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Criminology Theories, 2007.
This paper discusses four criminological theories and explanations for crime.
1,824 words (approx. 7.3 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 58.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews, in chronological order, four significant criminological theories - early biological theory as championed by Cesare Lombroso, ecological theory as made popular by the Chicago School, Merton's Economic Strain theory, and feminist criminological theory emphasizing a "gendered" approach to understanding crime - and illustrates how each succeeding theory was either indebted to the one before it or produced in response to the one which came before. Every bit as meaningfully, the paper takes a closer look at the social or intellectual trends/fashions which made it possible for new, divergent theories to achieve prominence even when pre-existing theories seemed unshakable in their primacy. Ultimately, the paper concludes that the field of criminology is fertile, evolutionary and ceaselessly dynamic.
Outline:
Abstract
Criminological Theories: The Emergence and Evolution of Four Theoretical Explanations for Crime
From the Paper
"Quite simply, whatever its shortcomings, early biological theory was a welcome respite from doctrinaire "free will" explanations of crime which had largely dominated the intellectual landscape up until the last quarter of the nineteenth century. In light of this fact, his work should be understood and appreciated within its historical context and not judged wholly by the criminological standards of today."
"Although his contribution to criminology was most welcome, it was not long before a number of academics began to call his findings into question. The most famous of all these dissenters was not an individual, per se, but a school. Specifically, criminologists in the Department of Sociology at the University of Chicago became the chief advocates of a new criminological theory known as ecological crime theory ..."
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The Rational Choice Theory, 2007.
This paper examines the feminist perspective of the rational choice theory as an explanation for female crime.
812 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 28.95
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Abstract
The paper provides a brief definition of the rational choice theory and argues that the theory, while plausible, is far too laden with masculine, patriarchal assumptions to be an effective explanation for female crime. The paper shows how females have been constrained historically by patriarchal forces and concludes that this is sufficient proof that the theory functions better as an explanation for male criminal behavior than for female criminal behavior.
From the Paper
"Simply put, rational choice theory holds that criminals are rational or "purposive" actors who calculate the relative benefits and costs of committing an act and make a decision which they believe will maximize the utility of their (criminal) actions. According to at least one online source, rational choice theory also posits that the alternatives available to any actor or group of actors is necessarily constrained by the environment and by the institutions within which they make their decisions. In the end, it appears as though rational choice theory posits that criminals select certain victims and/or certain types of crime because they feel the reward is sufficient to justify the risk or the risk is low enough that the "lure" of the reward becomes over-mastering (O'Connor 2005)."
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Computer Hacking, 2007.
This paper discusses how computer hackers gain entry to another's computer files.
1,882 words (approx. 7.5 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 60.95
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Abstract
The paper defines "hackers" and describes the sophisticated techniques they now use to gain entry into the personal electronic databases and computers of others. The paper explains "back door" viruses and explores what everyday PC users can do to prevent hackers and the viruses they spawn from intruding upon one's life. The paper concludes that a commitment to frequently updating PC components and overall vigilance is often sufficient to overcome the cleverness of professional hackers.
From the Paper
"To begin with, it is important to understand precisely who and what hackers are. For one thing, hackers are individuals who use their computer skills unlawfully (that is to say, without authorization) to enter the network files, computer networks and/or databases of other individuals, businesses or organizations ("Hacker" defin.2). The motivations which drive these individuals are, unsurprisingly, complex, but it appears as though many hackers intrinsically welcome the personal challenge involved in breaking down a computer or network's defenses (Voiskounsky & Smyslova, 2003). In that sense, a good many hackers may be defined as egotists who commit these acts simply because they can. On the other hand, hackers tend also to be (but by no means exclusively) emotionally immature individuals who engage in their nefarious activities out of a desire to either rebel against society or out of a desire to participate in a form of thrill-seeking."
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Due Process and the War against Terror, 2007.
An explanation of three approaches that the US can take to provide due process to suspected terrorists.
1,197 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the War on Terror and the number of issues that have been raised vis-a-vis how Americans should treat suspected terrorists. The paper provides an explanation of three different approaches to providing due process to these terrorists and suggests that a compromise approach should be followed. The paper describes each approach and describes the suggested compromise.
