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"Paper, Rock, Scissors", 2006.
An analysis of the article "Paper, Rock, Scissors" by J. Kim.
1,120 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 1 source, APA, $ 38.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the 2006 journal article by J.Kim titled "Paper, Rock, Scissors". According to the paper, Kim's article explains current reactions of South Korea and Japan concerning the ongoing diplomatic dispute over an islet. The paper further discusses how each government holds its own position that conflicts with the other. Kim goes on to use the children's game of paper, rock, scissors to explain this situation. The paper breaks up the article and analyzes it accordingly.
Outline:
Analysis
Title & Sub-title
Readership
The Purpose
Introduction & Conclusion
Structure
Attitude & Position
Ethical Writing
From the Paper
"Logical flows: Throughout the article, the readers can easily follow its logical flow. First, the author points out the important issue he will talk about in the article by using a comparison with the game mentioned. It is followed by other terms that are parallel to the game; "rock" hand as "hard power" and "scissors" hand as "soft power." He assumes that the most appropriate solution for South Korea is the combination of these two powers. To apply all these terms to the current situation, the author goes over the reactions of both parties. In addition, taking his own position in the article, he argues that there are some reasons behind the "soft" reaction of Japan, and follows with details of what Japan can get out of its action and what South Korea should be ready for."
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Freud and Kristeva, 2006.
This paper compares the communication theories of Sigmund Freud and Julia Kristeva.
2,030 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 10 sources, APA, $ 64.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Julia Kristeva, known for her work in the field of semiotics, focuses on female communication; whereas, Sigmund Freud's communication theory has little to do with communication in terms of language and more to do with actions and reactions. The author points out that Kristeva's communication theories are based on primary process or semiotic chora, which in Freudian terms would be the pre-Oedipal incoherence that must be harnessed to ensure social cohesion. The paper relates that Kristeva's work appears to be an extension of Freud's theories, especially his psychoanalytic theory, which she calls 'semanalysis'. The paper further explains that Kristeva divides communication into the semiotic, which is similar to the Freudian term primary process, and the symbolic, which is similar to the Freudian term secondary process.
From the Paper
"The reason why dreams are illogical and out of sequence is because the main regions of the brain are deactivated during the dream sequences. Freud believed that dreams were symbolic and had to be decoded by the brain to reveal the workings of the mind. However, researchers state that the brain is quiet during the dreaming period and it does not decode anything. Whatever is shown in the dream are what it is and not a symbolic representation. Anything shown in the dream is not a fulfillment of a wish as Freud stated."
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"English with an Accent", 2007.
A discussion on the effects of speaking English with an accent.
2,821 words (approx. 11.3 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 84.95
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Abstract
This paper is an extensive review of the ideas put forward in Lippi-Green's book, "English with an Accent". It begins with a short example of the extent of language discrimination. It continues to discuss why a stereotype of people who speak with an accent exists. It also explores the effects that communicating with "improper" English has on society. The paper explains that language is a flexible tool for denoting social status and social allegiances. The author concludes that language discrimination, although subconscious, should be brought to light and dealt with.
From the Paper
" In school clarity of thought is linked to written language, and there is little effort to separate written from spoken. The aim is to make children active members of literacy communities rather than language communities. The silencing of voices considered unworthy or unequal is done by statements (such as, "It is inappropriate for a law student to ask a question in Hawaii'ian Creole English") (Lippi-Green, 1997, p. 107). A child in the classroom may be criticized for using vernacular English instead of Standard. At home the same child may be criticized for using Standard at the dinner table instead of the family's home language. The task for students is to discern when it is appropriate to use one or the other. "
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Mandarin Speakers' Production of English Vowels, 2007.
An analysis of Mandarin speakers' production and perception of English vowels and their mastery of the English language.
1,526 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
This study examines how production and perception of English vowels are affected by one's native language, specifically among Mandarin speakers. The paper examines the specific relationship between Mandarin speakers' production and perception of English vowels and their mastery of the English language, including their comprehension of intonation and pitch. The author hypothesizes that Mandarin speakers' would experience more difficulty mastering English vowels if their exposure to the English language encompassed one year or less.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
Discussion
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Previous studies suggest that multiple factors affect speakers' ability to produce sounds and their perceptions of sound. Various studies including that conducted by Boroditsky (2001) suggest that how one speaks affects many aspects of their livelihood including how one views or perceives the world. Further studies suggest that when compared with native English speakers, Mandarin speakers tend to refer to different concepts in different ways, including describing time in different manners (Boroditsky, 2001). The results of this study are relevant as they suggest that language is a "powerful tool shaping thought" and that one's native language "plays an important role in shaping thoughts and thought processes" (Boroditsky, 20)."
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The Masoretes' Vowelization of God's Name, 2007.
A grammatical study into the vowelization of God's name in the Hebrew scriptures.
