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Policing Equity, 2008.
This paper argues that police departments especially in Toronto, Canada, have an abysmal track-record in terms of equity in the workplace.
2,095 words (approx. 8.4 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 65.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, although there were landmark appointments of women, visible minorities and homosexuals to positions of power within law-enforcement structures especially in the 1970s, today such appointments in Canada are relatively rare. The author points out that, when police forces fail to hire personnel that represent the community in terms of gender, race and sexuality, they also fail to serve properly the community. The paper stresses that equity will not exist until discriminated community members are allowed to gain power by rising through the ranks and attaining the experience needed to run a major police force.
From the Paper
"Toronto, meanwhile, while considered so progressive that some people playfully refer to it as the new Amsterdam, finds its force far behind on equity issues in terms of employment. While the city is reaching out to more diverse communities in terms of recruitment, it is clear that its power structure is bound and determined to continue in the old ways. In fact, the closest thing the force has had to a top cop from equity communities were former police board chairs Olivia Chow (who is of Chinese descent) and Pam MacConnell (an out-lesbian), both of whom were forced out of their positions after daring to be critical of police."
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Hate Crimes, 2007.
This paper discusses informed consent, deception and research into controversial subjects, focusing on hate crimes.
1,600 words (approx. 6.4 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 52.95
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Abstract
This paper refers to an important topic of social science ethics in how research projects are presented to subjects regarding controversial subjects, in this case, attitudes towards the victims of hate crimes, as members of racial minorities, or as gay or lesbian victims. The writer notes that in C.J. Lyons' study of 2006, "Stigma or Sympathy? - Attribution of Fault to Hate Crime Victims and Offenders" one finds reference to other studies on similar questions indicating that racist attacks were more condemned than those affecting gays or lesbians. The writer points out that if Lyons' research is accurate, educated attitudes towards gays and lesbians are not as accepting as might be assumed. The writer maintains that, as this paper ventures, much depends on how questions are presented to study participants or what they understand a study's purpose or hypotheses to be.
Outline:
Introduction
Method, Observations and 'Findings'
Implications
Concluding Remarks
From the Paper
"Lyons is a young scholar of crime and deviance, inter-group conflict, stratification and urban sociology whose work tends to be claimed by Social Psychology. His doctoral research centered on inter-racial hate crimes in Chicago. Of importance is how non-involved parties respond to incidents of hate crime and matters of contrast in reactions that brought into view lesser concern for hate crimes affecting homosexuals. It is implied that American attitudes have come to denounce racially motivated hate crimes, in direct sympathy for victims, while gay and lesbian victims may face indifference and further stigma. Perpetrators of crimes against persons of a different race were denounced but Lyons perceived that this was not as true when victims were gays or lesbians with far more questions regarding events, initial responses to insults, or how gay or lesbian victims engaged in disputes with persons to utter anti-gay remarks or threats."
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Capital Punishment, 2007.
Presents argumenta against capital punishment.
1,175 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 40.95
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Abstract
This paper contends that, since the main issue in the debate over capital punishment hinges on whether killing is a morally justified response to criminal conduct, capital punishment simply cannot be considered acceptable on moral grounds. The paper argues that the death penalty is an old barbaric practice that is immoral, unfair to minorities, simply does not deter crime, and should be discontinued except in a very small minority of cases.
From the Paper
"Capital punishment should be outlawed because it denies a citizen his or her Constitutional right to due process of law. The imposition of capital punishment is arbitrary and irrevocable. It forever deprives an individual of potential benefits of new evidence or new laws that might warrant the reversal of a conviction or the setting aside of a death sentence, and violates a citizen's constitutional guarantee of equal protection under the laws, for studies have proven that capital punishment is applied randomly at best and discriminatorily at worst. It is imposed disproportionately, and many would say in a racist manner, upon those whose victims are white, on offenders who are people of color, and on those who are poor and uneducated."
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Causes of Male Violence, 2007.
An analysis of the theories that explain why men, as a whole, are more violent than women.
1,643 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 53.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses theories as to the causes of male violence. The paper defines various acts of violence and compares the statistics for violent acts with those available for women. It looks at the psychological and social factors that influence violence in men, as well as the social and economic factors that may impact male violence. Finally, the paper discusses the biological reasons for explaining why men are more violent than women, as a whole.
From the Paper
"In conclusion, we have seen that men perpetrate far more acts of violence than do women. Some theorists attribute this to biological differences, such as the impact of the hormone testosterone. Others emphasize sociological factors, such as the nature of the society, socialization and social expectations, belief systems about relationships between the genders, poverty levels, and levels of egalitarianism in the society. In essence, the difficulty between deciding whether to blame biological or sociological causal factors reflects the enormous difficulty involved in ascertaining whether nature or nurture plays a greater role in shaping peoples' actions. As we saw, it is impossible to be certain about this, because it is ethically impossible to conduct research experiments on human beings. It is therefore concluded that it seems likely that both biology and social environment play a role, but that it is impossible to assess which is the dominant causal factor."
