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John Gotti, 2008.
A description of the life of crime of John Gotti and his connection to the Gambino crime family.
2,254 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 69.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the life and activities of John Gotti. It describes his background as a child and then looks at how he became involved in a life of crime. The paper discusses Gotti's connection to the Gambino crime family and the criminal activities that he performed for them. It also describes the sentences that he served for his various acts of crime up until his death in prison.
From the Paper
"FBI cameras captured it all, from a surveillance post, near his headquarters in Little Italy. Before long, prosecutors were ready to file a new racketeering indictment ("Thug in a Great-Looking Suit, 2002") Determined not to fail a fourth time, Gotti's prosecutors presented a colossal amount of evidence, including six hours of FBI tapes surreptitiously recorded in Gotti's hideaways. They called 38 witnesses, including Gotti's No. 2 man, one of the highest-ranking turncoats in organized crime. (Goodstein, 1992) Wiretaps of Gotti's phone produced compelling evidence against several defendants. (Dunder) The final blow was dealt by his one-time good friend Sammy Gravano. Gravano had decided to flip, becoming the star witness against John Gotti, alter to slip into FBI witness protection program. (Dunder) Gotti, who had proven untouchable in prior trials, faced the testimony of Salvatore "Sammy the Bull" Gravano, second in command in the Gambino organization, "translated" the mob lingo for the prosecution. ("Thug in a Great-Looking Suit, 2002")"
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Topics in Criminology, 2008.
This paper discuses four topics in criminology: minimum mandatory sentencing (MMS), a security-minded culture, conditional sentencing and the rational choice theory.
3,585 words (approx. 14.3 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 100.95
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Abstract
This paper argues that minimum mandatory sentencing (MMS) does not effectively induce incapacitation nor does it really deter perpetrators. The author points out that routine precautions against crime create a security-minded culture of distance meaning that the criminal as a person is demonized and seen as belonging to a very different human category. The paper suggests that the unknowing public of Canada may strongly support the federal government's decision to eliminate conditional sentencing and expand the range of serious crimes to which MMS minimum mandatory sentencing apply; however, they do not understand that comparable adjustments in the United States have not reduced crime rates. The author stresses that rational choice theory does not address individuals who are not truly capable of rationality and thus can not make choices based on sound, rational decision.
Table of Contents
Minimum Mandatory Sentencing (MMS)
A Security-Minded Culture
Conditional Sentence
The Rational Choice Theory
From the Paper
"The St. Lawrence Mental Health facility in Ontario is typical of a number of institutions now serving mentally ill medium and maximum security offenders. There are not enough facilities of the kind to serve the mainly federal offenders who would benefit from transfers allowing them to have comprehensive psychiatric care, towards partial or full recovery, as part of their federal sentences. It is plain that many Western countries are seeing persons who are mentally ill rather lost in the criminal justice system as opposed to hospital or other remedial systems."
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Canadian Mandatory Minimum Sentences, 2007.
This paper discuses the advantages and disadvantages of mandatory minimum sentences (MMS) in Canada.
910 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 32.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that mandatory minimum sentencing (MMS) rests on aims of deterrence and of incapacitation so that a lawbreaker, who is likely to repeat an offense, is removed as a risk to the public. The author points out that critics of the criminal justice system indicate that, without MMS, immense discrepancies regarding punishment assigned for the same offenses by different parties would exist. The paper also relates that, under MMS, a judge, who is able to discern an irregular circumstance related to a crime, is no longer free to adjust what he or she hands down to an offender. The author concludes that, in Canada, at present, perhaps the strongest argument against MMS is the inadequacy of prison resources and community support services, which would be overloaded because MMS would involve more offenders being assigned to prisons.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Minimum Sentencing in Canada
Defects in Minimum Sentencing
Concluding Remarks
From the Paper
"Gabor & Crutcher noted how the existence of minimum penalties for an array of crimes to an extent simplifies court proceedings towards reduced court costs, but that these are more than realized in the prison system where many timeservers now incarcerated for minimum sentences. Another factor to be kept in mind is the mentality of a serious offender who may not resent serving prison time as much as he or she may be more adverse to community sentences involving instructions, conditions and probation supervision."
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CBT and the Incarcerated Female Teen, 2008.
This paper discusses cognitive behavior therapy and the incarcerated female presenting co-morbid dysthymic and conduct disorders.
1,400 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 11 sources, APA, $ 46.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses the case of Mary who is a 16-year-old female incarcerated for assault with a deadly weapon. The writer explains that Mary had been diagnosed with conduct and dysthymic disorder prior to her incarceration. The paper also highlights the effectivity of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for female adolescents who are incarcerated. The writer reviews issues surrounding cultural awareness and CBT and reviews Mary's case presentation. The writer then discusses how CBT can be effective specifically for Mary and concludes with a brief review of potential ethical issues for the practitioner.