From the Paper
"As suggested above, a careful regard for the procedural rights of suspected terrorists - their "Due Process" rights - is vital inasmuch as it sends a message to critics both within and without America that the world's great superpower is committed to doing the "right thing" and not merely the expedient thing. Needless to say, projecting this image goes a long way towards solidifying international support for U.S. military operations abroad and it also goes a very long way towards ensuring that other nations will be more cooperative in "rooting out" terrorist elements within their own states - both developments which will necessarily bolster U.S. security. But more than that, America is in a position where it can protect the procedural rights of terrorist operatives without bequeathing to those individuals the sorts of privileges and prerogatives normally available to an American citizen accused of a criminal offense in the United States."
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Business Computer Security, 2007.
This paper discusses how companies can reduce the risk of illegal intrusion into their computer systems.
1,197 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
The paper relates that every company today is vulnerable to some form of illegal intrusion into its database. The paper explains the importance of the awareness of the need for protection. The paper also describes the many forms of protection available today and stresses that one system of protection is not sufficient; many layers of security offer the best protection.
From the Paper
"Every company today is vulnerable to some form of illegal intrusion into its database. Such an intrusion could be physical if an outsider can gain access to the LAN of a company, and if the company is connected to the Internet, such an intrusion can come from outside. Numerous means are used to prevent this sort of intrusion, such as firewalls, password protection, anti-virus software, and so on, almost all of which can be breached by someone who has the time and the equipment to mount a protracted assault. The types of assault that might be launched are varied as well, from direct entry to tamper with or recover records to the implantation of viruses, worms, spy programs, and so on."
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Risk Management, 2007.
This paper looks at the role of risk management in justice and security organizations.
818 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 29.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that risk management may very well be the most under-appreciated aspect of administering any law enforcement organization. The writer looks at the role risk management plays in federal, state and local law enforcement and in security organizations in general. The paper illustrates how proper risk management is arguably the most important thing these organizations do on a daily basis and how much of what they do in this regard can be broken down into a simple mathematical formula that weighs risks, possible damages, and asset values. The writer notes that these are all with the aim of coming up with a system of defense that limits the ability of criminal elements to destroy property or endanger lives.
From the Paper
"Because they must also deal with the public in tense situations, and because they are likewise responsible for protecting physical and human assets, security agencies also must concentrate their daily activities and long and medium-range plans around risk management. While the ARM formula appears to be something most often associated with police departments, security agencies obviously can apply this approach to their own work and this will greatly determine which assets will receive the greatest attention and where human resources will be allocated; it will also be used to tailor training programs so as to produce employees capable of meeting the most pressing and likely scenarios."
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Racial Profiling, 2007.
This paper examines the problem of racial profiling in the United States and Canada.
1,217 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
The paper explains that courts give the police discretion in who they stop during traffic stops, but statistics prove that more African-Americans are stopped than whites. The paper reveals that many African-Americans are frisked, their vehicles are taken apart and they either get a ticket or go to jail for some bogus reason. The paper points out the opinion that racial profiling is not a problem, but disagrees and argues that changes must be made to stop this racial profiling.
From the Paper
"Imagine a young African American driving A Ford Explorer to an interview when he is pulled over by the Georgia State Patrol. The young man was driving five miles over the speed limit or less. The police officer asks for back up though he does not appear to have a valid reason for back up. The two officers take apart the Ford Explorer looking for drugs (Callahan and Anderson 2001). Would this same scene have happened with a white male? It is important to look at the definition of racial profiling, how the courts give police officers the discretion to stop African Americans and how the problem of racial profiling should be stopped."
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Measuring Crime Rates, 2007.
This paper attempts to identify appropriate methodologies for exploring crime rates.
1,081 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 37.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the theory that the increase in crime rates have led to a need to respond to reported instances of crime, thus requiring increased action on the part of local police, fire and civil service departments. The paper explains that this correlation has been used to justify requisitioning a larger budget for law enforcement. The paper provides a hypothetical research methodology to identify any actual correspondence between these two variables.