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White Collar Crime, 2007.
An analysis of the reasons for the escalation of white collar crime in corporate society.
728 words (approx. 2.9 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 25.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the phenomenon of escalating white-collar crime in corporate society. The paper defines white collar crime and then analyzes the reasons for its escalation. It argues that the reasons for this escalation go right to the root of the nature and values of our society, which in turn are reflected in our legal system. Finally, the paper looks at the ineffective nature of punishments for white collar crime.
From the Paper
"Thus, we see that one reason for the escalation of white-collar crime is that the legal system does not punish such crimes effectively, and that this is turn reflects our social values, which basically value property more than people. This tends to encourage white-collar crime. Another reason is that corporations have no moral or legal duties except to their shareholders - so that killing people can sometimes be seen as justified. All in all, it seems that the rise in white-collar crime is linked to the materialist, consumerist nature of our society, which is reflected in our legal systems."
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White Collar Crime, 2007.
An analysis of the accountability and government regulations of white collar crime in the United States.
1,345 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the limited accountability of private institutions for white-collar crimes in the United States. It provides a detailed explanation of the legal limitations in regards to private sector companies and why legal accountability is often restricted due to a lack of "transparency" in white-collar crime. The paper specifically discusses the lack of criminal accountability in regards to government deregulation and white-collar identity in America.
From the Paper
"In conclusion, this study has analyzed the various aspects of lack of criminal accountability in regards to government deregulation and white-collar identity in America. By realizing the scope of governmental and corporate collusion in deregulating laws that make corporations accountable for white-collar crime, the identities of those responsible are often abstracted by the private business institutions and legal ambiguities they represent. Furthermore, the perception the immaterial nature of items being stolen from companies also plays a part in decreasing the liability for corporate elites to be prosecuted in a court of law. These are the various aspects of a lack of corporate accountability that is a major problem for interpreting white-collar crimes and those legal issues that prevent individuals to be prosecuted within American business organizations."
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Theories on Criminal Behavior, 2007.
A case study on criminal behavior that applies R.L. Aker's social learning theory and the general strain theory on criminal behavior.
2,079 words (approx. 8.3 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 65.95
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Abstract
This paper presents a case study of a sixteen-year old girl who, along with two friends, has been charged with assault and fraud. The paper discusses Aker's social learning theory which operates on seven basic principles to explain criminal behavior and explores these principles. The paper then analyzes the general strain theory (GST) on criminal behavior. Finally, the paper integrates the theories and discusses how they apply to the case study.
Table of Contents:
Introduction: Joyce's Story
Theory Evaluation # 1 - Aker's Social Learning Theory
Theory Evaluation #2 - General Strain Theory
Theory Integration
Conclusion: Policy/Practice Implications
From the Paper
"The theories work somewhat in addressing weaknesses in their complement. Aker's theory that criminal behavior is learned is refuted by research demonstrating that delinquent behavior proceeds criminal social attachments. GST would state this is because the cause of criminal behavior is emotional and is therefore the result of the individual, not the individual's peers (though this emotion is spurred by outside forces). GST's emphasis on emotive responses also explains why some crimes are not committed for material benefit - a factor Aker credits as instrumental in the crime process. GST's failure to acknowledge the higher proportion of male crimes (as compared to crimes committed by females) may be accounted for in Aker's theory of social learning and material benefit, but not enough research has been done on the topic to confirm this. Also, the simplicity implicit in GST and its inability to adequately distinguish between types of strain may be explained using Aker's Social Learning Theory. Perhaps some strains are linked to delinquency when there is an obvious benefit, and types strain not linked with crime may produce not obvious advantage for the individual."
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Racial Discrimination in the Criminal Justice System, 2007.
An examination of racial prejudices and racial bias in the criminal justice system in Canada and the reasons for this practice.
1,040 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes whether Black people are mistreated by the criminal justice system in Canada and if they face discrimination from both the police and the courts. It discusses the failure of the criminal justice system to provide appropriate services to people of minority groups. The paper specifically looks at the over-representation of black people in the criminal justice system. It then attempts to analyze some of the reasons how and why Black citizens are targeted by the criminal justice system.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Background on Black Over-representation in the Criminal Justice System
Possible Reasons Behind The Black Over-representation Trend
Arguments Against Criminal Justice System Racial Bias
Conclusion
From the Paper
"It is difficult to know how to respond to racial prejudices in the criminal justice system, as the overrepresentation of black citizens is imbedded in socioeconomic factors which cannot be explained by discriminatory practices implicit in the criminal justice system. The most obvious solution to the problem is to have separate justice systems for people of Aboriginal descent, where most of the problems of racial discrimination in Canada lie. However, would not the existence of different courts of law for different ethnicities further encourage racial stratification in society? The solution is not an easy one, and much more research must be done on the topic before an answer is forthcoming. A number of factors must be explored before a solution is implemented, such as what the current statistics revolving around discrimination studies mean, the relationship between social and economic factors and the criminal justice system, and the impact of developing stratification between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal citizens (La Prairie, 2004, p. 277). "
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Vipassana Meditation Training, 2007.