Outline:
Abstract
Case Presentation
From the Paper
"Through effective CBT intervention, significant reframing occurred, changing perceptions, thinking and behavior. For example, one goal for CBT with Mary was increase her levels of self-respect and self-esteem, as different from false bravado as a defense mechanism forcing her to act tough and repeat her assaultive behavior patterns."
"Another goal was to effectively deal with her past experiences and leave them in the past rather than continue to relive them in the present. It was believed that this approach would help reduce her dysthymic and conduct disorder symptoms."
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temporarily unavailable
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Corporate Crime, 2008.
An analysis of conflict theory in relation to the abundance and persecution of corporate crime.
1,842 words (approx. 7.4 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 59.95
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Abstract
This paper examines corporate crime and applies conflict theory to this type of crime. Firstly, it defines corporate crime. It then critiques the conflict theory. The paper argues that conflict theory can be used to explain why corporate crime is abundant and why it is not often persecuted. It also discusses, according to conflict theory, why corporate crimes tend to remain under punished.
From the Paper
"Most white collar offenders belong to the "white collar class" - in other words, usually privileged, educated, rich (or at least economically middle class) and usually white and viewed in a different light than the more 'common criminals' and hence punished differently. In most cases they can also afford better and more expensive lawyers, which usually leads to lighter sentences. McDermid Gomme (1998) asserts that recidivism rate is quite high for convicted organizations and high-ranking individuals within these organizations. This can easily be explained by minimal penalties these crimes are given, and deterrence is almost non-existent, but rewards and immediate. Indeed, as McDermid Gomme (1998) notes "fines are so small that business executives generally think of them as modest licensing fees" (446)."
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Elder Abuse, 2008.
This paper discusses the issue of abuse of the elderly population and presents an action plan for increasing awareness of the problem.
750 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 26.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that elder abuse is observed at all social, economic and educational levels. The writer discusses that the problem is not only widespread, but is also increasing because of a rapidly aging population. The writer points out that elder abuse occurs in homes for the aged, nursing homes, in extended care facilities, and especially in the community where family members care for aging relatives. The writer maintains that as the government has moved health care more into the community, caregivers who are very often older women are expected to work under the worst possible conditions. The writer notes that elder abuse is a hidden crime and the victims are the most vulnerable people in society.
Outline:
Introduction
Literature Review
Target Group
Implementation
From the Paper
"Research indicates that as many as ten percent of elderly people are abused. Situations of elder abuse do not always have risk factors but, thus far, five risk factors for abuse have been identified. Older people with dementia are more likely to be abused than any other elders because their behavior causes caregiver stress. Social isolation of victims and caregivers increases stress and removes social controls to prevent abuse. Mental illness in the caregiver, especially in combination with substance abuse, is a significant risk factor. Depression in the caregiver, especially if combined with alcohol abuse, is another important risk factor. Dependency is the other significant risk factor. The abuser can be very dependent on the victim for their substantial financial resources."
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Sexual Harassment, 2008.
An analysis of the reasons for, issues involved in, and preventative methods for sexual harassment in the workplace.
2,576 words (approx. 10.3 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 77.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the most common types of sexual harassment and provides the federally accepted definition of sexual harassment. The paper further discusses important legal issues of sexual harassment in the workplace, particularly for employers. It also looks at the federal and state laws prohibiting sexual harassment and then analyzes effective prevention methods.
From the Paper
"Sexual harassment is an age-old problem that has entered the lime light in the past several years. Harassment is not new or necessarily changed, but individuals have become more aware of how their comments and actions can be offensive to others. Employees have the right to a workplace where they feel safe and free of sexual harassment. Comments and derogatory statements can affect the employee in a negative manner as well as the company. Sexual harassment suits have cost companies millions of dollars and could even risk the company's ability to remain open to the public. It is essential and legal to ensure that employers protect their employees from harassment and take the necessary steps to rectify any allegation of abuse. Employers can no longer turn a deaf ear to sexual harassment and are held responsible for the work environment that is created within their company. We as a society have an obligation to ensure that laws are followed and we do our part to not harass anyone as well, it is not only a moral issue but it is the law."
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Torture and Rendition, 2007.
An analysis of the justification of practicing rendition and torture.