9,553 words (approx. 38.2 pages), 33 sources, MLA, $ 195.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the vowelization of God's name in the Bible. It begins by discussing punctuation in the Bible, particularly in the Hebrew scriptures. It then compares this use of grammar to other ancient languages. It discusses the evolution of the grammatical system, leading up to the system called 'Masoretic Hebrew' punctuation at the end of the twelfth century. The paper discusses in detail the different grammatical forms of God's name, particularly the Masoretes' vowelization of His name.
From the Paper
"When Jesus Christ was on the Earth, spending his Earthly life, he would always appeal to the very words of the Old Testament, and this was taken to be indicative of the fact that Jesus Christ himself approved of this version of the text, and that it had been exactly and accurately transmitted. This Old Testament was the version that was favored and used by the ancient Jews, and it was also considered to be an extremely trustworthy version of what had been originally written by Moses. The Old Testament books as they appear in the Hebrew Bible are actually divided into three distinct groups, and they are: the Law, the Prophets, and the Writings. It was the priests that were given the innate responsibility of preserving the texts, and this was because of the fact that these individuals were considered to be the divinely appointed guardians and the teachers of the Law. (Forever Settled: A Survey of the Documents and the History of the Bible)"
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Teaching the English Language in the US, 2007.
This paper discusses important factors in teaching English as a second language in the United States.
4,752 words (approx. 19.0 pages), 10 sources, APA, $ 122.95
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Abstract
This paper examines several factors that determine success in the English-as-a-second-language classroom. The author argues that English is the necessary skill by which immigrants integrate into American society. Additionally, the author cites the linguistic paradox that exists in American society-- on the one hand, it encourages and honors diversity while on the other hand it encourages foreigners to learn English to the exclusion of their mother tongue. The paper concludes by stating language learning must be focused on the individual's learning style and needs whenever possible.
Outline:
Introduction
Definitions and Theories of Culture and Learning
The Significance of Sociocultural Theory
Bibliography
From the Paper
"Since its inception, the United States have been a mix of many cultures. At the time of the first colonialists, the country was seen as a place of opportunity and prosperity for any who would make use of the vast resources offered. The immigration trend, despite all evidence to the effect that the opportunities offered are indeed not as vast as believed at first, continues to this day. This has created some difficulty in terms of culture and language, as immigrants attempted to integrate themselves into the United States and its workplace and schools while attempting to retain some of the culture that was their own since birth. In the L2 classroom then, it is vitally important to take into account matters of culture and the influence of this on learning."
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The Changing Language of English, 2007.
This paper discusses how the English language has developed into a uniquely expressive language.
1,211 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
The paper illustrates how, ever since its multiple origins in the mouths of many persons and on many national soils, the English language has been changing and evolving in a positive fashion. The paper contends that the changing nature of English vocabulary and grammar should be viewed in a positive fashion, rather than an incorrect use of the English language. The paper shows how the nature of human life is always changing and English must convey the increasingly complex nature of our technical world, as well as the rich ethnic and regional diversity of America today. The paper discusses how English unites business people all over the world although each country speaks a different type of English.
From the Paper
""Now, I do not know what white Americans would sound like if there had never been any black people in the United States, but they would not sound the way they sound," writes James Baldwin in his essay "If Black English isn't language, then tell me what is." (Baldwin, 1979) English is a language of multiple origins, an Indo-European language with Norman, French, Germanic, and Native American words and influences. It is spoken all over the world from the "damp little island" of England, where to "open your mouth in England means you "have confessed your parents, your youth, your school, your salary, your self-esteem, and, alas, your future," in Baldwin's words, to the streets of America where Blacks and other groups that supposedly do not speak standard English are really making a fundamental contribution to the creativity of an ever-changing language."
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Second Language Retention, 2007.
A literature overview of attrition and retention of second/foreign languages.
1,487 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 12 sources, APA, $ 49.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the attrition and retention of languages. In the paper, attrition refers to a gradual or marked loss of the understanding ,or the ability to converse and communicate, in a language. The paper examines language retention, which is the way that language is acquired and maintained. The paper further examines the way that this retention is affected by various linguistic, socio-linguistic and psychological factors.
From the Paper
"Another theory that is encountered in the literature on second language learning is the Frequency of Use theory. The theory refers to the view that things learn best are most often retained. A study by de Bot, Gommans, and Rossing (1991) of Dutch learners in a French environment found that language attrition was related to the amount of contact that the Dutch learners had with other people who spoke their language in the French environment. "They discovered that the length of time away from the Netherlands would not cause attrition for this generation of immigrants if they had many regular first language contacts."
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Vivian Cook's Second Language User Model, 2005.
This paper discusses the application of Vivian Cook's second language user model to the acquisition of pragmatic competence in the teaching of second languages.