Outline:
Introduction
Proposed Methodology
Study Design and Execution
Expected Outcome and Limitations on Methodology
From the Paper
"The research design used to test this potential correlation is quantifiable and seeks to isolate units of measurement between two specific trends (Creswell 17). The first of these trends is an increase in crime statistics. The second is an increase in overtime pay for law enforcement officials. The scope of the research spans from the time when crime rates began to rise, which has been set at seventeen years ago to create an appropriate margin of error. Historical data for crime rates prior to this time period are also known and can be used to create a historical profile of the norms for both crime rates and overtime pay."
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Domestic Violence, 2007.
A case study on domestic violence.
723 words (approx. 2.9 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 25.95
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Abstract
This paper briefly looks at some of the statistics concerning domestic violence and then presents a brief case profile of an abuse victim, followed by a recommended treatment and safety plan her.
Outline:
Case Presentation
Treatment Plan
Safety Plan
From the Paper
"One of the issues facing this counselor is that Ms. X still considers her abuser her boyfriend and is ambivalent about breaking up with him, stating that she loves him and knows deep down that he really loves her, that he always apologizes after he beats her and that she knows she can change him. As this is a classic scenario of most victims of domestic violence, it is hoped that after spending several days at the safe house, which Ms. X stated she would do until she was able to return to work when her wounds healed sufficiently, that she will realize her life is really in danger should she allow the abusive relationship to continue. "
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Modern Police Organizations, 2007.
An analysis of the strengths and weaknesses of modern police organizations.
2,048 words (approx. 8.2 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 64.95
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Abstract
This paper describes the effectiveness of modern police organizations in the United States. It discusses improved minority and female representation within departments and the advantages that this has brought. It also describes the role of improved technology in law enforcement. The paper then describes the effects of weaknesses such as corruption and misconduct, how it affects police departments and what can be done to prevent corruption.
From the Paper
"This subculture is understandable to a certain extent, but misconduct cannot be tolerated. Law enforcers cannot be permitted to break the law in order to enforce it. Tyranny awaits us all down that road. The troubling problem of police misconduct and corruption will never be completely solved, just as the police will never be able to solve crime problems in our society. One important step in the right direction, however, is more effective monitoring and control of the police by municipal governments. This will serve to reduce and deter police misconduct and corruption by minimizing the influence of the police subculture."
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Female Criminals, 2007.
This paper explores why women commit crime in the United States.
2,905 words (approx. 11.6 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 86.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how women refrain from some acts because of a fear about the physical violence involved and engage in other acts because their living conditions leave them with no alternative. The paper explains that female criminal activity is not motivated by a desire for status or for "fun" because they have not bound up their personal self-identification with whatever power or riches attend such behavior. The paper concludes that, at the risk of over-generalization, women commit crimes because they have to while many males commit crimes because they feel they can.
From the Paper
"To begin with, there is evidence that women are driven to crime primarily out of desperation or fear. In a recent scholarly study, Anne Campbell, Steven Muncer and Daniel Bibel conclude that "resource scarcity" propels women towards the commission of property offenses (chiefly stealing) and also towards the commission of violent crimes. To put the matter another way, property offenses committed by women reflect an effort to provide for themselves in the absence of a "provisioning" male; furthermore, violence by women (at least against other women) is rooted chiefly in competition for desirable men."
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The Death Penalty Debate, 2007.
A look at the controversial issue of capital punishment in the United States.
1,271 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the complex ethical, judicial, social, economic, racial and political issues that capital punishment raises. The paper discusses the perspectives of opponents and supporters of the death penalty and offers the opinion that the societal advantages of the death penalty far outweigh the disadvantages.
From the Paper
"Despite the frequent use of the death penalty throughout most of American history, it continues to be a controversial issue in the United States. Americans continue to debate whether capital punishment is morally acceptable, whether taking a convicted criminal's life is an effective means of deterring other criminals from committing violent crimes, and whether capital punishment is applied fairly, regardless of social, economic, or racial factors. (Kurtis 188) Ultimately, because of the conservative majority on the Supreme Court, the death penalty is likely to be imposed in appropriate cases by America's criminal justice system for the foreseeable future."
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