This paper presents a proposal for the introduction of Vipassana meditation training in federal correctional institutions.
1,690 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 14 sources, MLA, $ 54.95
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Abstract
The paper relates that Vipassana techniques for federal correctional institutions stem from experiments in prisons in the Republic of India that prove helpful to timeservers suffering from addictions, mental illness and apathy. The paper explains how Vipassana meditation teaches participants to clear the mind, achieve a new orientation of one's situation and relate better to others. The paper explores the success of Vipassana courses in Western prisons and concludes that in the Canadian context, one sees no objective reason as to why it might be unsuited to a federal institution.
Outline:
Rationale
Involved Parties
What is Offered
Orientation
Variables
Closing Gaps in Practice and Planning
Vipassana in Western Prisons
Concluding Notes
From the Paper
"This proposal was earlier developed for consideration by provincial corrections authorities and was suggested for a Federal facility. It pertains to basic Vipassana Meditation Training for timeservers to augment addictions and therapy modules that are presently provided in federal institutions. Vipassana techniques now taught in American and other prison settings stem from pioneering experiments in prisons of all kinds in the Republic of India to prove helpful to timeservers suffering from addictions, mental illness, and apathy. (Mazumdar 1981) Vipassana Meditation has shown its suitability in Third World and Western institutions. (See Fig II)"
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Crown Arguments and Sentencing in Canada, 2007.
A look at two cases dealing with crown arguments and lower criminal sentencing in Canada.
1,945 words (approx. 7.8 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 61.95
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Abstract
This paper refers to two scenarios that can be seen as usual in lower Canadian criminal courts, in comparatively minor charges, with various circumstances to be determined by prosecutors towards recommendations for sentencing. The paper attempts to further understanding about the resistance Canadians show towards the concept of minimum sentences and, on the other hand, why the Canadian public often discusses sentencing as too lenient.
Outline:
Introduction
Case I
Case II
Reflection
Concluding Discussion
From the Paper
" The matter of a young woman charged with assault and possession of a dangerous weapon does not really involve a dangerous weapon, at all. The young person had made a verbal threat to inject the AIDS virus into a neighbour she claimed had caused a disturbance, on his property, as would be dismissed in terms of whether or not the needle had contained the AIDS virus or the offender's actual intent. A syringe may point to the offender's drug use but it is not illegal to possess one in contrast with selling an item pertaining to illicit drug use. As the matter involves uttering a threat, or assault with a weapon, implying a threat while holding a weapon, considered loosely under this charge, the Crown might request a penalty approximating a compromise between assault with a weapon and mischief. "
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Ed Gein and his Use of Fantasy, 2007.
A look at the theory behind why Ed Gein carried out his gruesome murders.
1,539 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews the use of fantasy in Eddie Gein's mind as he launched his horrific wave of murders in the late 1950s. The paper explores Gein's sexual frustrations, his curious inability to connect with women (or to find sexual gratification) in anything approaching a normal way, and his deeply conflicted relationship with an abusive and domineering mother. In the end, the paper suggests that Gein had fantasies about dominating and possessing women that were conjoined to murderous fantasies directed towards the maternal presence in his life.
From the Paper
"The theory being developed thus far is that Eddie Gein was an individual who was unable to connect with women from a very early age and this inability - perhaps because of his curious relationship to his mother (Bardsley & Bell, 2005a) - led him down a path whereby women became objects he had to possess and consume. Obviously, there are many sexually frustrated men who do not become sexual psychopaths like Edward Gein, but a potent combination of latent insecurities, perhaps a psychological predisposition towards doing malevolent things to others, and a strained family life in his formative years pushed him "over the edge" and into a life of unspeakable evil."
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Classical and Positivist Criminology, 2007.
A comparison of the classical thinking and the positivist perspective of criminology.
955 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 33.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses two of the most prominent schools of criminology: classical thinking and the positivist perspective. The paper compares the different precepts upon which each school of thought operates and analyzes each of the theories and their key assumptions. The paper then discusses their attribution of causal factors and each of their approaches to addressing crime.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Classical Criminology
Positivist Criminology
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The school of classical criminology differs significantly from the thinking demonstrated under the positivist approach to crime. Classical criminology has its origins in the concepts of free will, individual decision-making and the benefits of society to the individual. The school addresses the problem of crime using punishment and deterrent actions. On the other hand, positivism rejects the concept of the individual and free will and instead embraces the idea of enduring evolutionary traits that define a basic criminal personality, and which can be assessed using scientific methods. The two perspectives, though very different (and even contradictory) in nature, both provide the basis for a cohesive overall approach to addressing the problem of crime as a wide variety of approaches are incorporated."
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