute children who have invented their own languages in the absence of an established sign language, and the fact that blind people gesture at the same rate as sighted people. She cites studies of wild bonobos who use symbolic gesture to communicate with each other, and deaf children who created a signed language with more complex grammatical structures than the spoken language in their environment."
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Linguistics and the History of the English Language, 2002.
This paper explores the areas of linguistics and the history of the English language in terms of what an English teacher should know before teaching the subject.
4,392 words (approx. 17.6 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 115.95
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Abstract
This paper asks if future English teachers should study the history of English. The writer shows that teachers should have a knowledge of linguistics. Main points of the paper include: why English is complicated, why languages (especially English) change, grammar rules and problems, spelling history and problems, how dialects are developed and how they influence English in the classroom, semantic changes and more. The paper concludes that all these contribute to a better and more interesting English classroom.
From the Paper
"The English language has a rich history, spanning centuries and passed on by different tribes. A lot of other languages, especially French, has had some influence on the English language. The language has undergone many changes in its history, including the Great Vowel Shift, which changed the way English was spoken. Some people who know more than one language have said that English is the hardest language to learn. As of today, many educated professors and acclaimed administration members probably don?t know the real reasons behind some grammar rules and depend on technology to correct their fragment sentences. What makes English such a hard language to learn and use, even for its native speakers? Will the knowledge of the history behind the English language enable teachers to help students master English? I believe that knowledge leads to understanding; therefore teachers with a strong background in the history of English will be better equipped to teach this difficult subject."
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The Use of 'Wander' in "Paradise Lost", 2002.
Tracing the use of language through Milton's "Paradise Lost", the paper examines the meaning of the first lines of the poem.
2,138 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 66.95
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Abstract
In this paper, the author looks at the language in Milton's "Paradise Lost". Milton was blind as he composed the text, therefore had a limited (even for him) vocabulary to work with. The paper shows how certain words are found throughout the text which help illuminate the themes. Milton theme of "Man's First Disobedience..." is specifically examined in this essay, using the word 'wander' and its different tenses.
From the Paper
"In the Epic Poem Paradise Lost, John Milton writes his way from the fall of Satan, through Man?s own fall, while also providing a glimpse of history to contemporary times. The text begins with the lines: ?Of man?s first disobedience, and the fruit/ Of that forbidden tree.? (1. 1-2) Milton uses the rest of the text to elucidate these lines, and an examination of specific words aids us in understanding his meaning. Milton?s uses of wander (also wandered and wandering) in specific contexts help him construct the various meanings and themes of the poem. According to John Bradshaw?s Concordance, wander and its various forms are used thirty-three times. Each time the word appears it is involved with the themes of man?s disobedience and the resulting ?fruit?, and through analyzing select passages this essay examines Paradise Lost as a whole. Through the use of wander, we find man?s disobedience defined as going astray from God, and that the ?fruit? of this disobedience and resulting fall is journeys of conquest (physical and intellectual), sin and corruption in Man?s history, and also a positive ?fruit? in Man?s possibility of redemption."
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Psycholinguistics, 2002.
This paper studies the psychological aspects of language acquisition.
1,510 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 49.95
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Abstract
The paper explores the mental aspects of language acquisition, storage, production and comprehension. It begins with a definition of ?psycholinguistics? and a clarification of terms. The paper then outlines the history of this field of study, looking at some of the personalities that influenced its development. Chomsky?s language acquisition theory is explained, other divergent theories are mentioned, and commonalities between the theories are discussed. The paper lists and explains the four main aspects of language acquisition and discusses the ?critical period? in childhood for learning a language. The paper concludes by discussing the psycholinguistics? relationship to reading and to writing.
From the Paper
"Psycholinguistics gives a comprehensive and viable understanding of human language development. The most famous psycholinguist theorist, Noam Chomsky, has argued convincingly that human children develop language abilities according to a predetermined universal deep structure or grammar. The psycholinguistic approach provides invaluable tools for teaching children to read, write, and speak."
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