1,043 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the advantages of using rendition and torture as measures that must be taken to prevent a catastrophic terrorist attack. The writer discusses the very real threat of biological weapons and argues that since there is little or no effective military or civil defense against biological weapons once they are weaponized and delivered effectively, torture and rendition must be used in order to prevent them from being weaponized by terrorists and delivered to a vulnerable target. The paper concludes that U.S. agents should be permitted to use torture and/or rendition when interrogating a terrorist suspect who may have information about an impending attack in order to prevent massive biological global destruction.
From the Paper
"When interrogating a terrorist suspect who may have information about an impending attack, U.S. agents should be permitted to use torture and/or rendition, which is the practice of turning suspects over for interrogation to countries whose agents use more severe interrogating techniques than allowed under U.S. law. The use of such measures is regrettable, but the threat posed to millions of innocent people by terrorists willing to use dirty bombs or biological weapons leaves U.S. agents no alternative but to do everything in their power to prevent such a nightmare."
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Leisure Activities and Rates of Crime, 2008.
A discussion of the activities theory approach to understanding rates of serious crime.
1,774 words (approx. 7.1 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 57.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the relationship between routine leisure activities and crime. It discusses the activities theory approach and attempts to explain the relationship between macro-level indicators of leisure activities and the rates of serious crime. It also discusses how the way people usually conduct their activities can indicate how likely they are to be victims of crime.
From the Paper
"All in all, it would seem that Messner and Blau (1979) satisfactorily proved their hypothesis. In doing so, they also validated the routine activities theory and Hawley's (1950) human ecology theory. It may also be noted that Cohen and Felson (1979) made a similar hypothesis, using the opportunities for crime aspect of the routine activity theory to predict that crime rates would become higher with greater dispersion of activities away from households and families."
"We can conclude from the above that there is compelling evidence to suggest that the incidence of crime increases in proportion to the amount of time that is spent away from the household."
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Leisure and Crime, 2008.
This paper discusses the connections between leisure activities and criminal behavior.
1,600 words (approx. 6.4 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 52.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer relates that the literature studied indicates that leisure activities and crime are related in a number of complex, meaningful ways. The writer notes that this relationship has been explored by a number of researchers over the past decades, generally with similar findings. The writer points out that many researchers hypothesize that household leisure activities are negatively related to criminal behavior, whereas non-household leisure activities are often positively related to crime. The writer maintains that although general trends have been established, however, based on similar theorizing, the literature indicates that the relationship is not standard and is affected by variables including type of leisure activity, gender, age, time of the day, leisure setting and other demographics. These issues are explored in detail in the paper.
Outline:
Introduction
Messner & Blau's Theory of Leisure Behavior and Crime
Messner & Blau's Study Methods
Messner & Blau's Results
Other Literature Review
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The results of Messner and Blau's study, based on ordinary least-square regressions, revealed that the introduction of leisure activities into the SMSA crime rate model demonstrated significant results, particularly concerning rape, robbery, burglary and larceny. In accordance with previous studies, Messner and Blau found that household activities were negatively related to most of the crimes. The control variables also reiterated that of previous studies - poverty was found to have a significantly positive relationship with crime, racial composition was significant and males tended to be particularly associated with crimes such as homicide and rape. Regional affects regarding robbery and auto crimes were discovered (being lower in volume in southern SMSAs) and, in accordance with only some literature, the high risk 18-24 age bracket was negative for homicide, robbery and assault. Against expectations, daytime television viewing provided stronger results than nighttime data, thought to be attributed to the type of lifestyles daytime television viewing may promote - that is, programs more relevant to criminal opportunities than those offered at prime-time hours."
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Policing Equity, 2008.
This paper argues that police departments especially in Toronto, Canada, have an abysmal track-record in terms of equity in the workplace.
2,095 words (approx. 8.4 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 65.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, although there were landmark appointments of women, visible minorities and homosexuals to positions of power within law-enforcement structures especially in the 1970s, today such appointments in Canada are relatively rare. The author points out that, when police forces fail to hire personnel that represent the community in terms of gender, race and sexuality, they also fail to serve properly the community. The paper stresses that equity will not exist until discriminated community members are allowed to gain power by rising through the ranks and attaining the experience needed to run a major police force.
From the Paper
"Toronto, meanwhile, while considered so progressive that some people playfully refer to it as the new Amsterdam, finds its force far behind on equity issues in terms of employment. While the city is reaching out to more diverse communities in terms of recruitment, it is clear that its power structure is bound and determined to continue in the old ways. In fact, the closest thing the force has had to a top cop from equity communities were former police board chairs Olivia Chow (who is of Chinese descent) and Pam MacConnell (an out-lesbian), both of whom were forced out of their positions after daring to be critical of police."
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