880 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 31.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the theory of multi-competence, developed and advocated by Vivian Cook, states that a human mind is potentially capable of possessing the linguistic competence of more than one language; thus, multilingual speakers are the norm. The author points out that, in terms of language teaching, the model of multi-competence can be applied mainly for an acquisition of sufficient grammatical competence, which apart from general data provision can be achieved through the setting of parameters. The paper relates that, since the primary goal of language teaching is to create successful L2 speakers, the teaching of pragmatic competence in a language should include cultural and inter-cultural studies, cognitive training and general input in that language.
From the Paper
"Yet it is important to point out that the way these two grammars co-exist in the same mind also implies its mutual interference and interdependence: at a certain level of acquisition, the two grammars must form a single language system rather than two separated systems. Thus, multi-competent state of mind represents, in fact, not a mere combination of two monolingual systems but rather a single language system, which can be described as an indivisible linguistic unity. This statement can serve as an explanation for the fact that the vast majority of the second language (L2) learners even on the advanced level are not able to produce language in the same way the native speakers do, since the multilingual language users have several interrelated languages in mind: In short the state of mind of a multilingual language user is just different from that of a monolingual."
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Linguistics and the Criminal Justice System, 2006.
This paper examines the connection between linguistic terminology and its effects on international law enforcement.
1,597 words (approx. 6.4 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 52.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the effect of language on international law enforcement. In particular, the terms "martyr" and "murderer" are considered. The author contends that the brain is at least partly fooled by this terminology. The paper concludes that law enforcement is done a disservice by using these terms, the result being that murderers are cut at least some psychological slack. It is a matter of justice being linguistically turned upside down.
From the Paper
"Elias told the tale of Rodney King. No matter what deeds of misdeeds King had perpetrated, when his beating by California police officers was caught on tape, there was abundant proof of excessive force being used to subdue the man. And yet, because of the continuing tough stance of the government in its attack on crime, the beating was seen as a reasonable response by many people. In the aftermath of such incidents, Congress wrote ever tougher crime bills which, Elias contends, "provided no new strategies" but instead "merely intensified what had already been tried and shown to fail: building more prisons, curbing defendants' rights, stiffening penalties, and so on. Yet despite such draconian measures, crime rates continue to rise, and the fear of crime has reached staggering levels" (1994, p. 3+)."
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Polish Syntax, 2006.
This paper discusses the Polish language and provides an introduction to the syntax of Polish.
3,020 words (approx. 12.1 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 88.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer looks at the Polish language which like other Slavic languages, represents an inflecting, or fusion type of language, in which single grammatical morphemes combine several functions: case, gender, and number in noun forms; person and number in verb forms. The writer claims that the Polish grammatical system closely parallels that of Russian.
Contents:
Introduction
Syntax in Polish Literature
Consider the Following Polish Examples (Giejgo 1981)
The Study and Results
Works Cited
From the Paper
"Because Polish retains a rich inflectional system, morphology is the main device for expressing syntactic distinctions. Word order has grammatical functions only to a limited extent, and hence it can serve other purposes, namely, it performs pragmatic functions. Deviations from the standard (unmarked) SVO order serve the purposes of topicalization; and combined with focal stress, word order expresses special emphasis on certain elements, in a way independent from discourse structure. Furthermore, the rich inflectional system makes it possible to apply ellipsis to a much larger extent than in English. Passive participles are used in passive voice constructions. In spoken language, however, these have a limited range of use, as word order flexibility is sufficient for expressing focus, and a number of subjectless active constructions can be used for subject downgrading. Those occurring in spoken language typically involve perfective participles, used in order to refer to a resulting end state of some action, performed by an unspecified agent which is either unknown or evident or simply irrelevant. These cannot be called truncated passives, as full passives are practically never used. They are rather a subclass of attributive sentences making statements about objects."
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Globalization and the Extinction of Small Languages, 2006.
A discussion of the effects of globalization on the world's small language groups and their cultures.
750 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper examines globalization as the most important reason why small languages are dying out. Some believe that small languages fade into oblivion because local communities and educators do not stress the significance of keeping these indigenous languages alive. The author argues that youth is the vehicle through which languages can be kept alive and transferred to the next generation. The author argues, however, that most young adults are not really interested in preserving local languages or culture. Due to vast exposure, they have come under the spell of stronger languages and culture which is the primary reason we fail to notice the beauty and richness of local languages.
From the Paper
"The writer goes to explain why any language, strong or weak, big or small, minor or major is important. "It is not merely a writer's conceit to think that the human world is made of words and to remember that no two words in all the world's languages are alike. Of all the arts and sciences made by man, none equals a language, for only a language in its living entirety can describe a unique and irreplaceable world." (p. 43) He describes an experience where he realized that indigenous languages are far more colorful and expressive than the well-known widely spoken ones. Shorris comes to see why the existence of small languages is important and realizes that the extinction of these languages would be a huge loss to articulation and expression. "
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